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Survey Report of Livelihood Assessment in Kradas Ka, Tan Krasaing
commune and Roung Damrei, Trab commune of Batheay district,
Kampong Cham province, Cambodia
Prepared by:
Mr. Chey Tech
Mr. Proeung Sopheap
30 October 2010
Survey report of livelihood assessment in Batheay district, Kampong Cham province
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Dynamic Alliance Consulting (DAC)
Acknowledgment
On behalf of the writer, we would gratefully acknowledge following persons for helping this
livelihood assessment survey possible:
Mr. Dom Sahim, pastor and also a community teacher helps to invite participants in
the target villages, arrangement the venue for group discussion, snack preparation, and
also lunch for research team.
Mr. Sorn San, pastor helps guide to meeting plan/village and spend time to provide
many important information.
Mr. Loch Sok, farmer helps and assists to Mr. Dom Sahim for all arrangement in the
Krakas Ka village.
People in Kradas Kor and Roung Damrei village who devote their times for discussion
and provide a lot of important information.
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Table of Contents
Page
1. Purpose of the survey ........................................................................................................ 3
2. Method of Information Collection ................................................................................... 3
3. Key Findings of the survey ............................................................................................... 5
3.1. General Information in the target villages .............................................................. 5
3.2. Village Income Activities ........................................................................................... 5
3.3. Problems Assessed ..................................................................................................... 8
3.4. Vulnerability Situation ............................................................................................ 10
3.5. Trend Analysis ......................................................................................................... 10
4. Civil Society Organizations active in the target villages.............................................. 11
5. Primary requirement in each village ............................................................................. 12
6. Recommendation ............................................................................................................. 12
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 17
Appendix1: Profile of participant attended ......................................................................... 18
Appendix2: General information of Batheay district ......................................................... 19
Appendix3: Survey tools ........................................................................................................ 21
Appendix4: References .......................................................................................................... 25
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1. Purpose of the survey
The Survey was preceded with two Villages: Kradas Kor in Tang Krasaing commune and
Ruong Damrey in Trab commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham province of Cambodia.
The main purposes of the study were mentioned as follows:
To assessment the current socio-economic conditions which mainly focus on the
villagers‟ daily livelihood activities and their facing challenges.
To seek the perception on the livelihood activities and graphical seasonal
calendar to illustrate villagers‟ certain busy times in the whole year.
To discover the perception of the community people, local authorities and other
local stakeholders to find out their priority needs to improve their living
conditions.
Provide appropriate recommendations
2. Method of Information Collection
A quantitative and qualitative research and analysis will be conducted to address the above
stated purpose of the assessment survey. The survey methodology and activities comprise of
three distinct phases as following:
a) The survey team has reached and reviewed some related documents was researched and
reviewed. Two types of information gathering instruments have been drafted and
submitted to donor for review and comments. Inputs from the donor have been used to
finalize these information collection instruments are; Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
and Key Formant Interview (KII) guide question.
b) Field information collection conducted by two different methods which is Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) and Key Formant Internview (KII) in two villages are; Kradas ka
village, Tang Krasaing commune and Roung Damrei village, Trab commune of
Batheay districgt, Kampong Cham province.
FGDs: There are 30 participants attended in the FGD in both villages; they are pastor,
village‟s chiefs, village development committees (VDC), village veterinary
surgeons, farmer, commune council member, businessman, village health
agent, and school teachers. FGD take place in the whole morning at church in
Kradas Ka village and at Kampot primary school in Roung Damrei village.
The FGD will be facilitated by a researcher and note taker for recording the
responses. The FGD facilitators have no part of the decision making. These
FGDs look at the general perception of the communities with regards to the
livelihood activities in supporting their daily lives, the root cause of problems
faced by community and their priority needs to improve the livelihood.
(Please see the list of participants in the appendix1).
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KIIs: Interviewed about 6 key informants in each village such village‟s chief, village
development committee, pastor, commune council, school teacher, and deputy
of village‟s chief. The topics have brought up in the interview are relate to
family demography, livelihood activities, food security and its coping
mechanism and the proposed solutions for further improvement regarding
family living condition.
