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    Chavan et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

    PLANT LATEX: AN INHERENT SPRING OF PHARMACEUTICALS

    Chavan Bhagyashri A.*1

    , Hundiwale Jogendra C.2 and Patil Avinash V.

    2

    1Department of Biotechnology, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Chopda Dist.,

    Jalgaon (M.S.).

    2Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil College of Pharmacy, Chopda Dist., Jalgaon (M.S.).

    ABSTRACT

    A plant system in nature always stands as a golden mark to represent

    the outstanding phenomenon of symbiosis. From erstwhile, medicinal

    plants have taken mightily and noteworthy strides to treat the diseases

    and also having the potentially useful substances for the development

    of novel chemotherapeutic useful drugs. Nearly all parts of plants can

    be used in medicinal applications. But plant latex has major

    contribution in medicine as it contain biologically active compounds

    such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins

    and saponins etc. which are not only beneficial for plant defense but

    also for the development of things such as disinfectants, anticoagulant

    etc., advantageous for human beings. Mixture of various chemical

    constituents in plant latex protects the plant from herbivorous insects.

    In this review we focused on the phytochemical study of latex as well as the evidences that

    the latex serves as potent pharmacological agent against various diseases and its isolated

    constituents have wide range of biomedical activities.

    KEYWORDS: Bioactivity, Laticiferous plants, pharmacological activity, phytochemical

    analysis, plant latex.

    1. INTRODUCTION

    Nature gives very precious gift of vegetation, where plants are used to cure diseases. From

    the ancient practice, focus on utilization of plant as a medicine and it shows immense

    potential with respect to their medicinal value. The 21st century is witnessing serious

    scientific effort to ascertain major active ingredients in medicinal plants through research and

    development. Nearly all parts of plants contain moderate amount of bioactive ingredients

    WWOORRLLDD JJOOUURRNNAALL OOFF PPHHAARRMMAACCYY AANNDD PPHHAARRMMAACCEEUUTTIICCAALL SSCCIIEENNCCEESS

    SSJJIIFF IImmppaacctt FFaaccttoorr 22..778866

    VVoolluummee 44,, IIssssuuee 0044,, 11778811--11779966.. RReevviieeww AArrttiiccllee IISSSSNN 2278 4357

    Article Received on

    18 Feb 2015,

    Revised on 09 March 2015,

    Accepted on 31 March 2015

    *Correspondence for

    Author

    Chavan Bhaggyashri A.

    Department of

    Biotechnology, Arts,

    Science and Commerce

    College, Chopda Dist.

    Jalgaon (M.S.).

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    with massive pharmacological properties. Among these, plant latex has much more attention

    in the research area because of its dazzling features in plant defense mechanism. Laticifer

    tissues from several plant species secrete the plant latex which is a protein rich multi-

    component fluid. Latex has been reported to occur in 12000 plant species belonging to 900

    genera. It shows deleterious effects in insects mainly causes high mortality, inhibit feeding,

    egg hatching and obstruct reproduction in them. Latex is the milky sap of plants secreted by

    the specialized plant cells called laticifers, upon tissue injury and do not have any role in the

    primary metabolism of plants and has been robustly hindered chewing herbivores as a

    defense against it. [1]

    These laticifers (latex producing cells) developed a laticiferous system

    with two different morphological forms, articulate laticifers and non-articulate laticifers. In

    former type, the laticifers are arranged in larger chain by forming the net-like structure and

    able to deliver latex in much more extreme to local tissues and connected by perforations in

    the cell walls of neighbouring laticifers. While non-articulate are formed from single cells,

    but do not loop or reconnect.[1 & 2]

    In most plant species latex is squirt out as white glue from

    bark of plants. It is a complex mixture of proteins, alkaloids, starch, sugars, oils, tannins,

    resins and gums. In most plants, latex colour is normally white, yellow, orange, or scarlet but

    its color changes after an air exposure. It is stable dispersion of polymer micro-particles in an

    aqueous medium that coagulates on exposure to air. Latex from few plants contains an elastic

    polymer and form films without releasing potential organic solvent. It is stable dispersion of

    polymeric micro-particles in aqueous medium which become coagulate on exposure to air.[3]

    Certain amount of hydrolytic enzymes are present in this sticky emulsion which exert toxic

    effects on the growth and reproductive cycle of the insects and thus impart multi defensive

    characteristics to the plants against the insect pests.[4]

    Plant latex has wider ethno-

    pharmacological applications as it is used by local tribal communities for wound healing,

    burns, joint pain and for controlling worm infections. Plant latex used to make paintings,

    elastics, swim caps, condoms, catheters, medical gloves and balloons and also used to prepare

    chewing gum.

