Supreme Court of Indiat

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The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal as established

by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. According to the Constitution, the role of the

Supreme Court is that of a federal court and the guardian of the Constitution.

Articles 124 to 147 of the Constitution of India lay down the composition and jurisdiction of the

Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court hasOriginal jurisdiction in disputes involvingbetween the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India

and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more

States. The Supreme Court is meant to be the last resort and highest appellate courtwhich takes

up appeals against the verdicts of theHigh Courtsand other courts of the states and territories.

Also, the Supreme court has the power ofJudicial review as perArticle 32 of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court of India held its inaugural sitting on 28 January 1950.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Constitution of the court

o 2.1 Registry

o 2.2 Supreme Court Advocates

2.2.1 Senior Advocates

2.2.2 Advocate-on-Record

2.2.3 Other Advocates

3 The Supreme Court Building and its architecture

4 Compositiono 4.1 Size of the court

4.1.1 Eligibility

o 4.2 Appointments and the Collegium

o 4.3 Tenure

o 4.4 Salary

o 4.5 Court demographics

5 Rules

6 Reporting and citation

7 Judicial independence

o 7.1 Power to review its own judgements

o 7.2 Powers to punish contempt

8 Landmark judgments: Judiciary-Legislature confrontations

o 8.1 Land reform (early confrontation)

9 Emergency and Government of India
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dia


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10 Post-1980: an assertive Supreme Court

11 Recent important cases

o 11.1 2G spectrum scam

o 11.2 Black money

o 11.3 Minority reservations

12 Criticism

o 12.1 Corruption and misconduct of judges

o 12.2 Pendency of cases

13 See also

14 References

15 External links

History[edit]

The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950. [1] It replaced both the Federal

Court of India and theJudicial Committee of the Privy Councilwhich were at the apex of the

Indian court system.[1]

Its initial seat was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building where the previous Federal

Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises.[1]

Constitution of the court[edit]

Supreme Court of India - Central Wing

Registry[edit]

The Registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the Secretary General who is assisted in his

work by seven Registrars, and twenty one Additional Registrars etc. Article 146 of the

Constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court Registry.[2]
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Supreme Court Advocates[edit]

There are three categories of Advocates who are entitled to practise law before the Supreme

Court of India:-

Senior Advocates[edit]

These are Advocates who are designated asSenior Advocates by the Supreme Court of India or

by any High Court. The Court can designate any Advocate, with his consent, as Senior Advocate

if in its opinion by virtue of his ability, standing at the Bar or special knowledge or experience in

law the said Advocate is deserving of such distinction. A Senior Advocate is not entitled to appear

without anAdvocate-on-Recordin the Supreme Court or without a junior in any other court or

tribunal in India. He is also not entitled to accept instructions to draw pleadings or affidavits,

advise on evidence or do any drafting work of an analogous kind in any court or tribunal in India

or undertake conveyancing work of any kind whatsoever but this prohibition shall not extend to

settling any such matter as aforesaid in consultation with a junior. [2]

Advocate-on-Record[edit]

Only these Advocates are entitled to file any matter or document before the Supreme Court. They

can also file an appearance or act for a party in the Supreme Court.[2]

Other Advocates[edit]

These are Advocates whose names are entered on the roll of any State Bar Council maintained

under the Advocates Act, 1961 and they can appear and argue any matter on behalf of a party in

the Supreme Court but they are not entitled to file any document or matter before the Court.[2]

The Supreme Court Building and its architecture[edit]

The main block of the Supreme Court building was built on a square plot of 22 acres and the

building was designed by chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikarwho was the first Indian tohead CPWD and designed the Supreme Court Building in an Indo-British architectural style. He

was succeeded by Shridher Krishna Joglekar. The Court moved into the present building in 1958.

The building is shaped to project the image of scales of justice with the Central Wing of the

building corresponding to the centre beam of the Scales. In 1979, two new wings - the East Wing

and the West Wing - were added to the complex. In all there are 15[3] court rooms in the various

wings of the building. The Chief Justice's Court is the largest of the courtrooms located in the

centre of the Central Wing.