Table1: villages’ population and participants attended
No Village Village‟s
population
Date of Data
Collection
Participants
Total Female
1 Kradas Ka 884* 25 October 2010 16 1
2 Roung Damrei 763* 26 October 2010 14 1
Note: (*) SEILA Commune Database 2005
Picture1: Map of target communes
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c) Data Analysis and Report Writing Phase: Information obtained from the focus group
discussion and the key informant interviews has been classified and analyzed. The
analysis focused on responding to the objectives of the survey.
A week after completing the field work, the draft report including the recommendations
has been submitted to donor for comments and suggestions for improvement.
3. Key Findings of the survey
3.1. General Information in the target villages
According to the Seila commune data 2005, there are about 52% of population are
female is both target villages. Female who are head of family has 24% for Kradas Ka
village and 17% for Roung Damrei village (please see the below table2).
Table2: Population in the target villages
Village # of HH # of population # Female HH
headed Total Female
Kradas Ka 153 884 461 37
Roung Damrei 156 763 397 28
There is a 100% of family are using the chemical fertilizer in Kradas Ka village and
more than 52.5% in Roung Damrei village. More than 98.5% of family in Krakas Ka is
using the chemical pesticide and 41% in Roung Damei village. A 100% of family has
access to irrigation for rice farming in Kradas Ka village and 68% in Roung Damrei
village (please see the below table3).
Table3: Key data related to agriculture farming
Village
Land size (ha)* # HH use agriculture
chemical materials
# family who
have some
irrigated rice
land
Resident
land
Wet season
rice land
Dry season
rice land Pesticide Fertilizer
Kradas Ka 56.97 355.3 202 151 153 153
Roung Damrei 31.19 131.16 99.97 64 82 106
Note: (*) These data received from both villages’ chief
3.2. Village Income Activities
The assessments found that there are common nineteen different kinds of income activities
performed by the villagers in supporting their living conditions. The performance of these
income activities vary depend on its necessity, season, and resource available. The most
important and most common income activities in the villages fall in to six categories which
are wet season rice growing, dry season rice farming, animal raising, laboring, fishing, and
vegetable growing.
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Table4: Villagers’ livelihood activities and its important ranks
Income Activities Kradas Ka village Roung Damrei village
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Wet season rice
Dry season rice
Fishing
Laborer
Animal raising
Vegetable planting
Fruit tree planting
Fish raising
Farming
Grocery shop
Rice mille operator
Rice thresh operator
Motor taxi driver
Government Servant
Bamboo planting
Veterinary surgeons
Palm juice collector
Factory worker
Construction worker
Note: Rank 1 is for the most important activity
Rank 5 is for the least important activity
- Wet and dry season rice growing: There is more than 90 percent of villagers are growing
the wet season rice which start from May to December and about 75 percent of villagers
are growing the dry season rice which start from January to May. Both wet and dry
season rice growing has been done one to two times per year heavily depended on
natural rain and type of rice seeds. Varieties of rice seeds, most of them are ordinary rice
seeds, were used on family size rice fields. The production yields depend on good
season, soil fertility, and pest. Rice products are sold for cash in market through middle
businessperson who come to collect them every village. Villagers are reluctant to bring
their products to market because of transport and other overhead cost. The selling price is
low around 700 Riels per kilogram. Rice for sale is part of family daily consumption.
The rice growing is using a lot of external inputs such as; chemical fertilizer about 4 sack
of chemical fertilizer per hectare (1 sack of chemical fertilizer is equal 50 kilograms and
its cost about 135,000 riel or around 13.5 USD), and using about 3 to 4 liters of chemical
pesticide, hire external labor or machines, and etc.
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- Vegetable planting: Vegetable growing is done as early as June to December when the
rain started. There are main crops has been planed such as cucumber, bean, tomato,
eggplant, chili, lemongrass, etc. Roung Damrei village has more farmers than Kradas Ka
village has been growing the vegetable. Almost all farmers grow vegetable for family
consumption, but there only few families has the surplus products for sale for cash in the
villages or to neighbors.