    Plant latex is a good source of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins,

    phenolic components with potent antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal etc. bioactivities. These

    bioactive constituents of latex are also exhibits potent pharmacological activities like anti-

    tumors, anti-angiogenic, anti-diabetic, anti- proliferative, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory,

    antioxidant, antiasthmatic, anti-fertility, analgesic, immunomodulation, wound healing,

    cytotoxicity, vasodilatory activities.[5]

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    2. PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF LATEX

    Chemically latex comprises carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The molecular formula of latex is

    C3H3N. Plant latex is flourished with various secondary metabolites and proteins, often in

    higher concentration than that of the other parts of plants. Many of these metabolites exert

    toxic effects on the insects while some other constituents impart gumminess to the latex due

    to which, insect attempting bite or bore into latex bearing plants become immobilized.

    Conversely, these constituents of latex play major role in plant defence mechanism.

    Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins, saponins as well as several

    proteins, enzymes, glycolipids, carbohydrates have been reported in latex. M. R. Brahmbhatt

    had screened about fourteen laticiferous plants found in North Gujarat region vise Calotropis

    gigantea, Jatropha gossypifolia, Wrightia tinctoria, Carissa carandas, Hibiscus sabdariffa,

    Moringa oleifera, Holostemma annulare, Azadirachta indica, Holarrhena antidysenterica,

    Mangifera indica, Datura metel, Capparis aphylla, Rivea hypocrateriformis and Hemidesmus

    indicus were analyzed for the presence of possible secondary metabolites. He found that the

    coumarine was found only in the Rivea hypocrateriformis and Hemidesmus indicus.[2]

    Alkaloids are basic natural products containing nitrogen, many of which are toxic and

    typically do not have a primary function in plants. Alkaloids are produced by plants and have

    been reported from the latex of many species, intermittently distributed among angiosperm

    families. Recently, three types of sugar-mimic alkaloids were reported in the latex of Morus

    australis and Morus alba (mulberry species) in the concentration of about 2.5% fresh mass

    (18% dry mass) in latex and acts as glycosidase inhibitors. The investigators were analyzed

    the latex of these two mulberry species directly using NMR spectra which showed strong

    signals characteristic of three alkaloid sugar-mimic glycosidase inhibitors; 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-

    imino-D-arabinitol (D-AB1), 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-

    ribitol.[6]

    Latex also contains terpenoids which are tremendously diverse group of carbon-

    based compounds, derived from five-carbon isoprene units. Terpenoids have many functions

    in plants, including pollinator attraction, defense, and roles in primary metabolism (e.g.,

    carotenoids that provide additional pigments for harvesting light energy). A novel

    spirotriterpenoid (Fig. 2) and three ingolditerpenesingol 7, 8, 12-triacetate 3-phenylacetate,

    ingol 7, 8, 12-triacetate 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acetate and 8-methoxyingol 7, 12-diacetate 3-

    phenylacetate (phenylacetylingolderivatives) have been found in the latex of Euphorbia

    officinarum (Fig. 1).[7]

    Latex of Euphorbia tirucalli contains diterpenes, inganen (Fig. 7),

    which has been investigated for its anticancer property.[16]

    Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene

    (Fig. 3) have been isolated from the latex of Calotropis gigantea.[39]

    Nascimento et al.

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    investigated the sixteen different metabolites in the latex of Hevea brasiliensis to evaluate the

    influence of rootstock on grafting through metabolomic analysis of latex samples by one- and

    two-dimensional 1H and

    13C NMR spectroscopy. Quebrachitol (2-O-methyl-l-inositol) has

    been identified as the principle metabolite in the cytosol of latex of Hevea brasiliensis.[8]

    Latex of also found to contain glycosides. For example, three different iridoids,

    demetylplumieride (Fig. 4), plumieride (Fig. 5) and isoplumieride (Fig. 6) have been

    quantitatively determined by HPLC in the latex of Himatanthus sucuuba and the

    concentration of these three iridoids in latex was about 10.5g/ml, 34.7g/ml and 4.7g/ml,

    respectively.[9]

    Latex contains wide range of proteins which play major role in the defense

    mechanism of plants. Several proteins and protein enzymes have been isolated, sequenced,

    characterized and identified from the plant latex of variety of plants. Mulatexin, a chitin

    binding protein, reported in the latex of Morus alba and specifically affect the insect

    herbivorous but not the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori.[10]

    Proteases are enzymes that

    breakdown the proteins. Various types of proteases are found from latex of plants.

