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8/13/2019 Surface Equipment
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(Short) Explanation of Oilfield Drilling Activities with opportunities for
Bureau Veritas
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219-Sep-2008
Summary
Life of the Well
Wellhead equipment
Surface equipment
Separators
Containers
Tanks
Treating iron
Drilling equipment (surface only)
Lifting equipment
Specific Well ServicesEquipment required at surface
Cementing
Fracturing
Coiled tubing
Artificial lift
Slickline
Wireline / Logging
Well testing
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Life of a Well
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Life of a wellDRILLING
1. Operators wil l want environmental & r isk im pactassessments done
2. BRING DRILL RIG TO LOCATION
3. MOUNT RIG AT LOCATION
4. DRIL LING Companiesare required to havetheir rig inspected before starting to drill (lifting+ structural)
5. DRILLING Companiesare required to have theirWellhead & Blow Out Preventer (BOP) stack
inspec ted (Witness Press ure test)
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Life of a well - DRILLING
5. DRILL THE WELLBORE (Hole)
6. INSPECT Dril l pipe, Dril l co llars &
Bottom hole Assembly (BHA)
7 . Dri ll ing and se rv i ce compan iesmay want 2ndparty
inspection (integrity, threads, follow TH Hill or Fernley
Proctor standards)
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Life of a well - COMPLETION
7. Complete the well (install thebottomhole and surface equipment
that will allow production of the well)
Operatorsmay want 2ndparty qualitycontrol during fabricationof:
- All surface completion (valves)
- Oil Country Tubing Goods (OCTG)that constitute the downholecompletion (casing, tubing, etc.)
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Others opportunities
There are numerous services during the life of a well (see detail of
Services starting Slide 24). These require: Audits of manufacturers / suppliers
Certification of new equipment(mandatory for assets under pressure and/or
lifting
3rd party inspectionduring 5-year major survey
2ndparty inspectionduring regular inspections (monthly, bi-annual or annual)
Trainingof staff on crane and lifting equipment utilization
Trainingon safety, HAZID, HAZOP, driving, etc.
Certificationfor welders, lifting equipment operation, crane operation, etc.
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What needs 2ndand/or 3rd party inspection?
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Wellhead Equipment
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Wellhead
The wellhead is the surface
termination of a wellbore.
The wellhead:
holds/hangs the production tubing;
is attached to the Christmas tree
(surface flow control equipment);
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Christmas Tree
The Christmas tree is an assembly
of valves, spools, pressure gauges
and chokes fitted to the wellheadto
control production.
Wellhead
Christmas Tree
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Examples of separate wellhead equipment
AdaptersCasing head
AdaptersTubing head
Back Pressure Valves
Ball Valves - Full OpeningBell Nipples
Bull Plugs
Casing heads
Casing Spools
Chokes - Positive
Chokes - Manual Adjustable
Chokes - Hydraulic
Flanges - Companion
FlangesWeld neck
Flow Tees
GaugesGate Valves - Manual
Gate Valves - Dual
Gate Valves - Actuator
Landing Bases
Nipples
Primary Seals
Ring Gaskets
Secondary Seals
Slip Assemblies
Stripper RubbersStuds
Tees and Crosses
Tubing Hangers
Tubing heads
Wraparounds
Spool
Choke valveCasing hanger
Well cap
TeeRing gaskets
Flange
Stripper rubbers
Slip assembly
Pressure gauge
Spider
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Surface Equipment
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Surface equipment to separate hydrocarbons
ABOVE: Hydrocarbon separator(can be 2 or 3 phases),typically used for well testing services but also is required beforeor after transportation of hydrocarbons (the units will look different& are usually bigger) also called free-water knoc k-out
This is a basic oil/water separator (Corrugated Plate Interceptor)
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Containersmust be DNV 2-7.1 certified
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Containersmust be DNV 2-7.1 certified
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Tanks
Can contain corrosive f lu ids: requires regular inspect ions
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Treating Iron
Used for:
Cementing
Coiled tubing
Fracturing
Well testing
Drilling
chiksan
Iron line
Butterfly valve
Check valve
Ball valve
Minimum yearly inspection
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Drilling Equipment
(Reminder: AT SURFACE ONLY)
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Blow Out Preventers (BOP) also required for well testing and
coiled tubing
Blow Out Preventer Control System
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Drilling Equipment
Choke and kill manifold
Kelly spinner
Top DriveTraveling block
Drawworks
Mud pump
Crown block
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Lifting Equipment
One of the primary causes ofaccidents in the oi lf ield indu stry
Requires regular and str ic t insp ect ions
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Cranes
Requires at least a yearly inspection
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Lifting Equipment
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Masts
Requires at least a yearly inspection
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Specific Well ServicesEquipment required at surface
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Cementing
Cementing provides well integrity through isolation of zones. It is a
durable hydraulic seal in the wellbore that allows selective fluid
production from subsurface formations and prevents leaks into other
formations or to the surface.