- Fish is one of the main sources of protein in the villagers‟ daily diet. In Cambodia, the
rate of fish consumption is one of the highest rates in the world (Baran, 2005). Since the
introduction of fishing law in 2006 (CMAFF 2007), information relate to fishing practice
become more sensitive. There are about more than 40 families from Roung Damrei are
fisher. The fishing activity is done as yearly, but the busy fishing season is start from
May to November when has more water. According to information obtained, fish
become scarcer than the last five years because of using the illegal fishing materials,
some fishing plot has been sold to business person or company, less water, and the using
a lot of agricultural chemical fertilizer and pesticide, thus, time to catch fish is getting
longer. Their fishing is for family consumption, but some other surplus products for sale
for cash in the neighbors or to middle trader with low price.
- Animal husbandry is practiced in the villages in a very small size stock. Animals are
usually left free to wonder without any cage or containment to keep them. There was no
special animal food are used to feed their animals, except normal rice for chickens and
ducks, and rice dust or left over foods from their household kitchens use especially to
feed pigs. Villagers raise animal as their saving piggy bank. Whenever they need extra
cash, they can bring their chickens to sell at the district market of Sambo, which can only
be accessed by motor boat. At the time of interview, selling price for live chicken was
between 20,000 to 25,000 Riels per kilogram as the time was close to the annual Chinese
New Year. Normally, live chicken is sold between 10,000 Riels to 15,000 Riels per
kilogram at the market. Sometimes, middle trader can come to their villages to buy their
animals, especially pig. Animal diseases were hard hit in most villages and some
villagers had their entire stocks vanished by the diseases. There was no report found of
any involvement from relevant government department to prevent the animal disease
outbreak. Some villagers used different kind of herbal medicines to treat their stock and
to prevent further contagion.
- Laborer: labor work was found to be performed by villagers who have not enough
cultivated land or no land to work on, to support their living. This labor work, sometimes
have done by teenagers who are growing up in village without other employment
prospective choices. There are varieties of labor work such as work in the rice fields for
Survey report of livelihood assessment in Batheay district, Kampong Cham province
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other villager in the rice growing or harvesting season, work in the farming for other
villagers in the cassava or other planting and harvesting season.
There are many teenagers travel as far as Thai border or other provinces to do laboring
work to support their family.
Table5. Seasonal Calendar
Income Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Wet season rice
growing
Dry season rice
growing
Fishing
Laborer
Animal raising
Vegetable planting
Legend: ( ) Indicates patchy activity, ( ) Indicates full activity
3.3. Problems Assessed
a- Agricultural Practices
The result of the assessments indicates that agricultural practices in all two villages are facing
many problems including availability of arable lands, farming materials, seeds, pest control,
and agricultural techniques to help improving production. In Kradas Ka village, it was found
that many organizations such as CEDAC (Cambodian Center for Study and Development in
Agriculture), NAS (Neak Aphivat Sahakum) and PSA (Phnom Srei Association) has involved
in the rice production technique to villagers. However, the program seems not have been
followed through after the organization‟s involvement finished. In the past five years rice
productions in the villages have stable or slightly increased. In 2009 harvesting year, number
of productions dropped. The causes of the rice production decreasing found to be related to
lack of water, soil fertility and pests. There are several small and big lakes which could
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irrigate about 900 hectares of rice fields, but the water use is inequality and transparency
(some farmers not paid and some farmers has been paid for water use fee of 15,000 riel per
hectare).
The outbreak of pests across the two villages destroyed growing rice without substantial
measures. It was found that there was no modern pest control mechanism available to
farmers. However, some farmers in two villages managed to use traditional herbs in dealing
with the pest problems. The result of those practices was minimal. In the recent year,
livestock disease also hit hard in those villages. In August 2006, Batheay district was the site
of an outbreak of the deadly H5N1 virus commonly known as "avian influenza" or "bird flu".
The outbreak was detected in live and dead ducks taken from a farm in the district and the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) culled 700 birds to prevent further
outbreaks.