    Siritapetawee et al. (2012) have been isolated 48-kDa protease (AMP48) from the latex of

    Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit).[11]

    Curcacycline A and curcacycline B with reducing

    property and enzyme cucain has stabilizing property also found in the latex of lateciferous

    plants which have role in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.[12]

    The latex of Hevea

    brasiliensis found to contain enzyme, cis-prenyltransferases, involved in rubber

    biosynthesis.[13]

    Polyphenoloxidase enzymes were also reported in the latex of Taraxacum

    officinale which is responsible for the browning, coagulation and wound healing by latex on

    exposures to air.[14]

    Latex of Calotropis procera was found to contain lysozymes.[15]

    .

    H

    OR2AcO

    .O

    R1O

    .

    O. OAc

    H

    .

    R1 R2

    (a)

    O

    Ac Ingol 7, 8, 12-triacetate 3-phenylacetate

    (b)

    O

    MeO

    Ac Ingol 7, 8, 12-triacetate 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) acetate

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    (c)

    O

    Me 8-mehoxyingol 7, 12-diacetate 3-phenylacetate

    Fig. 1 Three ingolditerpenesingol compounds isolated from the latex of E. officinarum

    OH

    .

    . H

    .

    .

    OHO

    .

    .

    .

    Fig. 2 A novel Spirotriterpenoid isolated from the latex of E. officinarum

    ..

    OH

    .

    .

    .

    Fig. 3 Lupeol structure

    O

    OOH

    OGIc

    O

    O OH

    .

    O

    OO

    OGIc

    .

    O

    O OH

    .

    Fig. 4 Demethylplumieride Fig. 5 Plumieride

    O

    OO

    OGIc

    .

    O

    O.

    OH

    O

    OHOH

    OHOH

    CH3H

    CH3 H

    CH3CH3H

    Fig. 6 Isoplumieride Fig. 7 Inagen

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    3. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF LATEX

    3.1 Anti-cancerous activity

    Cancer is the one of the common cause next to the heart attack for the death in both

    developed and developing countries. Plant latex is used as traditional medicine for treatment

    of cancer. Latex contains certain bioactive components that have therapeutic applications as

    anti-cancerous agent. It increases vascular permeability and allows avariety of cytokines and

    growth factors to reach the damaged tissue. It also induces angiogenesis and help to repair

    wound, inhibit tumour growth and do revascularization of tissues. Multiple plant latex highly

    rich in triterpenes such as lupeol, betulin, betulinic acid and calenduladiol and isused for the

    treatment of tumours and ulcers due to the presence of a wide diversity of compounds,

    display high substrate specificity.

    Euphorbia tirucalli latex analyzed for the anti-cancerous activity. Latex contains diterpene,

    Ingenol ester, affects on the microtubule organization was studied by using ultraviolet

    spectrophotometer and fluorometry. Ingenol esters interact with microtubules protein,

    tubulin, and inhibit its polymerization and thus responsible for the decreased stability in

    microtubules and cytoskeleton which alternatively inhibits cell cycle.[16]

    This study shows

    evidence that, the latex contain constituents with potent anti-cancerous activity. Besides

    these, Tenzin Choedon et al evaluated latex of Calotropis procera for anti-cancerous

    property using a transgenic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma.[24]

    F. Biscaro et al

    investigated the anti-cancerous property of Croton celtidifolius latex in the Ehrlich ascites

    carcinoma (EAC) mouse model. Theyconcluded that the latex components particularly

    flavonols and flavan-3-ols were responsible for the DNA fragmentation and increased the

    number of apoptotic cells which is mechanistic aspect for the anti-cancerous property of

    latex.[25]

    3.2 Antimicrobial activity

    Plants are natural resource system which contains many biologically active molecules with

    different medicinal properties and having wide range antimicrobial activity. As latexes are

    known to have a defensive purpose in plant, they may contain strong antimicrobial activity

    and plants may provide the good source of antimicrobial compounds. Finding and examining

    compounds with antimicrobial properties has normally targeted to the plants with a history of

    ethno botanical uses, while a few studies have targeted randomly collected plants. The

    increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic

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    microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for their

    potential antimicrobial activity. Petroleum ether fraction of different plant latex namely;

    Carica papaya, Calatropes procera, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Jatropa carcass, Thevetia

    peruviana revealed the antimicrobial activity against different human pathogenic bacterial

    and fungal strains.

