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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [DEVELOPMENT PROCESS] PERAK, KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR ASSIGNMENT 1 : DEVELOPMENT PROCESS QSD 236 : CONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMICS I GROUP : AAP1143A DATE OF SUBMISSION : 01 JULY 2013 LECTURER : PN WAN NORIZAN BINTI WAN ISMAIL MEMBER’S NAME MATRIC NUMBER 1) MUHAMAD AZRI BIN NAWI 2012483274 2) HAZWANI IZZATI BINTI ZAIDIN 2012601888 3) NAJIHAH BINTI SALMAN 2012839724 4) NUR AMILA BINTI SHMSURI 2012828384 5) AHMAD FAZLIN BIN AZMI 2012282074 6) SITI MAISARAH BINTI ZAKARIA 2012416918 1 | Page

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

PERAK, KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR

ASSIGNMENT 1 : DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

QSD 236 : CONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMICS I

GROUP : AAP1143A

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 01 JULY 2013

LECTURER : PN WAN NORIZAN BINTI WAN ISMAIL

MEMBER’S NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1) MUHAMAD AZRI BIN NAWI 2012483274

2) HAZWANI IZZATI BINTI ZAIDIN 2012601888

3) NAJIHAH BINTI SALMAN 2012839724

4) NUR AMILA BINTI SHMSURI 2012828384

5) AHMAD FAZLIN BIN AZMI 2012282074

6) SITI MAISARAH BINTI ZAKARIA 2012416918

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

CONTENT

no Contents page

1 Acknowledgement 3

2 Introduction 4

3 Project background 9

4 Modern approach 11

5 Steps in development process 18

6 Analysis of developer expenditure 29

7 Conclusion 30

8 References 31

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum w.b.t. First of all, Alhamdulillah we praise and thank to

Allah S.W.T with our deepest gratitude for giving us the strength to complete this report in a

given of time although we face some difficulties in completing this assignment.

Besides that, a billion thanks and appreciations we dedicate to our beloved

Construction Economics lecturer, Puan Wan Norizan binti Wan Ismail for all her support and

guidance in helping us to finish our report that really challenged our mentally .Without her help,

we could not finish our report.

Not to forget, a lot of thanks we to Puncak Iskandar Developer of MRCB of

the project, En Badri bin Abian that helps us a lot in this assignment. Our family especially our

parents who always support us physically and mentally during doing this assignment. They also

always support us in studies in order to be a successful quantity surveyor, Insya Allah.

Last but not least, a plenty of thanks we dedicate to all fellow friends

especially this group members Najihah binti Salman, Hazwani Izzati binti Zaidin, Siti Maisarah

binti Zakaria, Nur Amila binti Shmsuri, Muhamad Azri Nawi and Ahmad Fazlin bin Azmi that

always support and share their ideas in order to complete this report. Thanks you very much to

all of you and we love you all.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

INTRODUCTION

Development process is the most important aspects of effectively. The development involves

assessing customer needs, developing offerings that meet these needs, testing these products

to make sure they are effective and appealing, and then introducing them to target markets in

interesting and attention-worthy ways.

Research

Marketing research is the first step in the product planning and development process. A

company can do formal marketing research by conducting surveys and polls in person, over the

telephone or online; asking customers what they want in a new product and how a company's

new offerings can most effectively meet their needs. A company also can conduct informal

marketing research simply by speaking to customers through day-to-day interactions and

observing their purchasing behavior. These observations can provide invaluable information

about the features and functionalities that should be integrated into new products.

Budgeting

Planning and developing new products costs money, and a company should embark on this

process with a budget that provides a clear idea of how much money is available for

researching, developing and marketing. Creating a budget for new product development

involves deciding whether this process will be financed via ongoing company activities, such as

ongoing sales of an existing product line, or whether it is worth taking out a loan, or approaching

investors for additional funds.

Prototypes

The heart of the new product planning and development process involves creating prototypes,

which are sample products that provide real data about how these offerings work and whether

they meet customer needs. The process of creating prototypes involves experimenting with

materials in order to develop a product that can be created within the company's budget. The

prototype phase of product development involves interaction between product developers and

the company's manufacturing department in order to design a product that can be produced on

a larger scale.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

DEVELOPER

Definition

An entrepreneur who provides the organization and capital required making building available

in anticipation of requirement of market in return for profit.