Larger sizes of vegetable farms are not found to be widely practiced in these two villages,
even though vegetables were classified by the meeting participants as one of the villagers‟
important income activities. Most villagers only grow vegetables to supplement their family
daily diets. Lacking of interest in growing vegetable found to be related to animal
containment and seeding. Livestock containments are problematic in all villages. As rice
harvesting season finished, the livestock owners traditionally let their animals go wild into
harvested rice fields during the day. These practices create many problems to other villagers
as the livestock usually wandering into other villager‟s properties and destroy their crops.
b- Health Issue
There is a village health volunteer in the village to only identify any outbreak diseases and
other health related issues in the villages back to district hospital or district government
health authority. They have limitation in knowledge to identify the nature of the diseases. It
was found that most villagers have no confident on the village health volunteer, therefore,
related diseases‟ information were not passed on. They tended to use their traditional
treatments first before rushing patients to health center or district hospital or to private doctor.
Safe drinking water and sanitation in those two villages are one of the main contributing
causes of health issue. The assessments found that majority of villagers do not boil their daily
drinking water and there are only few toilets for their daily sanitations in each village. In
rainy season, the excreta pollutes in water and flow into canal, pond, rice field or other water
drinking sources. There had been worldwide understanding that water vector born diseases
that are widespread and most significant relate to drinking water quality that contaminated
directly or indirectly by excreta and micro-organism contained in human or animal faeces. In
the past, there are few organization has run sanitation program in these villages. Eleven
toilets were constructed in these target villages (5 toilets in Kradas Ka and 6 toilets in Roung
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Damrei village). There is a very limited number of households in these two villages have
access to drinking water filters. There is only one open well Roung Damrei villages and three
in Kradas Ka villages, but the water from underground could be used for only washing,
clearing, and farming, but could not use for drinking because this water is has bad test.
3.4. Vulnerability Situation
The assessments in these two villages found that there are; first is the edge of vulnerable is
150 HHs (48.5%), second is the most vulnerable is 87 HHs (28%), third is the vulnerable is
48 HHs (15.5%), fourth is the non vulnerable is only 24 HHs (8%) (Please see the table 6).
Table6: Vulnerability situation in target villages
Village
Non
vulnerable HH
On the Edge‟
HH
Vulnerable
HH
Most
vulnerable HH
# HH % # HH % # HH % # HH %
Krakas Ka (153 HHs) 9 6 90 59 26 17 28 18
Roung Damrei (156 HHs) 15 10 60 38 22 14 59 38
Total 24 16 150 97 48 31 87 56
Average Percentage 8% 48.5% 15.5% 28%
Noted: this assessment based on some indicators are; the number of months of access to
adequate food, dietary diversity, household income, and household asset.
3.5. Trend Analysis
Declining of household income and health issue are the most significant element to drive in
poverty. If there is no intervention by any development agencies, there will be a worst
scenario for the next 5, 10 and 20 years as show in the graphic 1 and 2.
The number of vulnerable household and most vulnerable households will be increase
significantly. There are some factors to cause these negative changes such as, lower
agriculture productivities because of poorer soil fertility, lack of water, and poor agriculture
techniques, poorer health, highly cost for agriculture external inputs (chemical fertilizer and
pesticide, etc), lower selling price for agricultural product, decline of fish yield, and increase
on the environmental exploitation.
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Graphic1: Trend analysis for Krakas Ka village
Graphic2: Trend analysis for Roung Damrei village
4. Civil Society Organizations active in the target villages
There are some Civil Society Organization (CSO) are actively working in the both villages as
following table.
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Table6: List of CSO and its intervention
No Name of CSO Intervention activities Status
1
Cambodian Center for Study
and Development in
Agriculture (CEDAC)
Ecological agriculture techniques,
Farmer organization, Saving,
Agriculture marketing.
Finished
2 Neak Aphiwat Sahakum (NAS) Build house for the poor, agriculture
techniques, and rice seed and rice bank
Finished
3
Reproductive Health
Association of Cambodia
(RHAC)
Bird Spacing, awareness raising on the
reproductive health, access to health
service for the poor
On going
4 Farmer Association (FA) which
facilitated by CEDAC
Saving group, and community shop On going
5 Adventist Development and
Relief Agency (ADRA)
Educate on reproductive health and
HIV/AID
Finished
6 Phnom Srei Development
Associate (PSDA)
Animal bank On going
7 Christian Church Non-Formal Education (NFE) On going
5. Primary requirement in each village
Through group discussions and key informant interviews, villager‟s needs in improving their
living standards mainly on low inputs agriculture techniques, sanitation, safe drinking water,
vegetable seeding, animal raising technique and strengthening the community water user
group on management process.