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Cementing Unit Typical elements
1. Mix Water Pump
2. Recirculating Pump
3. Boost Pump
4. 600 HP Triplex Pump
5. 600 HP Triplex Pump
6. 7 BBL Mixing Tank
7. Dust Eliminator8. Recirculating Mixer
9. Control Console
10. Displacement Tanks
11. Allison Automatic Transmission
12. Twin Deck Engines
13. Auxiliary Power
INVOLVES:
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
Chemicals
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Fracturing
Fracturing is a well stimulation process performed to improve production
from geological formations where the flow of hydrocarbons is restricted.
Fluid is pumped into a well at sufficiently high pressure to fracture the
formation. A proppant (sand or ceramic material) is then added to the
fluid and injected into the fracture to prop it open, thereby permitting the
hydrocarbons to flow more freely into the wellbore. Once the proppant
has been placed into the fracture, the fluid flows out of the well
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Fracturing Job
INVOLVES:
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
Chemicals
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Coiled Tubing
Coiled tubing (CT) is a continuous (without joints) reel of steel pipe. The pipe, is
spooled onto a large diameter reel and can be run into any oil or gas well. In
general terms, coiled tubing is used as a conduit to circulate and place fluids
into the wellbore at a specific depth.
The major advantage of using CT technology over regular jointed tubing is the
increased speed at which the CT string can be run into and out of the well and
the fact that it can be run into a live well. This means operations can be
performed while the well is flowing oil or gas.
CT is also used for drilling.
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Coiled Tubing Services
Crane
(requires minimum yearly inspections)
Control Unit
Motors
Coil reel
BOPs
Power pack = hydraulic andpneumatic power to operatethe unit
INVOLVES:
Lifting equipment
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
Chemicals
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Coiled Tubing job
Use of mast, instead of crane
(requires minimum yearly inspections)
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Artificial Lift
Artificial lift systems are installed in oil wells and, to a lesser extent,natural gas wells that do not have sufficient reservoir pressure to raise
the produced hydrocarbon to the surface. These systems supplementthe natural reservoir pressures to produce oil or natural gas from thewell. There are six principal types of artificial lift technologies used in theindustry:
Progressing cavity pumps (PCP),
Reciprocating rod lift systems,
Gas lift systems,
Electrical submersible pumps (ESP),
Hydraulic lift systems,
Plunger lift systems,
Hybrid lift systems (example: horizontal pumping systems).
INVOLVES:
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
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Surface equipment to pump hydrocarbons out
Electric Top Drive (=motor) of a downholepump
Hydraulic Top Drive (=motor) of a downholepump
Surface beam unit
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Artificial lift systems
Progressive Cavity Pump
Surface
Downhole
Plunger lift system
Progressive cavity pump
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Slickline
Slickline is a thin non-electric cable
used to place or retrieve wellbore
hardware, such as plugs, gauges
and valves. Valves and sleeves can
also be adjusted using slickline tools.
Partially damaged tubing can be
repaired using a slickline.
Slickline mounted on skids for offshore application
The skid (frame) is subject to DNV 2-7.1 or DNV 2-7.2 standard
INVOLVES:
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
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Wireline
Wireline describes well-intervention operations conducted using single-
strand or multi-strand wire or cable for intervention in oil or gas wells.
Usually, it refers to electric logging and cables incorporating electrical
conductors.
This is a log, obtained from logging
INVOLVES:
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
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Wireline Unit or Logging Unit
Inside the wireline unit data acquisition instruments
(pretty old)
Wireline Unit
Wireline Truck
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Well Testing
Well testing is conducted to determine how a much a well can produce.
Well test equipment on truck
INVOLVES:
Intrisic safety
Corrosion
Pressure exposure
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Typical Standards and References
M i R f A li bl S d d ( h i )
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Main References Applicable Standards (non exhaustive)
API 4 : Derricks and masts
API 6 : Valves and wellhead equipment
API 6A : Specification for wellhead and Christmas tree equipment
API 7 : Drilling equipment
API 8 : Hoisting tools
API 11 : Production equipment
API 11E : Beam pumping units
API 16 : Drilling well control systems
API 17 : Subsea production systems
ASME 30.5 : Mobile and locomotive crane
ASME 30.9 : Slings
ASME 30.10 : Hooks
DS-1 to DS-3 : TH Hill Drill Stem Tests and BottomHole Assembly Standards