Survey and Manage Species Analysis Gordon Hill Vegetation and Fuels Management Project

Smith River National Recreation Area, Six Rivers National Forest

July 24, 2014

Completed by: /s/ Lisa D. Hoover__ Date: ____7/24/2014_________

Lisa D. Hoover Forest Botanist Six Rivers National Forest

Completed by: _/s/ Brenda Devlin-Craig Date: ___7/24/2014___________

Brenda Devlin-Craig

Wildlife Biologist

Six Rivers National Forest

Introduction

The Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines were developed to benefit species

closely associated with late-successional and old-growth forests. Species include plant

(vascular and non-vascular), fungi, terrestrial mollusk, aquatic mollusk, and vertebrate

species. The Survey and Manage provision for each species would apply to the range

(or portion of the range) of that species, to the particular habitats where concerns

exists for species’ persistence, and where management activities are considered

“habitat-disturbing” for that species (USDA/USDI 2001).

This analysis tiers to the recent district court’s remedy order issued on February 18, 2014

(Conservation Northwest v. Bonnie, W.WA No. C08-1067-JCC). This remedy order

followed after the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the 2011 Consent Decree

executed in resolution of the district court action (Conservation Northwest, et al v.

Harris Sherman, et al and D.R. Johnson Company, 715 F.3d. 1181, C.A. 9 (Wash), April

25, 2013).

Included in this ruling was an allowance for the Forest Service to continue developing and

implementing projects that met the 2011 Settlement Agreement exemptions or species

list if the project met one or more specified categories. Projects in planning or

development prior to April 25, 2013 that relied on the 2011 Consent Decree

(settlement agreement exemptions and/or species list) may continue with planning or

implementation as long as they fall within one or more of the following categories: :

(a) Projects in which any Survey and Manage pre-disturbance survey(s) have been initiated

(defined as at least one occurrence of actual in-the-field surveying undertaken

according to applicable protocol) in reliance upon the 2011 Consent Decree species list

on or before April 25, 2013;

(b) Projects, at any stage of project planning, in which any known site(s) (as defined by the

2001 Record of Decision (ROD) has been identified and has had known site-

management recommendations for that particular species applied to the project in

reliance upon the 2011 Consent Decree on or before April 25, 2013.

(c) Projects, at any stage of project planning, that the Agencies designed to be consistent

with one or more of the new exemptions contained in the 2011 Consent Decree on or

before April 25, 2013.

The exemptions referenced in the last category were stipulated by Judge Pechman

(October 11, 2006, “Pechman exemptions”) and ordered by the court in Northwest

Ecosystem Alliance et al. v. Mark E. Rey et al., No. 04-844P, (W.D. Wash. October 10,

2006). The exemptions are as follows:

A. Thinning projects in stands younger than 80 years old;

B. Replacing culverts on roads that are in use and part of the road system, and removing

culverts if the road is temporary or to be decommissioned;

C. Riparian and stream improvement projects where the riparian work is riparian planting,

obtaining material for placing in-stream, and road or trail decommissioning; and where

the stream improvement work is the placement of large wood, channel and floodplain

reconstruction, or removal of channel diversions; and

D. The portions of projects involving hazardous fuel treatments where prescribed fire is

applied. Any portion of a hazardous fuel treatment project involving commercial

logging will remain subject to the survey and manage requirements except for thinning

of stands younger than 80 years old under subparagraph a. of this paragraph.

Project Description

The Gordon Hill Vegetation and Fuels Management Project proposes to reduce hazardous

fuel and restore habitat conditions on approximately 2,749 acres of conifer/hardwood

stands through commercial thinning, timber stand improvement (pre-commercial

thinning), and fuels reduction treatments utilizing mechanical, manual, and prescribed

burning methods. Specifically, this project consists of

(1) Fuel reduction treatments would occur on 1,168 acres in association with high-risk

roadside and ridge top units. Fuelbreaks would be built on ridgetops to approximately

150 feet in width on each side of the road or other various combinations except where

associated with mid-mature and older stands. In these stands treatments will clear fuel

concentrations within the first 50 feet of the roadside and nearest ridgeline only, and

elsewhere maintain 40-50% cover of shrubs in the remaining fuelbreak area to provide

for forest floor vegetation heterogeneity. These fuelbreak corridors will be created by

reducing shrubs, small trees less than 8” diameter breast height (dbh), and ground

fuels. Methods of treatment include biomass utilization, hand piling and burning,

understory burning, or chipping of materials.