6. Recommendation
As a result of the assessment, it is strongly recommended that the project intervention should
be targeted with 135 households (90 H.H are vulnerable and 45 H.H are the most vulnerable)
within both villages especially for the people who resident along the mountain hill with the
following activities:
1. Toilet should be provided to poor families who have a strong commitment and willing
to contribute to build the toilet and use it. Water is consumed in raw manner without
filtering or boiling. It‟s not that people do not realize the value of boiling and/or
filtering water but they think that it is not necessary because of its cost and time
consumption. The lower or no-cost related technological solutions are available to
cleanse water. For example, if water in PET containers (polyethylene terephthalate –
ordinary cola bottles) is kept in sunlight for 24 hours (48 on cloudy days), it
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decontaminates the water through solar radiation; ultraviolet rays kill all harmful
micro-organisms1.
2. Open well may not be possible to construct in most places in villages. According to
villagers‟ knowledge, there are many huge underground rocks that make the digging
impossible. Also the level of land on this side is too higher to the water level.
Therefore, it may require digging very deep hole to be able to access underground
water. Alternative is to collect rainwater (water jars and water tanks) may be
advisable.
3. System of rice intensification (SRI)2 should be introduced to the suitable villagers
who are willing to try new rice growing technique. This SRI may require agricultural
expert from development agent to guide villagers what to do, how to produce and use
natural fertilizer or how to control pest. It may be more helpful if agricultural expert
from other area be invited as guest speaker to educate villagers of the new growing
technique. Also, follow up program on should be implemented to regularly check the
progress.
4. The integrated farming system approach may be advisable. This approach wherein a
combination of different perennial (including tree) and seasonal crops, along with
livestock and even fisheries in farm ponds or flooded agricultural lands, are jointly
planned at the farm/household level. This approach seems appealing in Cambodian
conditions, even for small farmers; it yields more income, protects the ecology and
shields farmers against natural disasters or price fluctuations. A farming systems
approach also works well in small farms.
5. The chemical fertilizer and chemical pesticide are serious problem to Cambodian
natural resources, environment, health of farmer and consumer. The prices of
chemical fertilizer and pesticide and fuel have risen continuously at unprecedented
rates in recent years, but the prices of farm produce have not kept pace and this
deteriorating input-to-output price ratio for all crops. The awareness raising program
on the negative impact of chemical materials should be developed, instead of using
those chemical products and spend a lot of local money, a intensive training on how to
produce the effective natural fertilizer, natural pesticide, and other ecological
agriculture techniques should be provided.
1SODIS “clean water” approach is demonstrated as effective and free water purification technology. SODIS is
implemented and promoted by Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), for more detail:
www.adracambodia.org 2 SRI has been disseminated by CEDAC. More detail www.cedac.org.kh or www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/sri
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6. The impact of illegal fishing to decrease of fish product from year to year. The rule of
law must be enforced in each village and form a community fishery committee to
protect the interest of community. Community fishery committee should be
encouraged and provided wider role to report or apprehend any none compliant
villagers.
7. Individual farmers have no control over prices; farmer organization should be
seriously advisable. Farmer association could provide for establishment of collective
grain storage facilities so that farmers is borrow against their grain rather than sell it
in distress, and the grain is sale only when the prices are at the most remunerative.
8. The community has no confident to rely on the water user group committee in
management the water schedule and its collection of water fee due some personal
conflict of interest in the committee. The existing irrigation was well renovated and
maintaining, therefore it is strongly recommended to strengthen the existing the water
user group of two villages related with the whole cycle of management process and
bookkeeping ensure the acceptable accountability and transparency.
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Table7: Proposed activities for future project intervention
Expected results Activities Necessities Timeline
Jan 2011 – Dec 2012
Budget
(Euro)
135 of vulnerable and most
vulnerable households successfully
transform from traditional rice
planting to ecological rice planting
(SRI).