Composition[edit]
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Supreme Court of India

Size of the court[edit]

As originally enacted, theConstitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justiceand seven lower-ranking Judges-leaving it to Indian Parliamentto increase this number. In the

early years, a full bench of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before

them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased

the number of Judges from the original eight in 1950 to eleven in 1956, fourteen in 1960, eighteen

in 1978, twenty-six in 1986 and thirty one in 2008. As the number of the Judges has increased,

they have sat in smaller Benches of two or three (referred to as a Division Bench) - coming

together in larger Benches of five or more (referred to as aConstitutional Bench) only when

required to settle fundamental questions of law. Any bench may refer the case under

consideration up to a larger bench if the need to do so arises.[4]

Eligibility[edit]

The person must be a citizen of India[5]

Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least five years,[5] or

An Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least ten

years,[5] or

The person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.[5]

A Judge of a High Court or retired Judge of the Supreme Court or High Courts may be appointed

as an ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court.

Appointments and the Collegium[edit]

Judges of Supreme Court used to be appointed by the President of India, who acted on the

advice of theUnion Cabinet. Subsequent to the rulings in the Three Judges Cases (1982, 1993,

1998), the President has to appoint judges who have been chosen by the Supreme Court's

collegium - a closed group comprising the Chief Justice of India and the four senior most

associate judges of the court.[6]The Union Cabinet and Parliament have almost no role to play in

the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court or to any of India's twenty-four High Courts.
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[7]The position ofChief Justice of Indiais attained on the basis of seniority amongst the judges

serving on the court.[4]

Tenure[edit]

Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 65. A judge of Supreme Court can be removed by the

procedure prescribed in Article 124(4) ofConstitution of India on ground of proved misconduct orincapacity or judge resigning from his office addressed to the President of India. The procedure

prescribed for removal of Supreme Court judge should not be called an impeachment procedure

because this procedure is provided only for the removal of thePresident of Indiaunder Article 61

ofConstitution of Indiaon ground of violation of the Constitution.[4]

Salary[edit]

Article 125 of the Indian Constitution leaves it to the Indian Parliamentto determine the salary,

other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court judges. However, the

Parliament cannot alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge's disadvantage after his

appointment.[8]A judge gets 90,000 and the Chief Justice gets a sum of 1,00,000.[9]

Court demographics[edit]

I am proud to be an Indian. India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a

population of 1,67,000, like myself, can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India. These things do not

happen in our neighbouring countries.

Chief Justice of India,SH Kapadia[10][11]

In 2000 Justice K. G. Balakrishnanbecame the first judge from the dalitcommunity. In 2007 he

also became the first dalitChief Justice of India. In 2010, JusticeSH Kapadia coming from

aParsiminority community became the Chief Justice of India. [10][12] The current Chief Justice, P

Sathasivam, was sworn in on 1 July 2013 and will hold the office till 2014.

Rules[edit]

The Constitution of IndiaunderArticle 145 empowers the supreme court to frame its own rules for

regulating the practice and procedure of the Court as and when required (with the approval of

thePresident). Accordingly, "Supreme Court Rules, 1950" were framed. They were replaced by

the present rules called as"Supreme Court Rules, 1966".

Reporting and citation[edit]

Supreme Court Reports is the official journal of Reportable Supreme Court Decisions. It is

published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications,

Government of India, Delhi.[13]

Judicial independence[edit]

The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges in various ways.

In Three Judges Cases, the court held that a Supreme Court judge can be appointed by the

President only on the recommendations of the collegium system as mentioned earlier. A Judge of

the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed
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after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of

that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, and

presented to the President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved

misbehaviour or incapacity. The salary and allowances of a judge of the Supreme Court cannot

be reduced after appointment. A person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court is debarred

from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in India.

Power to review its own judgements[edit]

Further information: Review petition

Under Order XL of the Supreme Court Rules, the Supreme Court may review its judgment or

order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds

mentioned in Order XLVII, Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

Powers to punish contempt[edit]

Under Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution the Supreme Court has been vested with power to

punish anyone forcontemptof any court in India including itself. The Supreme Court performed

an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting Minister of the state of Maharashtra, Swaroop

Singh Naik,[14] to be jailed for 1-month on a charge ofcontempt of court on 12 May 2006. This

was the first time that a serving Minister was ever jailed.[15][16]

Landmark judgments: Judiciary-Legislatureconfrontations[edit]

Land reform (early confrontation)[edit]

After some of the courts overturned state laws redistributing land from zamindar(landlord)

estates on the grounds that the laws violated the zamindars' fundamental rights, the Parliament of