(2) Pine dominated fuels treatment is associated with the Camp Six Communication Site.

Shrubs and trees would be thinned to a 10 to 20 foot spacing using hand methods.

After thinning, cut stems would be piled burned or provided fire wood gathering.

(3) Commercial thinning of 655 acres across 41 units is planned within even aged stands

that are plantations and natural stands in early seral stages of development or mid-

mature. Units receiving this treatment occur both within and outside of designated

shaded fuelbreaks. Treatments would consist of variable density thinning. The general

prescription would be commercial thinning from below down to between 40 and 60%

or greater canopy cover, although this would be highly variable. Variable basal area

retention would be applied to create gaps and promote horizontal diversity while in

other areas clumps of trees would be maintained. No predominant trees would be

removed. Existing snags (20” dbh or greater) and downed logs (20” diameter or greater

and 10 feet long) would be maintained unless they pose a safety hazard or reduce the

effectiveness of the shaded fuelbreaks. Stands would be logged using ground or cable

yarding systems.

(4) Timber sale improvement treatments across 795 acres in 41 units would involve non-

commercial thinning and removal of small diameter trees in dense young plantations

and conifer-hardwood stands. Spacing in areas of small diameter trees would be 15 to

24 feet to maintain an approximate 40% canopy closure. All stands are either in the

pole-harvest or early-mature seral stages. Stands will be treated by hand or by

mastication. Material would be masticated up to approximately 6-8 inches above the

ground surface. Activity fuel treatments would include one or several of the following

actions: hand pile and burn, mastication, fuelwood and biomass utilization, and lop and

scatter of slash (activity generated fuels are lopped into smaller pieces and scattered

throughout the unit to a depth no greater than 18 inches). The largest trees with the

the best crown development would be retained.

(5) Activity fuels treatment would occur in association with commercial and timber stand

improvement units via manual, mechanical, and prescribed burning methods (ie. under

story or hand or machine pile burning). Categories of treatment range from cutting

understory vegetation, hand pile and burning to chipping, mastication or yarding tops

to landings.

(6) Restoration treatments would apply to 95 acres of Jeffrey pine/grassland and 26 acres

of sugar pine dominated stands. In the case of the former, prescribed fire, of low

intensity, would be applied to remove encroaching vegetation and in some cases pre-

treatment (hand piling and burning) of shrubs and small diameter trees would be

implemented. Woody debris would be raked or otherwise removed from the base of

established mature trees to prevent scorching the bole or flaming into the lower

canopy. Maintenance burning intervals of would vary depending on the unit or portion

thereof; maintenance burning interval for those that support Sensitive plant species

would aim for a 10 year burn interval and those without Sensitive plants at intervals

approximating 5 years. Sugar pine stand restoration would consist of removing all

small diameter trees under the drip line of (up to 30 feet from base of tree) of the large

pines, as well as thin the understory. In the units with pole-sized sugar pine,

treatments will be similar to the TSI units described above, except that sugar pine will

favored over other species.

Assessment Process:

Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines germane to this project are as follows:

1. Manage for known sites of Survey and Manage species in Categories A, B, C, D and E in

keeping with current management direction for these species.

2. Complete pre-disturbance surveys for Category A and C species if activity is potentially

habitat disturbing such that it is likely to have a significant negative impact on the

species’ habitat, life cycles, microclimate, or life support requirements (USDA/USDI

2001).

The following steps were conducted to determine which species would be carried forward in

the analysis and which of the aforementioned activities are considered habitat disturbance.

1. Query of the National Resources Information System (NRIS) database, known sites

database for Survey and Manage species historic records, databases associated with the

Northwest Forest Plan Strategic Survey efforts and associated spatial coverages to

determine if known sites exist in the project area.