Set-up and conduct 4 on-farm
experimentation/demonstration
plots
Technical designers and agricultural
trainers
April - May 2011
April - May 2012
2,000
Seeds and agricultural materials
500
Brochures, village workshops, per
diems for village representatives
1,000
All households have formal and
durable access to irrigation (water)
Strengthening the water user
management process carried out in
2 villages
Provide orientation and guideline for
water user committee on management
and bookkeeping process. On-going
2,000
Conduct regular follow up meeting to
make sure the water user committee
run smoothly and transparency
1,500
Raise level of house hold Income to
be improved by 30% within 135 of
vulnerable and most vulnerable
households with acceptable living
standard.
Facilitation, training and coaching
of target families regarding
appropriate combinations of natural
fertilizer, natural pesticide and low
input agriculture techniques.
Training materials, seminars,
workshops
December to March
2,000
Natural Fertilizer and pesticide, basic
tools
1,000
Training and coaching of target
families regarding vegetable and
perennial cropping.
Training on home gardening and
vegetable growing
May to December
2,000
Seeds, seedlings, basic agricultural
equipment
500
Exchange visit
1,000
Training and coaching of target
families regarding the animal
husbandry.
Training on animal raising and fish
raising On-going
2,000
Animal breeds, material and
equipment
1,000
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Exchange visit 1,000
To decrease household health
expenditure by 40% within 135 of
vulnerable and most vulnerable
households.
Awareness raising and education on
the value of clean water, latrine use,
and hygiene.
Training materials, seminars,
workshops
On-going
2,000
Provide water filter, wells and water
jars
5,000
Toilet construction 5,000
Provide training on the technological
solutions to cleanse water (SODIS)
2,000
The use of illegal and harmful agro-
chemicals is reduced with 30%
among the target groups.
Awareness building and training on
the use of agro-chemicals
Training materials, seminars,
workshops On-going
2,000
Brochures, leaflet and posters
500
Subtotal Direct activities 34,000
NGO implementer transport costs
3,000
NGO implementer administration, salary, communication and office costs
12,000
Contingencies 3,5%
1,000
Total budget (Euro) 50,000
.
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7. Conclusion
The assessment on current situation of villagers‟ livelihood activities found that
socioeconomic developments in the two villages are inevitable. Subsistence farming is their
main family income and consumptions. Villagers grow rice one or two times per year heavily
depend on natural rain and natural soil. Their livelihoods are also depended on other activities
such as laboring, animal raising, small crop farming, and fishing. Poor sanitation and lack of
safe drinking water also cause villagers‟ health deteriorations. Animal husbandry is practiced,
but in family size with no technical or animal care system to protect their livestock.
Therefore, the impact of any diseases outbreak on villagers or animals could add more
hardships to family lives, with concomitant other supporting mechanism of their livelihood.
The living standard of villagers could be improved through socioeconomic development
programs. Assessment result and villagers‟ appeals strongly indicate that the area such as;
low inputs agriculture techniques, sanitation, safe drinking water, vegetable seeding, animal
raising technique.
The development activities are required from both institutions; government and non
government organizations, with full participations from villagers. Development activities in
agriculture and agriculture practices will help to generate villagers‟ income and secure their
foods security. Development in sanitation, safe drinking water could improve villagers‟
health from most water born diseases and contaminated water. These programs will also help
to safeguard their incomes from very high cost on medicines and cost on doctor fees,
concomitantly happy life. Livestock wastes could be recycled into cooking gas through
biodigesters program in substituting to fire woods which cause environment problems.
Subsequently, this program is to conserve villages‟ natural resources from being over
harvested.