He is the one who responsible to carrying out of building engineering, mining or other

operation in, on, over, or under land, or making of any material change in the use of any building

or other.

As for our developer for this case study is MRCB. This company is the one that organize and

provide the capital cost for this construction.

Factors to be consider in every construction

Population and age trends

Each construction depends on the population and age trends near the construction place. Such

an example if the age trends are range between 50 and above, it is not suitable to build gym

there.

For this construction, the majority of population that lives here is university student. So the

residential construction will build are suitable for the population here.

Change in pattern of lifestyle.

Every construction will change in pattern of lifestyle of that area.

The implication for new technology

To conduct a construction, the implication of new technology is necessary. Technology is

needed as it made it easier for the building construction. New invention had been introduced.

The selection of appropriate site

Site should be chooses appropriately. This is because, once the project starts, there is no way

can stop the construction or will experiences big loss.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

The choice of appropriate consultant

Consultant board should be chooses carefully to ensure the construction process is going

smooth.

Determine the source of finance

Each construction must have a stable financing cost. This cost must be provided continuously

and the source must be recognized and verify by the local authorities.

Development process use two plan which are :

1. Traditional or RIBA plan :

The RIBA plan of works, is basically a set of guidelines and sets out the process by which a

construction project should be run. It is set out in stages that are feasibility, design and

construction. The step in RIBA planning :

Figure 1

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

2. Modern Approach :

It considers the development in more holistic context which commences from inception and at

demolition of the project for rebuilding purposes. Besides that, it to cost control considers all

cost involved in project lifecycle. The stage in it which is :

Figure 2

The types of construction process that apply in our case study is modern approach. Modern

approach is being used in the construction of semi-d house project. All the process need to be

plan earlier and do an early planning. This construction takes time until 15 months. Each

process needs to be handle carefully and smartly.

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INCEPTION

DESIGN AND COSTING

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

DEMOLITION

QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Step in development process :

1) Initiation / site identification

2) Evaluation

3) Acquisition

4) Design and Costing

5) Implementation and Construction

6) Sales and Promotion

7) Development Permission and Approval

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

PROJECT BACKGROUND

The project that we found to do for our assignment is ‘Cadangan Membina 16 Unit Rumah

Berkembar Satu Tingkat Jenis B-T Di Atas Lot 762-77, 20 Unit Rumah Berkembar Satu Tingkat

Jenis B-M Di Atas Lot 778-797, 12 Unit Rumah Berkembar Satu Tingkat Di Atas Lot 716-827’.

This project is for the development phase 2A at half of scheme combination development at

government land which size 53.05 acres at Seri Iskandar City. Besides that, it also for Tetuan

Seri Iskandar Development Sdn. Bhd.

The main contractor companies that is involved in this construction project is Pembinaan

Khuang Seng Sdn. Bhd which address at No 51-A Laluan Pinji Seni 4, Taman Pinji Seni, 31650

Ipoh, Perak .Next for this project the contract sum is RM 6122 330.00. Date of commencement

this project is 28 January 2010 and for date of completion is 27 April 2011. The project took 15

months to finish.

SITE ORGANIZATION CHART

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PROJECT MANEGER: TAN CHOR HENG

SITE AGENT: KEW KEIN HONG

SITE SUPERVISOR: NG TIE HUA

SAFTY OFFICER: NG TIE HUA

STRUCTURAL

ARCHITECTURAL CIVIL

MECHANICAL &

ELECTRICAL

Figure 3

QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Figure 4

CLIENT AND LIST OF CONSULTANT

CLIENT: SERI ISKANDAR COPARATION SDN. BHD.ADRESS: KM 36, JALAN IPOH – LUMUT, BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR 32600, BOTA PERAK DARUL RIDZUANPHONE: 605-3712188EMAIL: [email protected]