2. Reviewed Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial layers of the vegetative sub-series

and seral stage in which the units occurred and ortho-digital quads, elevation gradient of

the project area, land-use history (i.e. past logging), aerial photographs for refining GIS

information, literature pertaining to species of interest (e.g. USDA/USDI 2003, McCune and

Geiser 2009) and professional knowledge of species habitat and distribution on the Forest

to determine which species would be considered for pre-disturbance surveys.

3. Determined which activities may compromise the persistence of a species at a site based

upon the focal species’ habitat, life cycle, micro-climate or life support requirements.

4. Based upon the determination of habitat disturbing activities, assessed level of

management for known sites to assure persistence at a site and the portion of the project

area warranting pre-disturbance surveys.

In regards to the #4 above, given that Survey and Manage species are associated with late

successional forests which provide habitat components, microclimatic conditions and other life

supporting attributes for the persistence of these species at a given site, only those activities

associated with commercial treatments and associated fuel corridors coincident with mid-

mature stands could potentially affect Survey and Manage species.

A. Consideration of Habitat Disturbing Activities and Seral Stages

In regards to assessing the need for pre-disturbance surveys, given that Survey and Manage

species are associated with late-successional forests which provide habitat components,

microclimatic conditions and other life supporting attributes for the persistence of these species,

therefore; in general only those activities occurring in mid-mature and older stands could

potentially affect the habitat of Survey and Manage species. Exceptions may arise in early mature

stands where the structure varies and remnant, older trees persist. All of the units proposed for

commercial treatment are in the early-mature, early with previous harvest or pole-harvest seral

stages ; all timber stand improvement units are in the early mature or pole harvest seral stages.

Only fuels treatments would occur in stands with mid-mature to late-mature stand conditions.

The proportion of the units within the mid- to late-mature category comprises 8% of the project

acres.

In summary, early-mature and younger stands are not considered potential habitat for Survey and

Manage species, therefore, activities planned for these settings will not be further analyzed.

B. Consideration of species category, range, habitat, and current scientific information

Other considerations that would preclude further analysis of Survey and Manage species for this

project are as follows:

a. Species assigned to Category F, a category which does not require management of known

sites or pre-disturbance surveys.

b. Species assigned to Categories B, D, or E, categories requiring management of known sites

where no known sites are documented in this project area.

c. Species assigned to Categories A or C, categories requiring pre-disturbance surveys (if

habitat-disturbing activities are suspected) but these species’ habitats do not correspond to

the project area.

d. Species assigned to Categories A or C but the ranges of these species do not coincide with

Six Rivers National Forest

Survey and Manage Species Analysis

A. Known sites of Survey and Manage Species Review of NRIS and other datasets indicated there were no known sites of vertebrate, fungi,

vascular plant, lichen, or bryophyte species in the proposed units prior to conducting pre-

disturbance surveys.

B. Survey and Manage Species Further Analyzed

Category A and Category C species identified for pre-disturbance surveys were based upon species

range relative to the project area, presence of suitable habitat in the project area and extent of

habitat-disturbing activities therein, and current scientific information relative to species

taxonomy. As a result of the analysis, pre-disturbance surveys were conducted for two vascular

plants, Cypripedium montanum and C. fasciculatum and two non-vascular species, Lobaria oregana

and Usnea longissima. As a result of surveys, there were three detections of Lobaria oregana and

one two of Usnea longissma.

Of the faunal species, pre-disturbance surveys were conducted in five commercial units deemed

suitable habitat for a Category C species, the Oregon red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus). Pre-

disturbance surveys were conducted in August and September 2012 in units 2, 3, 17, 57 and 88 and

yielded no evidence of Oregon red tree vole (Table 1.)

Table 1. RTVO survey results

Unit # Unit

Acres

Date

Completed

Confirmed

RTVO

nests

Unconfirmed

(suspected)

RTVO Nests

2 58 9/11/2012 0 0

3 42 9/11/2012 0 0

17 15 8/27/2012 0 0

57 4 8/22/2012 0 0

88 4 8/22/2012 0 0

Other than the Oregon red tree vole, all other Survey and Manage Category A or C vertebrate and

mollusk species exist outside the range of the project’s planning area; therefore faunal Survey and

Manage species will not be further analyzed.