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Appendix1: Profile of participant attended
Table1: Roung Damrei village, Trab commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham province
No Name Age Gender # of yrs completed
school
Occupation
1 Oun Loeum 39 Male 9 Deputy of school director
2 Dong Deng 41 Male Study at pagoda Deputy of village chief
3 Sam Ath 41 Male 5 VDC* Agent
4 Kuth Souy 50 Female None Village Health Volunteer
5 Or Seak 51 Male None Village chief
6 Moeun Sok 53 Male 5 Farmer
7 Seim Song 42 Male None Labourer
8 Im Sea 37 Male Study at pagoda Farmer
9 Neat Sinath 41 Male 5 Farmer
10 Seng Sol 30 Male 5 Farmer
11 Roth Rin 53 Male 2 Farmer
12 Kath Seu 45 Male None Farmer
13 Lok Sek 51 Male 5 Village Veteran
14 Chea Thoeurn 36 Male None Fishery man
Note: VDC is Village Development Committee
Table2: Kradas Ka village, Tang Krasaing commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham
province
No Name Age Gender # of yrs completed school Occupation
1 Ngor Sothy 32 Female 12 Deputy of school director
2 Leung Laing 53 Male Study at pagoda Deputy of village chief
3 Em Ain 39 Male 4 Seller
4 Thurn Thoch 53 Male Study at pagoda Member of Commune
Council
5 Yon Phlong 51 Male Study at pagoda VDC Agent
6 Dom Sahim 68 Male 4 Teacher/Pastor
7 Loch Sok 25 Male 10 Farmer
8 Gnim Cheng 46 Male Study at pagoda Village Chief of Kradas Ka
9 Ean Yong 54 Male Study at pagoda Farmer
10 Kroy Sok 51 Male Study at pagoda Farmer
11 Ream Raing 56 Male 2 Farmer
12 Phy Phain 35 Male 5 Farmer
13 Oun Earn 36 Male 4 Farmer
14 Dy Eang 70 Male Study at pagoda Farmer
15 Dong Hov 51 Male Village Chief of Kradas Kha
16 Sorn San 55 Male 6 Pastor
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Appendix2: General information of Batheay district
Batheay district is a district of Kampong Cham province, Cambodia. The district capital is
Ph'av town. The town is located on National Highway 6 around 64 kilometres east of the
provincial capital at Kampong Cham city and 60 kilometres north of the Cambodian capital
Phnom Penh. The district lies at the junction between two major waterways, the Mekong
River and the Tonle Sap.
Batheay district is the eastern most district of Kampong Cham province and borders on two
other provinces. Reading from the north clockwise, Batheay shares a border with Kampong
Thom province to the north and the districts of Cheung Prey and Kang Meas to the east. To
the south of Batheay are Ksach Kandal, Mukh Kampuol and Ponhea Leu districts of Kandal
Province. Batheay shares its western border with Kampong Tralach and Chol Kiri districts of
Kampong Chhnang province.
The district is subdivided into 12 communes and 80 villages. According to the 1998 Census,
the population of the district was 90,920 persons in 17,541 households in 1998. With a
population of over 90,000 people, Batheay is one of the less populous districts in Kampong
Cham province. The average household size in Batheay is 5.1 persons per household, the
same as the rural average for Cambodia. The sex ratio in the district is 91.3%, with more
females than males.
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Table: Communes and villages of Batheay district
No Communes Villages
1 Batheay Svay Pok, Batheay, Srah Pring, Chreaek, Tuol, Ou Mal
2 Chbar Ampov Chbar Ampov, Tuol Chan, Anlong Chrey, Stueng Chveng
3 Chealea Chea Lea, Ta Ngil, Tang Krang, Baek Peang, Phnum Thum
4 Cheung Prey Cheung Prey, Andoung Snay, Prasoutr Ka, Prasoutr Kha, Trabaek,
Trayang Pong
5 Me Pring Me Pring, Tang Thlaeung, Tang Srei, Tang Roleang, Prey Kaor
6 Ph'av Ph'av, Samraong, Tang Boeng, Ba Kal, Prey Nha, Kandaol
7 Sambour Sambour, Balang, Veal, Sangkaeub, Ta Poy, Chong, Tao Baek
8 Sandaek Kampal, Pou Steang, Svay Prey, Tang Chrey, Sroengk
9 Tang Krang Phnum Del, Cheung Chhnok, Tboung Phnum, Popit, Ak Tieng, Kampong
Preah, Tang Kouk, Prasat
10 Tang Krasang Boeng Veaeng, Kradas Ka, Kradas Kha, Sdok Thum, Trav Phni, Khvet,
Boeng, Khtum, Chan, Chi Neang
11 Trab Roung Damrei, Kampout, Phnum Touch, Tum Prong, Thmei, Pou
Ruessei, Trab, Chan Kong, Thkov, Thma Kaev, Routh
12 Tumnob Tumnob Leu, Prayuk, Doun Paen, Rung, Prasam, Sroeng, Trapeang Snao
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Appendix3: Survey tools
1. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Rapid Assessment on Livelihood in Batheay
district of Kampong Cham province
1. FGD Objectives:
a) To identify the general perception of the communities with regards to the livelihood
activities in supporting their daily lives,
b) To identify and the root cause of problems faced regarding the livelihood activities,
and
c) To identify the priority needs to improve their livelihood conditions.