ARCHITECT: AHMAD FADZLI MOHAMAD ARCHITECTADRESS; NO. 13B, JALAN BRP 1/4 , BUKIT RAHMAN PUTRA 47000 SG. BULOH, SELANGOR DARUL EHSANPHONE: 603-61409953MOBILE: 012-2972355

CIVIL ENGINEER: KHAIRI CONSULTANTADRESS: 93A, JALAN WIRA JAYA, TAMAN IPOH JAYA, TIMUR 1, 31350, IPOH PERAK DARUL RIDZUANPHONE: 605-3114020FAX: 605-3114020

STRUCTURAL ENG: PERUNDING AMARBINA SDN. BHD.ADRESS: NO. 4 LALUAN MERU INDAH C4, TAMAN MERU INDAH BANDAR MERU RAYA, 30020 IPOHPHONE: 605-5261208FAX: 605-5261461

M & E: THAM ZAMIN BERSEKUTUADRESS: 53-A, JALAN KLEDANG 21, TAMAN ALKAFF SILIBIN, 30100, IPOH PERAKPHONE: 605-5268366FAX: 605-5264767

QS: KAS JURU UKUR BAHAN SDN. BHD.ADRESS: 16A, JALAN DESA AMPANG TAMAN RASI AMPANG, 31400 IPOHPHONE: 605-3113950MOBILE: 019-5100083

Figure 5

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

MODERN APPROACH

Stage 1 – Inception

The project construct 48 unit of semi-d house at the Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak.

First the developer appoint land survey to do Feasibility Study.

The site is suitable for construct residential building because near with;

i. Town and village.

The site is near with the town of Bandar Universiti, Seri Iskandar and near with

Kampung Bota

ii. Educational building.

Educational building that near with the site which are UITM Seri Iskandar, UTP

Teronoh and SK Seri Iskandar.

iii. Commercial Building

The commercial building that near with the site which are Tesco, Billion, Aeon

Manjung and others.

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Stage 1

Inception

Stage 2

Design & Costing

Stage 3

Construction

Stage 4

In-use

Stage 5

Demolition

QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

The objective for the projects established is to provide the rental house for students, to

provide house for who working at near Seri Iskandar because the job opportunities at

here is high.

The duration of inception take 1 years to make sure the site is suitable for the

construction.

Figure 6

Figure 7

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Stage 2 – Design & Costing

The client, Seri Iskandar Development Corporation SDN.BHD appoint the design team

of the project which are :

i. Architect – Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Architect

ii. Civil Engineer – Kahiri Consult

iii. Structure Engineer – Perunding Amarbina Sdn. Bhd

iv. Mechanical & Electrical – Tham Zamin Bersekutu

v. Quantity Survey – Kas Juruukur Bahan Sdn. Bhd

vi. Main Contractor – Pembina Khuan Heng Sdn. Bhd

The lump sum cost for this construction is RM 6, 122, 330.00

The client will send the Certificate of Completion and Compliance letter to the Building

Control and Public Safety to make sure the construction is safe.

The Architect will agree with the quality and standard of construction and it will proceed

with construction process.

The duration taken for design and costing the project is 5month.

Figure 8

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Stage 3 : Construction

The phase of the project are project planning, installation and commissioning

The duration of the project is 2 1/2 years

Date of commencement 28th January 2010

Date of completion 27th April 2011

Completion period 15 month

Figure 9

Task of the project: project was completed on time within budget and specified quantity.

Period ->1 June 2010 – 22 June 2010

1) 16 units B-T

a) Block 3a

- Gred Beam R.C. Works is completed.

- Underground soil pipe and piping works is in progress, will be completed by end of

this month.

- Gred floor slab backfill and concreting works will be start by first of July and complete

by middle of July.

- Gred column R.C works will be start after completion floor slab.

b) Block 3b

- Gred beam R.C. works is in progress, will be complete by middle of July.

- Underground piping works will be start by middle of July.

2) 20 units B-M

a) Block 2a

- Ground beam R.C. Works is in progress, will be complete by first of July.

- Underground piping works will be start on July and complete by week of July.

- Ground floor slab backfill and concreting works will be starts by second week of July.

- Ground beam R.C. Works will be start after completion floor slab.

b) Block 2b

- Pipe cap R.C. Works is in in progress, will be completed.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

- Ground beam R.C. Works is in progress, will be complete by middle of July.