Appendix A includes a list of literature and other references providing a basis for which species

were brought forward for further analysis for this project.

Evaluation of the Proposed Action on Survey and Manage Species:

The following is an evaluation of habitat disturbing activities relative to the detected Survey and

Manage species in the Gordon Project Area, Lobaria oregana and Usnea longissima (Table 2).

Table 2. Species, units and other attributes Survey and Manage species detections

Species/UTMs Zone

10 NAD 83

Units* Substrate Setting/Habitat for

Detection

Lobaria oregana TSI Unit 87, FB-13B

and FB-43A

TSI Unit 87

420,433/4,630,874

Douglas-fir 10” DBH,

on bole

EM stand; tree

adjacent to road

Unit FB-13B

423,791/4,625,728

Douglas-fir 25” DBH,

on branches and as

litterfall

LM stand, upslope

from creek

Unit FB-43A Douglas-fir 18” DBH, Grassy flat, creek

426,469/4,620,224 on bole bluff

Usnea longissima JP Rest 78 (3 trees) &

81 (1 tree)

JP Rest 78

417,891/4,629,609 (center)

Douglas-fir ranging

from 9” to 24” DBH

Open Douglas-fir-

Jeffrey pine

grassland

JP Rest 81 417,790/4,630,550

Jeffrey pine, 15” DBH Single tree in middle

of Idaho fescue

grassland

*TSI=timber stand improvement, FB= fuelbreak, JP Rest= Jeffrey pine restoration

The following assessment considers the extent and significance of habitat disturbance, in particular,

changes in microclimate, available substrate or life support requirements of the species that may

result from the proposed actions.

Lobaria oregana

As a lichen, Lobaria oregana exchanges water and gases through its “skin” and thus is influenced by

changes in atmospheric moisture. Generally speaking, lichens are most susceptible to changes in

their environment when the thallus is hydrated. In this condition, lichens are most

photosynthetically active, contrarily, no gas exchange occurs in air-dried lichens (Nash 1996).

Changes in atmospheric moisture and its effect on lichens are influenced by temperature. Lichens

are well-adapted to temperatures experienced in their micro-habitat (Nash 1996), but tolerances to

heat outside the natural range of variability can trigger a stress response in the lichen. In a dry

state, lichens have a tremendous capacity to tolerate heat stress, but when hydrated that tolerance

diminishes.

In North America, Lobaria oregana is distributed across the Pacific Northwest (except the east

Cascade area), in the Klamath and northern North Coast Range of California, and also occurs in

Idaho and British Columbia (Derr et al. 2003). On the Six Rivers National Forest, there are two

known sites on the Orleans Ranger District which represent the eastern and southern-most

occurrences of this species documented on the Forest. The remaining occurrences are on the Smith

River National Recreation Area, where the species occurs in the Shelley, Myrtle, Coon, Hurdygurdy,

Jones, Horse Creek watersheds and Middle Fork Smith River watershed.

Lobaria oregana is a foliose lichen that in the Klamath Range of California is most often associated

with legacy, old-growth or predominant trees in stands ranging in seral stage development from

early to late-mature. If observed in the canopy, Lobaria oregana is typically distributed on the inner

portion of the branches close to the bole, compared to occupying outer branches such as species of

Usnea sp. or Ramalina sp. This observation is corroborated by research conducted in the western

Cascades of Oregon that demonstrated a preference of Lobaria oregana for inner crown positions

and middle and lower positions in the canopy (Sillet 1995). Environmental and micro-climatic

conditions of a given geographic setting are factors that would influence how Lobaria oregana is

distributed in the tree, for example riparian influences.