    The antimicrobial activities of extract prepared from the latex of Jatropha curcas have been

    evaluated against bacterial and fungal species. The result obtained from this study showed

    that Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive bacterium at 1 mL latex with 22 mm zone

    of inhibition as well as the growth of Aspergillus flavus was also inhibited at the same

    concentration of Jatropha curcas latex. [17]

    The protease isolated from the latex of Artocarpus

    heterophyllus has been evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas

    aeruginosa and Candida albicans which could inhibit the growth of P. Aeruginosa and C.

    albincans at MIC 2.2 mg/ml, and MMC 8.8 mg/ml. The bactericidal activity of protein was

    determined by AFM image which were emphasized in changed in morphology from normal

    and its shape was reduced significantly (p < 0.01) average from 0.915 0.036 m 3.019

    0.038 m to 0.668 0.035 1.735 0.069 m.[11] Bidarigh et al. studied the antifungal

    activity of ethyl acetate latex of Ficus lyrata by disc diffusion method.[18]

    Ishnava et al.

    studied the in vitro antibacterial potential of the chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol

    and aqueous extracts of Calotropis gigantia was evaluated by agar well diffusion method.

    The chloroform extracted fraction of latex showed inhibitory effect against Streptococcus

    mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus with MIC value of 0.032 and 0.52 mg/mL,

    respectively.[19]

    3.3 Analgesic activity

    Certain latex components of plants showed significant pain relief. The aqueous,

    dichloromethane-methanol and petroleum ether extract of the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli

    was screened for analgesic activity and compared with aspirin by tail-immersion and by

    acetic acid induced writhing methods. Aqueous extract showed significant 57.67% analgesic

    activity than that of the dichloromethane-methanol and pet ether extract which was 51.80%

    and 48.48%, respectively.[20]

    In some research articles latex of Calotropis procera have been

    evaluated for their analgesic activity. S. Dewan et al. demonstrated the analgesic activity of

    dry latex of Calotropis procera against the acetic acid induced writhing in mice. The single

    oral dose of dry latex in the range between 165 to 830 mg/kg produced 69% of inhibition of

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    writhing as compared to 50% inhibition produced by standard drug aspirin. The 830 mg/kg

    oral dose of DL did not produce toxic effects in mice and the LD50 was found to be 3 g/kg.[26]

    3.4 Anti-diabetic activity

    Diabetic mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder affecting to nearly 10% population

    which has adverse effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins. Mulberry

    latex was found to rich in anti-diabetic sugar-mimic alkaloids glycosidase inhibitors reported

    to have anti-diabetic activities, such as 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol, 1-

    deoxynojirimycin and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol. These alkaloids are potent inhibitors

    of glycosidases and sugar-metabolizing enzymes; they seem to exert adverse effects oninsects

    by interfering with sugar metabolism in ways that are similar to their anti-diabetic activities.

    [6] S. Roy et al. was undertaken the study to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of dry

    latex of Calotropis procera against alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. A dose-dependent

    decrease in the blood glucose and increase in the hepatic glycogen content were observed

    after the daily oral administration of dry latex at 100 and 400 mg/kg doses. Dry latex was also

    responsible to loss in body of diabetic rat. The efficacy of dry latex of Calotropis procera

    was found to be comparable with that of the standard anti-diabetic drug such as

    glibenclamide.[27]

    3.5 Antioxidant activity

    It is essential to maintain the reducing environment inside cells of all living organisms by

    scavenging the free radicals. Any disruption in this reducing environment leads to the

    development of oxidative stress which is associated with the imbalance in between the

    production of reactive oxygen species and detoxifying capability of biological system. These

    reactive oxygen species have the unpleasant consequence on the living cells such as

    damaging the lipids, proteins and DNA of cells and all these consequences may be

    responsible for the development of number of chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes,

    rheumatoid arthritis, heart diseases, parkinsonism, atherosclerosis etc. Therefore, antioxidants

    have pivotal in reducing the oxidative stress by arresting the generation of free radicals and

    up regulating the enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase.

