N, NOOS P-1403-SP

SURFACE CURRENTS.SOUTHWEST -SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN

INCLUDING THE TASMAN SEA,

CRA< / - /r

JUNE 1978

APPROVED FOR PUBLC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITE 7 .

NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE

NSTL SYATION, MISSISSIPPI 39522

BestAvailable

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Messrs. Raymond J. Beauchesne* and William .1oisvertmade major contributions to this atlas.

*Mr. Beauchesne presently is ';.mployed by the Bureau ofNaval Personnel.

II

FOREWORD

THIS ATLAS, ONE IN A SERIES OF 43 REGIONAL SURFACE CURRENT ATLASES,IS PRODUCED TO FULFILL A NEED OF NAVY PLANNING STAFFS AND THE SCIENTIFIC ANDINDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES FOR THE LATEST AVAILABLE OCEAN SURFACE CURRENT DATA.THESE ATLASES ADD TO THE WEALTH OF NAUTICAL INFORMATION UPON WHICH OPERA-TIONAL PLANNING, NAVIGATIONAL SAFETY, AND SHIPPING ECONOMY DEPEND. RAPIDPRODUCTION AND WIDE DISSEMINATION OF THIS ATLAS ARE MADE POSSIBLE BY THELATEST COMPUTER TECHNIQUES.

THE CONSTANT IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY OF SURFACE CURRENT DATARECEIVED OVER THE YEARS IS MADE POSSIBLE LARGELY BY THE MORE THOROUGH REPORTSOF VOLUNTARY OBSERVERS IN RECENT YEARS. THE DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY, THEOCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE, AND THE USER OF THE ATLASES RELY ON THE PERSONAL OB-SERVATIONS OF THE MAN WHO hAS "BEEN THERE." MARINERS, IN REPORTING THEIROBSERVATIONS, RENDER A SERVICE NOT ONLY TO THEMSELVES BUT ALSO TO ALL "WHOGO DOWN TO THE SEA IN SHIPS." WITH THE ADVENT OF NUCLEAR POWER. ELECTRONICNAVIGATION AIDS, AND 300,000-TON SHIPS, UP-TO-DATE, RAPIDLY DISSEMINATEDENVIRONMENTAL AND NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT.

NTIlS GRAIifcD01NELL tTIC TAB

Access~o-

JOIM R. ,NcD01RILL utfc i

Captain, U.S. NavyCo iander I

IDistrib

Avail ,A

Di\t

SURFACE CURRENT ATLASESThSSERIES Or COM?UTERIZEL' ATLASES REPL-ACES TEOLD HYDROGRAPHI!C OFIEAS x.~'S

AT'LASHS OFSRFC URE (!fO? 5616, 568. 5 69, 570) 'WHICH! 'WERE lAUAALYCO P ROM DATA OBTAINED MURINC THE PE-RIOD 19''3 - 193!.. THESE EWATLASES THEE GRAPHIL'--S M'1%

CONFORM 70O THE STANDARD NAV OCEAS AREA AND REGION% INDF( LIMITS SHOWN% ELOV: AREAS AS THE NORT SEA.e.g.,* NC S? '!.O?-NP 10 COVERS NORTH PACIFIC REGION 10 EAST OFr 'NS CVRR E"7 S ARE S'RONC-'.

?R-- TABLP HOURLY C.NRECEN-T JM?R0-RMEN7-S IN THE DATA FILE ASSURE THE INCLUSION OF THE LATEST.

~tYSVRFA-CE .CRET DATA .WIABE HE FILE NOW CONTAINS XORETHN4,200,000 OBSERVATIONS A%!) A GENE-RAL UPDATE OF THE FIL- ILL BE MD-

INDEX400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 E 1800 1600 W 1400 1.200 1000

N A

14 I02 1402 1402

NP A NP 5 N

1402- 1402 I0NA

400 8 NP 7 NP 8 j NP 9 -

1441404 1402 1402 1402 11402 1400

2001.NII 2IJINPJ10 NP 11 NP12 NP 13

01404 1404 10 140 3 1403 1A03 1403

200 IN IN25 SP 3 SP:

'1404 1A404 140 431403 1403'

400 IN 6 IN 7 IN SP4SP 5 SP 6 SP

OCEAN AREA SURfACE CURRENT ATLASESSP 1400 NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN Isi s

600 SP 1401 SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEANSP 1402 NORTH PACIFIC OCEANSP 1403 SOUTH PACIFIC OCEANSP 1404 iNDIAN OCEAN

400 600 800 1006 1200 1400 1600 1800 ,1600 1400 1200 1000 80

SURFACE CURRENT ATLASESyHDo tp COFCE AS A'M0V%7S 0F7E DATA WARRANT, M.OST LIKELY EVERY 12 18 M.ONTHS.