India passed the First Amendment to the Constitution in 1951 followed by the Fourth Amendment

in 1955 to protect its authority to implement land redistribution. The Supreme Court countered

these amendments in 1967 when it ruled inGolaknath v. State of Punjab[17]that Parliament did

not have the power to abrogate fundamental rights, including the provisions on private property.[18]

Emergency and Government of India[edit]

The independence of judiciary was severely curtailed [19] during the Indian Emergency (1975-

1977) ofIndira Gandhi. The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under

Preventive detention laws passed by the parliament. In the case of Shiva Kant ShuklaAdditional

District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla, popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case,

a bench of five seniormost judges of Supreme court ruled in favour of state's right for unrestricted

powers of detention during emergency. JusticesA.N. Ray,P. N. Bhagwati,Y. V. Chandrachud,and M.H. Beg, stated in the majority decision:[20]

(under the declaration of emergency) no person has any locus to move any writ petition

under Art. 226 before a High Court forhabeas corpusor any other writ or order or

direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention.

The only dissenting opinion was from JusticeH. R. Khanna, who stated:
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detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty... A dissent is

an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later

decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting Judge believes the court

to have been betrayed.[20]

It is believed that before delivering his dissenting opinion, Justice Khanna had mentioned

to his sister: I have prepared my judgment, which is going to cost me the Chief Justice-

ship of India."[21]In January 1977, Justice Khanna was superseded despite being the

most senior judge at the time and thereby Government broke the convention of

appointing only the senior most judge to the position of Chief Justice of India. Justice

Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision.

TheNew York Times, wrote of this opinion: "The submission of an independent judiciary

to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic

society; and the Indian Supreme Court's decision appears close to utter surrender."

During the emergency period, the government also passed the 39th amendment, which

sought to limit judicial review for the election of the Prime Minister; only a body

constituted by Parliament could review this election.[22] Subsequently, the parliament,

with most opposition members in jail during the emergency, passed the 42nd

Amendmentwhich prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the

constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification. A few years

after the emergency, however, the Supreme court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd

amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in theMinerva Mills case (1980).

Post-1980: an assertive Supreme Court[edit]

After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977, the new government ofMorarji Desai, and

especially law ministerShanti Bhushan(who had earlier argued for the detenues in

the Habeas Corpus case), introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult

to declare and sustain an emergency, and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme

Court. It is said that the Basic Structure doctrine, created in Kesavananda, was

strengthened inIndira Gandhi's case and set in stone in Minerva Mills.

The Supreme Court's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 (Life and

Personal Liberty), primarily after the Emergency period, have given rise to a new

jurisprudence ofpublic interest litigationthat has vigorously promoted many important

economic and social rights (constitutionally protected but not enforceable) including, but

not restricted to, the rights to free education, livelihood, a clean environment, food and

many others. Civil and political rights (traditionally protected in the Fundamental Rightschapter of the Indian Constitution) have also been expanded and more fiercely

protected. These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number

of important issues. It is interesting to note that the pioneer of the expanded

interpretation of Article 21, Chief Justice P N Bhagwati, was also one of the judges who

heard the ADM Jabalpur case, and held that the Right to Life could not be claimed during

Emergency.
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Recent important cases[edit]

Among the important pronouncements of the Supreme Court post 2000 is the Coelho

case [I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (Judgment of 11the January 2007)]. A

unanimous Bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine. It held that a

constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which theCourt regards as forming part of the basic structure of the Constitution, then the same

can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences. The judgment clearly

imposes further limitations on the constituent power of Parliament with respect to the

principles underlying certain fundamental rights. The judgment in Coelho has in effect

restored the decision in Golak Nath regarding non-amendability of the Constitution on

account of infraction of fundamental rights, contrary to the judgment in Kesavananda

Bharati case.

Another important decision was of the five-judge Bench in Ashoka Kumara Thakur v.