- Underground piping works and floor slab backfill works will be start by middle of July

and complete by end of July.

3) 12 units B-T

a) Block 1a & b

- Pile cap R.C. Works is in progress, will be complete by end of this month.

- Ground beam R.C. Works will be start by first of July and complete by end of July.

The project does not have any delayed time because the project is on the time.

The project is within the budget that is RM 6,122 330.00.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Stage 4 : In-use

The project have maintenance for about 1 to 1 ½ years period.

Also have repair and modification within the period of warranty.

The period of maintenance is 18 months.

The defect that will required maintenance such as :

i) Cracks

ii) Broken tile or glasses

iii) Piping leakage

iv) Electrical problem

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Feedback from project appraisal in practice will help to reduce possible defects.

Stage 5 : Demolition

Demolition is the tearing-down of buildings and other structures. Demolition contrasts

with deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving

valuable elements for re-use.

Figure 10

A wrecking ball in action at the demolition of the Rockwell Gardens

But our project have a long life span between 80 to 100 years.

So, no need demolition until there are any worst condition.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Figure 11

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2. Evaluation

3. Acquisition

4. Design and costing

5. Development permission &

approval

6. Implementation & construction

7. Sales and promotion

1. Site identification

STEPS IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

1. Site identification

o The location of the site is being identify. Place to build the building should be concern

as after the building constructed, it is difficult to change another site. This could lead

to demolition that can waste the money that being invested.

o For this project, it took time to identify the suitable site until they decide to conduct a

construction lot 778-797 and Lot 716-827

2. Evaluation

Research is being conducted during this step. Evaluations on market research. This means

about the age and population of the people who live nearby the area. The feasibility study is

been studied on the profit that will be gain from the building. The cost of the development is

reasonable and the economic viability of the project can be attained.

o As an example: our construction building study is located in Puncak Seri Iskandar.

The type of building that constructed is residential building as this area had a large

population of university student. Such as students from Universiti Teknologi Mara

(UiTM) and there is also University Teknologi Petronas (UTP). The kind of land is

hilly land.

Figure 12 figure 13

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

3. Acquisition

o There is several types of acquisition:

Private treaty

This kind of sale comprise of individual assets, production lines or entire

facilities. Discussion and negotiation between the buyer and seller takes

place in this kind of acquisition. This private treaty is conducted in long term.

Besides that, estates agents also prepare for descriptive information and

quoting the prices. Later, the information will be viewed by the potential buyer

and decide. In short explain, this private treaty is a sale of property at a price

agreed on by the seller and buyer without intervening agency.

Figure 14 figure 15

Formal tender

Formal tender is any formal letter that set out in writing. The advantages of

formal tender are it is more certainty than private treaty, and it is more

flexibility and discretion than selling by public auction.

Public auction

There are ways to conduct public auction

i. All leasing by public auction shall be by oral or by sealed bid.

ii. The auction is conducted under the direction of the department or by

the auditor of the land to be leased is located.

iii. A person who conducting this auction is called an auctioneer.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

iv. An auctioneer is someone that had a certificate than he qualify to be

an auctioneer and not everyone can be an auctioneer.

Figure 16 figure 17

Joint venture

A contractual agreement joining together two or more parties for the purpose

of executing a particular business undertaking. All parties agree to share in

the profit and losses of the enterprise

Some of the advantages of joint venture:

i. Sharing the economic risk with co- venture. It means it pays to have

someone sharing the responsibility with you in case you end up in

deep troubles. When sharing assets, the risk of losing a great deal of

money is divided into both parties.

ii. Widening economics scope fast. Building reputation is often difficult,

not to mention time consuming and expansive. In this joint venture,

you are able to widen your economic scope without spending to much

money and waiting for a long time.

iii. Accessing additional financial resources. Asset sharing is one of the

benefits in joint venture. Since the need to use larger funds to in the

construction, this joint venture will increase the profit margin and

increase the revenue potential.