%-SEN~ A--AS THESE- GRAPHICS MAY NOTr BE TR'LY RERESE TATIVE Or~ iii ACIAL FLO'. IN SUCHxS SNOW BpLOW: AREAS AS THE NORTH SEA. PERSIAN GULF, GL.-- OF THATLAN"D. ANI) YELLOW SEA W~HERE

0- -- -PT-E5 CURRENTS ARE STRONGLfY TIDAL. FOR SUCH AREAS. OTHER SOURCES Dt--RIB.NGPREDICTABLE HOURLY CHANGES OF TIDAL CURRENTS SiHOULD BE CONZSLLT:-a.

SCTAINS M~OREWIL 3-E MADE

INDEX

1600 E 1800 1600 W 1400 1200 1000 8o0 600 400 200 00 2001400 1400 I

NA I NA 2

14A02 1A02 A \_ 14660

,4 r NP 5 - NP 6 N N

1402 1A02 A0410

.4020

NP 1N

140 140 A2 40 1400

200

14030

Sp 3A-"600

SP 1402 NORTH PACIFNIC OCEANSP9 5-5-

1600 180 ,1600 1400 100 1000 800 600 400 no 00 n

Introduction !-re ar-r

h etTresultlnt-sThe Surface Current Data File. from wtich these atlases are derived. comslsts Dri.rllvof over four million ship set and drift oser-a:ions. ,hese data wero co!leted v vieNetherlands, Japan, Britain, France, and the United States. The file is supplementedby several thousand Geomagnetic Electroklretograph (GEX) observations. n alv Japanese.The file spma the period from

-.he early '50"s to the present. The ear*llest nb5etva- ev

"ions were collected by the Nethwrlands and Great Brltain: those of the 1960"s throughthe present are primarily United States data.

Central Duality 4-he quality of this data file is co,.side;ed hlgn for this type of derived value. The "2data have been carefully screened for duplication: observations taken Lnder -4verseconditions (i.e. high winds and wiv~e,. t~ac btteen obiservations greater th-nn .2 hlours) Whave bee. eliminated when warranted. Consideration was given to the reliabiltyof the observer; doubtful shipboard computations of Tet and drift were edited; and oh-servations with erroneous locations (mostly nbservations on land) hive been elininated.The accepted data are considered most usefvl Vhen used colle-tvely as in sumarieswhere a number of observations show trend.. S

General (servat.on Technique

1he set (direction) and drlf: (speed) are computed by the n.avigator from the differencebetween the dead reckoning (DR) "osition and the position determined by any type ofnavlgational fix. The drift can be determined along any straight line track and Includes (ii Persistent Current -60 Perce- or more ofall factors which cause changes in the DR position. a.e a fix is obtained, the curen all observations fjall .thin a -$S s-ctor

set (direction) is PRON the DR position -0 the fix: the drift (speed) is e.ual to the of tve 3-point CMpasg.distance in nautical miles between the 1R and the fix. divided by the number of hourssince the last fix. For successive observations. the TO POSITIOk of one observationbecomes the FR POSITION of the next observarion.

because the influence of current may vary along a ship's track, the SM POSITION; ofthe track is assigned as the geographic location of the current observatIon. An exampleof a current computation is shown in the figure below.

r AS OURtS STEERED, 0751T. SPEED, 12 EN

as-W aa C COUIRSE MADE GOOD. 052'?. SPEED.___________ 1 13 ENS

&C CURRENT SET. !3rT; SPEED, 18 CN_________ 0 GEOGRAPIOC PLOT Of CURRENT OR$N

__________ . i 2*12'' ,

CwI I

A®l.E~ 200*T44A8 4436 4 '7a' 44-12" 44.00-

sEXAMPLE OF A SURFACE CURSENT ISHIP'$ O'OT OBSERVATION

(1) Bizonal- Flow -Practically .1 oseat,. Presentation are concentrated in opposite pals.

sectors, and one pair coains a-Thefollo g legend shows two typeis of surface current presentations by V cuadrangle. 80 percent as many obser-ations as

type I with 12 or more observations and type 2 with fewer than 1V observations. ;here ;air. nlix genierally Lot Icates : rthere are 11 or fewer observations within a I- quadrangle, the tctal number of observa- that occurs in zones of entr-ai-men:tlonj is shown within the 90' quadrant ontaining the otservations. opposing currts (see exxmples A A-

quadrangles 1, 2 and 3).