What does appear common in regards to the distribution of Lobaria oregana within and across

stands is that propagule availability and its dispersal are limiting factors. Lobaria oregana

reproduces primarily by fragmentation, whereby pieces of the thallus (the body of the lichen) break

off and become established on lower branches or other conifer trees in the subcanopy, regardless of

the age of the substrate. In contrast, lichen species that produce soredia, provide a relatively light-

weight and thus easily dispersed propagule (Shirazi et. al. 1996). Reproduction by producing

soredia is not known to Lobaria oregana.

If environmental and micro-climatic conditions are suitable, Lobaria oregana can become

established in younger stands if propagules find their way to these stands. This was evidenced as a

result of surveys conducted for this project; at two of the three sites, the substrates were a 10” and

18” DBH Douglas-fir, respectively. This ability to become established in young stands implies that

stand structural and associated micro-climatic conditions associated with mature stands may not be

the sole driver in defining Lobaria oregana’s distribution within and among stands; disperal

limitation also plays a role (Sillet et. al. 2000).

While micro-climatic conditions associated with mature stands or even settings in a given stand may

not be the sole driver, these conditions are factors that influence Lobaria oregana’s establishment

and growth. Given that the photosynthetic component of Lobaria oregana is a cyanobacteria with

limitations to dissipating excess (unusable) sunlight, Lobaria oregana may be distributed in given

tree or stand in association with shaded habitats as are other cyanobacteria lichens, due to a

differential response to light stress compared to lichens with an algal partner (Demmig-Adams et.

al. 1990). Factors that might play a role in the resiliency of Lobaria oregana under a given set of

light conditions and thus its distribution in a tree or across a stand include seasonal temperature,

adaptive cabability of individuals in a population to adjust to differing environments (Shirazi et al.

1996) and oceanic or riverine influences.

Activities which remove or damage the substrate upon which Lobaria oregana is attached and

growing, remove sub-canopy trees which serve as local sites for thalli fragment establishment,

isolate “parent” trees thus reducing dispersal opportunities across a stand, and alter the existing

shade/lighting or atmospheric conditions beyond the threshold tolerated by Lobaria oregana, are

those that could negatively affect the persistence of Lobaria oregana at a site.

Table 1 displays the units in which Lobaria oregana was detected. One detection is associated with

a timber stand improvement (TSI) unit and the other two are within fuelbreak units. Given the

ecology and conservation concerns of this species discussed above, activities within the TSI unit that

could disturb Lobaria oregana is removal of the occupied substrate, extensive removal of trees

proximal to the known site and pile burning near the canopy of the occupied tree. In Unit FB-13A,

Lobaria oregana was detected both on the branch of a late-mature Douglas-fir and as litter fall.

Although not observed, late-mature trees proximal to the occupied tree may also support thalli of

Lobaria oregana in the canopy. In Unit FB-43A, Lobaria oregana was located on the bole of a

solitary Douglas-fir tree in a grassy opening situated on a bluff above Hurdygurdy Creek. Activities

within these fuels unit that could disturb Lobaria oregana is pile burning near the occupied or in the

case of FB-13A, potential substrate.

Usnea longissima

Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of a fungal partner and one or more photosynthetic

partners (either an alga or a blue-green bacterium). The plant body of an individual lichen is called

the “thallus.” Nearly all lichens have a cortex, which is comprised of the fungal component. In these

organisms, light penetration must be great enough to reach through the cortex to the algal

component of the lichen if net photosynthetic rates and sufficient growth rates are to be achieved

(Nash 1996).

Usnea longissima (USLO) is a filamentous, fruticose lichen that grows in canopy openings near areas

of higher moisture, such as creeks, and can occur more inland in areas with periodic fog. USLO has a

pendulous growth habit and grows in long strands, draping trees and shrubs. Main branches are

almost undivided, and side branches are perpendicular and short to moderately long.

USLO is a circumboreal species. In North America, USLO occurs predominately along the northern

Pacific Coast of North America from Alaska to northern California, where its distribution is limited

and patchy (Keon and Muir 2002). Reproduction is primarily through fragmentation, whereby

fragments of the thallus break and disperse to suitable substrate. As fragments, USLO can disperse

short distances to the branches of sub-canopy conifers, hardwoods, and shrubs, raising the

importance of the proximity of suitable substrate to the host tree or propagule source (Esseen et al.