There is also some disadvantages in this joint venture:

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

i. Shared profit. Since the sharing of assets, the profit also being

shared. The profit will divided based on the size of the share to the

venture or based on the agreement.

ii. Diminished control over some important matter. In joint venture, the

operational control and decision making are sometimes compromised

in it. Since there is an agreement between both parties, for the one

who take control over particular thing the other may not satisfied with

how the thing.

iii. Uncontrolled or unmonitored increase in operating cost. Defined the

control over the operation

- For our development process, the types of acquisition are joint venture. The joint

venture is between the government and MRCB Company. The MRCB Company

had a larger share in the building.

Figure 18 figure 19

4. Design and Costing

The next step is to do the design and costing of this construction. These jobs are the

responsibilities of many sectors who are the developer , consultant ( architect, engineers,

quantity surveyors, land surveyor, town planner ) and project manager. Every sector has their

own works and responsibilities in this step.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Sector Duties

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Owner/Developer The person who wishes to have a

development project constructed on a

piece of land.

They employ various consultants,

contactors and supplies the necessary

fund to implement the project.

Consultant Architect

Engineer

Quantity Surveyor

Among other things, he usually submits

the application on behalf of the

owner/developer to obtain

development order and designs and

submits building plans for approval by

the various approving authorities and

supervises the execution and

completion of the projects and

administers the contract between the

employer and the contactor.

A person who practices the profesion

of either civil, structural, mechanical or

electrical engineering.

Usually designs and submits plans for

approval by the approving authorities

of his specific area of specialization

and supersizes the

execution/installation and completion of

the works under his care.

A person who practices the profession

of quantity surveying and building

economics.

He prepares bills of quantities , tender

and contract documents, normally calls

and processes tenders , evaluates

interim/progress payment and prepares

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Land Surveyor

Town planner

Project Manager

final accounts of the project.

A person who practices land surveying.

He carries out boundary and contour

surveys and other surveys on land ,

submit surveys plans for amalgamation

and sub-division f land , applies on

behalf of owner for qualified titles and

final titles from the land office.

A person who practices the profession

of country planning covering land use,

zoning ,density, the type , mode and

form of development traffic

pattern ,infra-structural requirement,

impact of development with other

development in the vicinity.

A person or a group of persons

practicing the profesion of project

management functions.

The work involved ranges from

feasibility report, financial projection ,

design of management system ,

evaluation designs, prepared by

consultants, co-coordinating work of

consultants , acting as owner’s

knowledgeable agent, planning and

monitoring implementation of a

development project.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

5. Development Permission and Approval

Application and approval by Securities Commissioner

Application and approval for the conversion and subdivision of land.

Application and approval for developer license and advertising permit

Application and approval for bridging and end financing.

The application approval for this project made by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) , Indah Water , Fire

Fighter , Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) , Majlis Daerah, Pejabat Tanah and Lembaga Air.

Approval Authorities Approving Section

Jabatan Kerja Raya

Jabatan Kerja Raya Perak Tengah

maintain public infrastructure :

federal and state routes, government

buildings, electricity, water

Indah Water

Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd.

Application on sewerage system

Fire Fighter

Balai Bomba dan Penyelamat Sri

Iskandar

Application on fire resistance of the building

Tenaga Nasional Berhad

TNB Sri Iskandar

Application on generation,

 transmission and distribution of electricity.

Majlis Daerah

Majlis Daerah Perak Tengah

Application on the building development

Pejabat Tanah

Pejabat Tanah Daerah Perak Tengah

Application on the land use to construct the

building

Lembaga Air

Lembaga Air Sri Iskandar, Perak

Application on administration, management

and supervision of all work in the area of water

supply pumping.

However, for this project , the architect is responsible for the development permission and

approval. The architect will check the form and determine the approval whether it is approved or

denied.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

The process of the application is shown below :

Figure 20

6. Implementation and Construction

Deals with the physical aspects of the development.

The infrastructures and building construction are began.

The contractor who is appointed by the client starts his works. They interpreted the

building from the drawing to the real building. They are divided into 3 categories :

Type of contractors Responsibilities

Main Contractor Specializes either in building or civil

engineering works or both , enters

into a main contract with the owner

for the execution and completion of

the construction project.