LEGEND

TYPE I TYPE 2 A 'wsmg of .A!YSi (IittJ.-ot Isv :ctAj ,tg- s ,.~ AA R C 9 -07oAL O"ERVAtOS$0* ("ALS ~O Litz ro* jiss' OR

'RO~B A~MrL O&StErATIOSS). 1,-i,,,. L32 ii I A C '!0-% SPEA tJ.8 KNOT) roe ALL OSSERTsATIG%. I' r

-I 2 0 TR-a RESULT7 DlkECtl" VT' V Og ALL! 03SIAT TOS. o

23- 6 1 jAAYo 2044 57 0 0, F cLiT stiirt (1.0 M TA. DI cToN. a. KGW

S4 "CAAT :11EC~ox1. 1'

I3

!f t-hre are 12 or more ooservazlcns in a 3' wudrangle. the surface, rurrent is dentcted

by vector resultants as follows;*.sltts primrt ly

e collected by theis suPplezentednostiy Japanese.

earllest obterva-he" 960.5 through a

-ed ;alu. Th-e 67 1I- /2under Adverse--ter than 2 I hours) W W

" edited. and ob-" been elinered.

s nsumnaries ~ t4I

trat ,a i udes (I) PersIstert Current - i ;er:.t or =ote af (2) Ptrevailing Curent Pm Current w. S- anda) irecza -JA~xns .3.1 withtztwl Adfcen-Z P-b with Srezz-5 cn r

t.e current ill observations fall within a -W sector all obseraaons .all mthin two adiacen- 'a) Prt.ary Current - SO perent or soreis e to the of the 8-point compass. 45* setors. of all obserwatlocr fall within three

num.be of hour adlacent AS' sectors.

.eObaervat ion 1$) Secondary Direct~on - 20 percent orsore of all obseratHons fall within a

-~ ector, and the two resultant vectorPOSITION of 4,$" t eAn ePmS l direction4s are separated by more than 90*

arc.

04

0. 3S CALMS

;r i4- 4 22% f12% 1 18%

$ 4 ,jl% 1* 1EI10% ! 13%

St

(4) 3l-onal Flow - PrAczically all observations (5) Variable Current - Te 45' sector wifthare concentrated- in opposite pairs of 45? wot observations has less than 25 percent ofsectors. and on- pair contains at least atl obser..ations; direction is indeterminate.

qufrangle. 80 percent as rany observations as the opposite

ations tere pair. This generaf'ly in:1icates variability

of abserva- tkttt occurs in zcoes of entrai t bereenopposing currents (see exples A and B,quadrangles 1. 2, and 3).

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1 0RZADENSTO U -ON 120 Cont.

r(o7 uUss. ~2 pTCCf!1no *Oj I *E,9t4$ CA!4,.oG Wj*5NOO _L-_-S-' - " ' The h urfaoe current -informa:ton is based ,anv on ,.-sh

.. T•l -i ", " S " 1-9 ( 4 1. ! he d,:rence between :he dead reckoning position ani rn'-j I det ined by any type of navigational fix. T*his di.fer!nceSuRFACE CJRP&ENTS Fi n I the direction and speed of the current.

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Naval Oceanographic OfficeNSTL Station3ay St. Louis, I 3 05r2l

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1I SU0515RENTARY NOTES

15z SE WYIORDS ('CS.m -e (, 14. I 1117e 4 I@qf5/ 47 &1¢A .. )

Surface CurrentsSouthwest South Pacific Ocean

2.ABSTRACT (C.R0 - O.Ade fI4~ 11Cb 11

-his atlas, and the series of which it is a part, is computer generatedand autowatically plotted. It makes available to the user the most recentsarface current data collected-and will be updated whenever sufficient Aamountz of data are added to the data file. This and the other atlases arebased on a vast quanti-ty of data as compared to rhe previous manually-co.piled editions printed in the mid-thirties.

DD ' S4TQ3 eclIOO 1 NOV 4D$M iopSOLST9S / I X 1 02 O S 4 -6 0SO pT 5 0 .e D * . a z c u m r C L A W T I C T IO N O W S 1 A GE

I_ _ BEFORE COMPLETING FORME

'he surface current Information is based =alnlv On ship dr~ft. which- is the difference between the dead reckoning position and the positionTdetermined by ay type of navigatbonal fix. This di ference de -i.eTHE c~~~he dire,:in and speed of the current. c ec~

-2 *MC IftT c 'DA 7 UMZR

12 REoRT OATE¢

June 197.i

0J RUNDCR OF RA;CS

M4 Offt-) V IS T CL.ASS. f~f Mi.

'on unlinited.

is a part, is Computer generatedle to the user the most recentpdated whenever sufficientThis and the other atlases are Ato the previous manually-

TY CLA ICA O" P CEe l OF F CATI . 0 ' T s PA4 I *.

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