1981). This short-distance dispersal may possibly explain the patchy distribution of biomass

accumulation across a stand. Dispersal distance may be increased beyond an immediate tree to

local substrate dispersal by prevailing and oft strong winds and open settings, such as those

associated with riverine and riparian corridors.

Throughout its range from California to Washington, USLO occurs in late-successional conifer stands

with hardwood associates and in riparian areas; however, investigations have shown that thalli can

grow and thrive in habitats predicted to be the least suitable (Keon and Muir 2002). This was

indicated by the survey results in Gordon, where USLO was located on individual mature Douglas-

firs in the open setting of Jeffrey pine/Idaho fescue woodlands. The grassland openings in the

project area were surrounded by mature Douglas-fir/hardwood dominated stands which may have

served as the “parent” or inoculum source for the thalli in the opening.

The proposed activity for the units where USLO occurs that may affect the species is prescribed fire.

As a filamentous, fruticose lichen, the structure of USLO maintains a high surface-to-volume ratio,

higher even compared to needles, grass and evergreen shrubs (Rundel 1981). These high surface-to-

volume ratios allow for more rapid drying and wetting (Nash 1996); however, as a consequence,

during the dry stage, USLO would be flammable if exposed to fire (Auclair 1983). Burning when dry

is one issue; fire-related heat when hydrated (during the rainy season in N. California-late fall to late

spring) is another. While lichens are well-adapted to temperatures experienced in their micro-

habitat, exposure to heat outside the natural range of variability can trigger a stress response (Nash

1996). Exposure to heat from fire when hydrated, lichens may also perish (Brodo et al. 2001).

In addition to heat exposure and flammability, USLO is vulnerable to changes in air quality that

might result from burning. USLO is one of the lichen species that is sampled and analyzed as an

indicator of air quality (McCune and Geiser 1997). Lichens basically “breathe” through the skin of

the thalli and have no means of avoiding exposure (i.e. they lack a cuticle and stomates); therefore

pollutants may readily diffuse into the algal layer, thereby disrupting the symbiotic balance between

the fungus and alga. Due to its biology and other characteristics of the species (e.g. filamentous

morphology and high surface-to-volume ratio), USLO is vulnerable to changes in the quality of

atmospheric condition. Physiological reactions may include loss of membrane integrity and

breakdown of pigment (Nash 1996), in addition to necrosis and death.

In summary, issues to consider when evaluating environmental effects to USLO relative to this

project include: a. maintenance of occupied substrate and b. exposure to heat, flames or smoke.

Usnea longissima occupies the outside branches of trees in this project. Thalli (the body of the

organism) threads can fragment from an occupy tree and fall to understory small trees or spread to

other substrates via wind-blown fragments. Activities which completely clear the trees in the

understory of the occupied tree, can remove potential substrate for future recruitment. Pile

burning activities are a concern due to changes in atmospheric conditions, increased heat and

potential ignition of lichen thalli. Smoke generated during burning, especially during the wet

season, when the lichen is photosynthetically active, can change the atmospheric quality to the

detriment of Usnea longissima. Pile burning proximal to occupy substrates can result in localized

heating conditions unfavorable to the species and given its pendulous nature, flames from

understory burning could ignite the thalli, especially during the dry season.

To provide for persistence at the sites for Lobaria oregana and Usnea longissima the following

project design features have been incorporated into the Gordon Project:

Lobaria oregana

a) In Unit 87, a no-disturbance buffer of approximately 1000sqft was delineated in the unit by

white/orange striped flagging.

b) In FB unit 13B, occupied tree was flagged (with white/orange striped flagging) as well as an

approximately 2400sqft, no pile burning buffer that encircles approximately four late-

mature Douglas-fir trees.

c) In FB unit 43A, occupied tree was flagged, no pile burning beneath canopy of occupied tree.