    Medicinal plants are the major sources of antioxidants. Among the medicinal plant, latex of

    laticiferous plants endowed with secondary metabolites having potent free radical scavenging

    activity. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been done to evaluating the antioxidant

    property of latex. Yadav et al. has reported the nephroprotective role of Ficus religiosa latex.

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    In vitro evaluation of latex of Ficus religiosa for its antioxidant potential revealed DPPH and

    phosphor-molybdenum scavenging effects observed by significant decreases in the

    concentration of DPPH and phosphor-molybdenum radical due to the scavenging potential of

    the extract. IC50 values for DPPH and phosphor-molybdenum were 31.75 0.12 and 18.35

    0.48 mg/ml, respectively.[28]

    In another study latex of Jatropha curcas was investigated for its

    free radical scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging activity by using DPPH method by

    comparing with standard antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and quercetin. Methanolic extract

    of latex scavenged 50 % of free radicals and nitric oxide at 5.9 and 29.7 g/ml

    concentrations, respectively.[30]

    Gholamreza Kavoosi et al. was prepared the essential oil

    from the latex of Ferula assafoetida and evaluated it for antioxidant activity by analyzing

    reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),

    and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) scavenging activities. Ferula oil

    obtained from latex displayed concentration dependant scavenging activities. IC50 for ROS,

    RNS, H2O2, and TBARS scavenging were 130 17, 150 18, 160 13 and 155 14 g/mL

    of Ferula oil, respectively. Radical scavenging capacity for ROS, RNS, H2O2, and TBARS

    scavenging were 5.4 1.7, 4.7 1.0, 4.0 0.8, and 4.8 1.1 mg/g of Ferula oil,

    respectively.[31]

    In another study Gelila Asamenew et al. was performed the two assays for

    evaluating the antioxidant activity of latex of Aloe harlana. Researchers was first fractioned

    the latex and isolated the two compounds namely anthrone (aloin) and chromone

    (7Omethylaloeresin A) and then latex and these two isolated compounds were assessed for

    their possible antioxidant activity by using two complementary test systems,

    2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2deoxyribose degradation assay methods. Finally

    the result of this study was amazing, the latex and isolated compounds showed significant

    activities on both antioxidant assays with the highest activity being observed for

    7Omethylaloeresin A, which gave IC50 values of 0.026mM and 0.021mM for DPPH and

    2deoxyribose degradation assay, respectively.[32]

    3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity

    Latex from Hancornia speciosa demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity. Latex

    extract has been responsible for reduced the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema at dose

    level 0.1-1.3 mg/kg. Latex also showed inhibitory effect on events involved in inflammatory

    responses such as cell migration, exudates volume, protein extravasations etc.[48]

    Calotropis

    procera Linn., is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family Apocynaceae. Different

    parts of this plant have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant

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    and antifungal activity. The latex of this plant has potent anti-inflammatory property in

    various animal models. In one study, the efficacy of extract prepared from the dried latex of

    Calotropis procera was evaluated against the inflammation induced by the carbon

    tetrachloride. Subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride was responsible for the marked

    elevation in the level of pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF- and PGE2 which were

    significantly reduced by the dry latex of Calotropis procera at 5, 50 and 100 mg/kg dose

    level.[29]

    While in another study five different fractions, 49.4% hexane, 5.2%

    dichloromethane, 2.0% ethyl acetate, 2.1% n-butanol, and 41.1% aqueous, were prepared

    from the crude latex of Calotropis procera and investigated for the anti-inflammatory

    property. Among five extracts, dichloromethane, ethy acetate and aqueous extract of latex

    had characteristic to reduced neutrophil migration in carrageenan-induced rats at 67%, 56%

    and 72 %, respectively.[33]

    Both latex and its methanolic extract have been shown to inhibit

    the inflammatory cell influx and edema formation induced by various inflammagens. The

    anti-inflammatory property of the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli was studied with carrageenan

    induced paw edema in albino rat model and was compared with ibuprofen. The aqueous

    extract of latex was effective to a significant level against the acute inflammatory response

    and researcher concluded that the flavonoids in latex might be responsible for this anti-

    inflammatory response.[20]

    3.7 Angiogenic activity

    Angiogenesis is the process of formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing

    vasculature. Revascularisation may be beneficial in the recovery from injuries such as

    ischemic stroke. Synadenium umbellatum latex had been evaluated for their angiogenic

    activity. In the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) latex of Synadenium

    umbellatum was responsible for the significant increased in vascular network in a dose-

    dependent manner. The result demonstrate that treatments using 10 and 20 mg.mL1 S.