Enters into contracts with nominated

sub-contractors and nominated

suppliers and be responsible for due

performances of such –contracts.

Nominated Sub-Contractor Piling

Plumbing

Air-conditioning

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The form report of the project is submitted.

The approval authorities will

check and observe the form report.

The application result :

Approved or Denied

QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Lift and escalator

Firefighting and fire prevention

Electrical

Generator and high tension

Road work and drain work

Pre-stressing and post-tensioning

Other sub-contractors Main contractors usually have their

own sub-contractors to execute

work of a minor nature or of certain

limited trades.

It is also normal that the main

contractors employ labour sub-

contractor to supply the necessary

workers to site.

7. Sales and Promotion

It is an essential and integral part of the development process. The disposal whether

through sales or letting.

The promotion is made based on the market research undertaken during the evaluation

process.

For this project , the developer decides to make banners to promote the development of

the building. The banners are hang in the middle of the town so that people could see

there is a development of houses to sale. Figure shows an example of banner to

promote the house that need to be sold.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Figure 21

Besides that , radio , internet (blog & website ) also have been used in as an alternative

to promote the residential building. Next, they also open their booth at the Tesco nearby

to promote this project. So the customers who want to buy the house can discuss with

the promoters of the project . Figure 2 shows an example of booth open to promote the

residential project development.

Figure 22

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

Analysis of Developer Expenditures

Types of Cost Calculation & Explanation

A) Land Cost 53.03 acre x RM120 000.00 = RM6 366 000.00

B) Construction Cost

It includes the cost for machineries,

labour and material.

For 1 unit Semi-D house

= RM 127 548.54

For 48 unit Semi-D house

= RM 127 548.54 x 48 unit

= RM 6122330.00

C) Professional Fees

Architect ( 10% from construction cost)

Engineer ( 5% from construction cost)

QS ( 2% from construction cost)

12% x RM 6122 330.00 = RM 612233.00

5% x RM 6122330.00 = RM 918 349.50

2% x RM 6122330.00 = RM 12446.60

D) Management Cost

(Usually 2%- 5% from construction cost)

This project : 5% from construction cost

5% x RM 6122330.00

= RM 918 349.50

E) Financing Cost

Interest Rate

Connection with the borrowing of funds

Known as borrowing cost

This project financing cost is private &

confidential

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our group choose the project of Cadangan Membina Rumah Berkembar 1

Tingkat Jenis B-T di Atas Lot 762-777, 20 unit Rumah Berkembar 1 Tingkat Jenis B-M di Atas

Lot 778-798 and 12 Unit Rumah Berkembar 1 Tingkat Jenis B-T di Atas Lot 716-827.

This project is modern approach type. There are 5 stages in this type which are

inception , design and costing, construction , in-use and demolition. Besides that , there are 7

steps of development process for this construction which are site identification , evaluation,

acquisition , design and costing, development approval and construction , implementation and

construction and sales and promotion. Every stages and steps have their own function.

Besides that, there are an analysis of development expenditures. There are 4

development expenditures which are land cost , construction cost, professional fees ( architect,

engineer and quantity surveyor fees) , management cost and financing cost basically. Every

cost has their own rate/per cent from the construction cost obviously.

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QSD236:CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS I [ ]

REFERENCES

http://www.google.com/search?

q=maintenance+of+piping+systems&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=jFXzUcmxNIOPr

QeFpYDgCQ&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667 / 29 JULY 2013

http://www.google.com/search?

q=cracks+of+concrete&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=a1jz

UYe1DY7RrQeW6oGgCA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=624 / 26 JULY 2013

http://www.google.com/search?

q=maintenance+of+piping+systems&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=jFXzUcmxNIOPr

QeFpYDgCQ&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=624 / 20 JULY 2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition / 26 JULY 2013

http://jointventure.swimintheincomestream.com/

the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_entering_a_joint_venture.php / 27 JULY 2013

http://www.taskmanagementguide.com/glossary/what-is-process-development.php/ 27

july 2013

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/what is RIBA plan/ index?

qid=20061025053601AAQ73ve/27 july 2013

http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-sale-by-private-treaty/ 28 JULY 2013

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