2. Selecting the FGD Participants:
The participants should be 10-15 people in two FGDs. The participants should come from
different backgrounds. Here are some suggested participants: pastors, villagers, teacher,
village chief, member of any groups, and youth etc. They should be gender equal.
3. Duration: Half-day for each FGD. Start at 7:30am to obtain participants profile. Start
FGD proper at 8am and finish at 11:30am.
4. Venue: Central location to the each target village. Where appropriate, the pagoda would
be an ideal location for the FGDs.
5. Facilitation: Two persons will be involved in this FGD. One is facilitator and the other
one is note taker.
6. Materials: Tape recorders, notebooks and pens, paper tape, flip chart, markers, cameras.
7. Methods: Brand storming and Plenary discussions
8. FGD PROCESS
In the FGD session, there should be tape recorders to record all information in the session.
However the co-facilitator should still pay attention on ideas/ remarks/ consensus of
participants and take detailed notes. Be ready with the tape recorders and cassettes and check
and try it before the FGD start.
Facilitating the session:
a). Profile of Participants (this should be accomplished during registration period)
No Name Age Gender # of yrs completed
school
Occupation
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b). Guide Questions and its formats
1) What are the Villagers‟ livelihood activities and its important ranks?
Income Activities Name of village
1 2 3 4 5
Remark: Rank 1 is for the most important activity and rank 5 is for the least important activity
2) What is the livelihood activities‟ seasonal calendar?
Income
Activities
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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3) What are problems and difficulties they are facing in performing those livelihood
activities?
Income Activities Description of Problems and difficulties
4) What are the priorities needs to improve their livelihood conditions or solve the
above problem and difficulties?
Income Activities Description of Priorities needs to improve their livelihood conditions
2. Key Informant Interview (KIIs): Rapid Assessment on Livelihood in Batheay
district of Kampong Cham province
9. KII Objectives:
d) To identify the family demography and socio-economic;
e) To identify food security and its coping mechanism; and
f) To identify the priority solutions for further improvement the family livelihood
conditions.
10. Selecting the KII Participants: Key informants interviews will conduct separately for 6
key informants in each village; they are the village‟s chief, village development
committee, pastor, farmer associate, school teacher, and community entrepreneur.
11. Duration: About half-hour to one hour for each key informant interview.
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12. Venue: As appropriate.
13. Facilitation: each facilitator will conduct KII separately. So, a facilitator will interview
three key informants for each village.
14. Materials: notebooks and pens.
15. Guide Questions
5) Request for some demographic data, infrastructure and facilities, and other socio-
economic information if possible from village‟s chief. If not, researcher will
review the existing documents from government agencies and other NGOs.
6) What are key development actors in this village and what are their interventions?
(description the intervention of each development actor)
7) Which development actor that you think is most three helpful for livelihood
improvement of villager? What their main helpful intervention? Why?
8) What are the occupation and income activities in the village?
9) What are problems and difficulties they are facing in performing those income
activities?
10) What are the priorities needs to improve their livelihood conditions or solve the
above problem and difficulties?
11) What are your other recommendations or suggestions?
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Appendix4: References
- Baran, E 2005, „Cambodian inland fisheries: facts, figures and context‟, WorldFish
Centre and Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh,
Cambodia.
- Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, (CMAFF) 2007, „Law on
Fisheries‟, Fisheries Administration publication, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- SEILA Commune Database 2005
- National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 2009, Batheay
District Data Book 2009.
- National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 2009,
Kampong Cham province Data Book 2009.
- Adventist Development and Relief (ADRA), SODIS project document 2006
- What is SRI (System of Rice Intensification), www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/sri