    umbellatum latex showed a significant increase of percentage area of vascular net in fertilized

    chicken eggs compared to the negative group.[21]

    3.8 Insecticidal activity

    Latex is considered as analogous to animal venom because it contains cysteine proteases,

    which provide defence against herbivorous insects. Latex is an emulsion like sticky materials

    that oozes out from various plants after having a small tissue grievance and hastily coagulates

    when exposed to air.[1]

    Several latex proteins, including cysteine proteases and chitin related

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    proteins have shown very important role in the plant insects infraction. Due to presence of

    many chemical substances such as acetogenins, flavonoids, triterpene, alkaloids, lectins and

    proteins plant latex showed promising lethality in insects. Consequently, insects attempting to

    bite or irk into lactiferous plants may be immobilized due to this gooey latex and this is the

    one kind of defense of lactiferous plants to their insect pest.[4]

    Beside this immobilization,

    latex contains several bioactive secondary metabolites which are known to be toxic to pest

    organisms. Thus latex protects plants from pathogens by sanitizing and sealing wounds.

    Hazardous chemical substances present in plant latex causes allergic reactions and

    immediate-type hypersensitivity in them.

    Table 1: List of lateciferous plants with respective their family and biological activities

    S.No Name of plant Family Biological activities

    1. Artocarpus altilis Moraceae Hemostatic[34]

    2. Artocarpus hetrophyllus Moraceae Antimicrobial[11]

    3. Aloe harlana Asphodelaceae Antimicrobial and

    antioxidant[32]

    4. Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae

    Anicancer[24&33]

    Anti-inflammatory[27&33]

    Antioxidant[27&29]

    Anti-diabetic[27]

    Hepatoprotective[29]

    Wound healing[37]

    Analgesis[26]

    Antinociceptive38

    5. Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Antibacterial

    [19]

    Anti-arthritic[39]

    6. Carrica candamarcensis Caricaceae Hemolytic[40]

    7. Croton celtidifolius Eophorbiaceae Anticancer[25]

    8. Euphorbia tirucalli

    Eophorbiaceae

    Analgesic and

    anti-inflammatory[20]

    Anticancer[16]

    Pro-inflammatory[41]

    9. Euphorbia nivulia Eophorbiaceae Hemostatic[43]

    10. Euphorbia antiquorum Eophorbiaceae Protective[10]

    11. Euphorbia hirta Eophorbiaceae Molluscides[22]

    12. Euphorbia heliscopia Eophorbiaceae Antioxidant[42]

    13. Euphorbia dendroides Eophorbiaceae Anti-P-glycoprotein[44]

    14. Ficus lyrata Moraceae Antifungal[18]

    15. Ficus religiosa Moraceae Nephroprotective[28]

    16. Ferrula assafoetida Apiaceae Antioxidant and

    antimicrobial[31]

    17. Himatanthus drasticus Apocynaceae Antitumor[46]

    18. Hancornia speciosa Apocynaceae Anti-inflammatory[48]

    19. Hevea brasiliensis Eophorbiaceae Antifungal[47]

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    20. Jatropha curcas Eophorbiaceae

    Antimicrobial[17]

    Antioxidant, Anti-

    inflammatory and

    Anticancer[30]

    21. Morus australis Moraceae Anti-diabetic[6]

    22. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Eophorbiaceae Hemostatic[43]

    23. Synadenium umbellatum Eophorbiaceae Angiogenic[21] 24. Synadenium grantii Eophorbiaceae Antitumor[45]

    25. Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Hemostatic[34]

    Few plant families such as Annonaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae,

    Cladophoraceae, Labiatae, Meliaceae, Oocystaceae and Rutaceae, possess various

    phytochemicals in latex which show very high insecticidal activity.

    CONCLUSION

    A critical analysis of literatures have shown that the plant latex is the good source of various

    important bioactive compounds and therefore has major applications in the medicinal as well

    as in agricultural field for (pest control). Latex has wide application in industrial sector,

    cosmetics, textile industry etc. Latex has diverse pharmacological activities but there is need

    for extensive research in this regards. Plant latex might be more useful for successful control

    of insect pests. To avoid poisoning of food chain and to stopkilling of non-target organisms,

    bio-pesticides are only option for agriculturists.

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