Union of India; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions

(Reservations in Admissions) Act, 2006 was upheld, subject to the "creamy layer"criteria. Importantly, the Court refused to follow the 'strict scrutiny' standards of review

followed by the United States Supreme Court. At the same time, the Court has applied

the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India (2007) ( [1])

2G spectrum scam[edit]

Further information:2G spectrum scam

The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary"

and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure ofA. Raja (then minister

for communications & IT), the main official accused in the 2G scam case. [23]

Black money[edit]

Further information:Indian black money

The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT

Bank, Liechtenstein, evoking a sharp response from a Bench comprising Justices B

Sudershan Reddy and S S Nijjar. The court ordered Special investigation team (SIT) to

probe the matter.[24][25] Lack of enthusiasm made the court create a special investigative

team (SIT).[26]

Minority reservations[edit]

The SC refused to stay the Andhra High Court judgement quashing 4.5% sub-quota for

minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27% . [27] 'Bold text

Criticism[edit]

Corruption and misconduct of judges[edit]

2008 saw the Supreme Court embroiled in several controversies, from serious

allegations of corruption at the highest level of the judiciary,[28]expensive private holidays

at the tax payers expense,[29]refusal to divulge details of judges' assets to the public,[30] secrecy in the appointments of judges', [31] to refusal to make information public under
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the Right to Information Act.[32] The Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnaninvited a lot of

criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant, but that of a

constitutional authority.[33]He later went back on this stand.[34] The judiciary has come in

for serious criticisms from former Presidents of India Pratibha PatilandA. P. J. Abdul

Kalam for failure in handling its duties. [35] Prime MinisterManmohan Singh, has stated

that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary, and suggested thatthere is an urgent need to eradicate this menace. [36]

The Cabinet Secretary of the Indian government introduced the Judges Inquiry

(Amendment) Bill 2008 in Parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial

Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption

and misconduct by High Court and Supreme Court judges.[37][38]

Pendency of cases[edit]

According to Supreme Court newsletter, there are 58,519 cases pending in the Supreme

Court, out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011.

Excluding connected cases, there are still 33892 pending cases.[39]

See also[edit]

Government of India portal

Law portal

Attorney General of India

List of Chief Justices of India

List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India

List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India

Solicitor General of India

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:abcHistory of the Supreme Court of India, Supreme Court of India

2. ^ Jump up to:abcd"Constitution of Supreme Court". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 31

March 2013.

3. Jump up^"Constitution". Supreme Court of India. 28 January 1950. Retrieved 2012-09-

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11/27

25.Jump up^"Pranab Mukherjee refuses to spill names of LGT Bank account-holders".The

Times of India. 26 January 2011.

26.Jump up^"Supreme Court: the balancing act". 8 December 2011. Retrieved 25 April

2012.

27.Jump up^"Supreme Court upholds AP court order quashing minority sub-quota". The

Hindu. 13 June 2012.

28.Jump upÊx-chief justice under corruption panel scanner, Hindustan Times, New Delhi,

9 June 2008

29.Jump up^Judicial Accountability, May 2008

30.Jump up^Judges' asset declaration before CJI not for public eye: SC to CIC,The Indian

Express, 6 November 2008

31.Jump up^The case of judicial injustice,The Indian Express, 31 March 1999

32.Jump up^RTI Act does not apply to my office: CJI,The Times of India, 20 April 200833.Jump upÎs the CJI a public servant?, The Times of India, 22 April 2008

34.Jump upÎ am a public servant: CJI, The Times of India, 6 May 2008

35.Jump up^Delayed justice leading to lynching mobs: Pratibha,The Times of India, 24

February 2008

36.Jump up^Manmohan Singh calls for check on corruption in judiciary, Thaindian News,

19 April 2008

37.Jump up^Pass Judges (Inquiry) Bill in next session, panel tells Govt., Zee News, India

Edition, 30 September 2008

38.Jump up^Bill for probe panel against errant judges cleared, iGovernment, 10 October

2008

39.Jump up^"Supreme Court Quarterly Newsletter - Oct - Dec 2011". Supreme Court of

India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.

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V

T

E

Judiciary of India

upreme Court of India

Established 28 January 1950
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Country India

Location New Delhi

Coordinates28.622237N 77.239584ECoordinates:

28.622237N 77.239584E

Composition

method

Executive selection (Qualifications imposed)

Authorized by Constitution of India

Decisions are

appealed to

President of India forClemency/Commutation of

sentence

Judge term length 65 years ofage

Number of

positions

31 (30+1)

Website sci.nic.in

Motto

Whence dharma, thence victory.

Chief Justice of India

Currently P. Sathasivam

Since 19 July 2013

Lead position

ends

26 April 2014

Jurist term ends 26 April 2014

List of Chief Justices of IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Documents

Supreme Court of Indiat