Usnea longissima

a) Unit 78, USLO occurs at three sites. Substrates are all Douglas-fir trees ranging in diameter

from 9 to 24 inches. A 25 foot buffer has been established around each occurrence. Do not

remove any conifers 10 inches in diameter and greater. Locate cut vegetation outside of the

buffer for pile burning. Avoid understory burning in buffered areas via establishment of a

handline.

b) In Unit 81, USLO was detected on a 15 inch diameter Jeffrey pine tree isolated in the middle

of the grassland immediately adjacent to the SISE monitoring plot. Rake any debris that

could act as a fuel source away from base of the occupied tree.

With the project design features in place, the Gordon Project provides for site persistence of

Lobaria oregana and Usnea longissima.

Appendix A. Literature Cited and Survey and Manage Species References

Auclair, A. N. D. 1983. The role of fire in lichen-dominated tundra and forest-tundra. In: Wein, Ross

W., MacLean D.A. eds. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Scope 18. John

Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Pp. 235-256.

Bridgeoporus nobilissimus – fungus, Category A. Email correspondences with Kelli Van Norman

(Oregon Bureau of Land Management), Lorelei Norvell (Editor-in-Chief, Mycotaxon), Tom O’Dell

(coauthor of Handbook to Strategy 1 fungal species in the Northwest Forest Plan) in summer

2005 indicate that the California occurrence of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is likely a data error in

the ISMS database. In 2010, this species was located and verified in Redwood National Park; the

first location in California. Outside the range of Six Rivers NF.

Christy, J.A., D.H. Wagner 1996. Guide for the identification of rare, threatened or sensitive

bryophytes in the range of the northern spotted owl, western Washington, western Oregon, and

northwestern California. USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Demming-Adams, B., W.W. Adams III, T.G.A. Green, F.C. Czygan and O.L. Lange. 1990. Differences in

the susceptibility to light stress in two lichens forming a phycosymbiodeme, one partner

possessing and on lacking the xanthophyll cycle. Oecologia 84: 451-456.

Derr, CC, R. Helliwell, A. Ruchty, L. Hoover, L. Geiser, Lebo & J. Davis. 2002. Survey Protocol for

Category A & C Lichens, version 2.0. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land

Management, BLM/OR/WA/PL-02/045+1792.

http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/sp-li-lichens_v2-2002-10-18-att1.pdf

Derr, C, and R. Lesher, L. Geiser, M. Stein. 2003. 2003 Amendment to the Survey Protocol for Survey

and Manage Category A & C Lichens in the Northwest Forest Plant Area. Management

recommendations for Survey and Manage Lichens, version 2.1. USDA Forest Service and USDI

Bureau of Land Management. http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/07-

lichens_v2-1_amend_enclosed.pdf

Esseen, P.A, L. Ericson, H. Lindstrom and O. Zackrisson. 1981. Occurrence and ecology of Usnea

longissima in central Sweden. Lichenologist 13:177-190.

Fredericks, N., 1996. Draft management recommendations. Bryophytes. Installment 1. Unpublished

Report. Six Rivers National Forest.

Geiser, L. 2000. Reconfigured by Stein, M. 2004. Conservation Assessment for 11 species of coastal

lichens. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/planning-documents/assessments.shtml

Glavich, DA, LH Geiser, AG Mikulin. 2005. Rare epiphytic coastal lichen habitats, modeling, and

management in the Pacific Northwest. Bryologist 108(3) 377-390.

Glavich, D. 2013. Conservation Assessment for 8 Species of Coastal Lichens.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents2/ca-li-8-coastal-lichens-2013-06.pdf,

Hoover, L.D. 2013 Biological Evaluation/Biological Assessment for Threatened, Endangered,

Sensitive Plant and Fungi Species, Gordon Hill Vegetation and Fuels Management Project, Smith

River National Recreation Area, Six Rivers National Forest. On file Six Rivers National Forest,

Eureka, CA.

Keon, D. B. and P.S. Muir 2002. Growth of Usnea longissima Across a Variety of Habitats in the

Oregon Coast Range. The Bryologist, 105(2): 233-242. Lesher, R.D. and J.A. Henderson. 1998.

Management recommendations for spleenwort-leaved goldthread (Coptis asplenifolia Salisb.),

Version 2.0. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management.

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