Supporting RFID-based Item Tracking Applications in Oracle

DBMS Using a Bitmap Datatype

Ying Hu, Seema Sundara, Timothy Chorma, Jagannathan Srinivasan

Oracle New England Development Center

One Oracle Drive, Nashua, NH 03062

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Talk Outline

• Background• A Bitmap Datatype• Applications• Implementation• Performance Study• Conclusions

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Background

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Radio Frequency Identification

• RFID uses radio frequency to automatically detect and identify individual items, which have RFID tags associated with them.

• RFID technology is increasingly being used in applications such as– Asset Tracking, – Supply Chain Management, and– Retail Management.

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Electronic Product Codes (EPCs)

• EPC is a standard naming scheme proposed by Auto-Id Center for RFID applications.

• An EPC uniquely identifies an item. It contains <Header, Manager No., Object Class, Serial No.>

• The header identifies the format of the EPCtype, the next two components identify the product, whereas the last component uniquely identifies the item within the product.

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Item Tracking

• RFID Technology enables item tracking applications

• However, there is a need for efficient mechanism for managing the high volume of item tracking information.

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A Bitmap Type for Item Tracking

• Key Observation: RFID Items can be efficiently tracked by tracking the groups to which an item belongs. For example– Groups of items in the same proximity: e.g.

on a shelf, on a shipment– Groups of items with same property: e.g.

items of a single product, items of a single product with same expiry date

• Our Solution: Use a bitmap type for modeling a collection of EPCs that can occur in item tracking applications.

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A Bitmap Datatype

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Example: Product Inventory

• With EPC Collections

• With epc_bitmaps

Store_id

Prod_id Time Item_collection

s1 p1 t1 epc11, epc12, epc13,

…

s1 p2 t2 epc21, epc22, epc23,

…

… … … …

Store_id

Prod_id

Time Item_bmap

s1 p1 t1 bmap1

s1 p2 t2 bmap2

… … … …

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epc_bitmap Datatype

• A new type to represent a collection of EPCs with a common prefix

CREATE TYPE epc_bitmap_segment ( epc_length NUMBER, epc_suffix_length NUMBER, epc_prefix RAW, epc_suffix_start RAW, epc_suffix_end RAW, epc_suffix_bitmap RAW );

• epc_bitmap type to represent a collection of EPCs

CREATE TYPE epc_bitmap IS TABLE of epc_bitmap_segment;

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epc_bitmap_segment Datatype

Header EPC_Manager Object_Class Serial_Number

2-bits 21-bits 17-bits 24-bits

0x4AA890001F62C160 ………………………… 0x4AA890001FA0B38E

Len Suff_len

Prefix Suff_start Suff_end bitmap

64 24 0x4AA890001F 0x62C160 0xA0B38E 101001…00010

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epc_bitmap Operations

Conversion Operations

epc2Bmap, bmap2Epc, and bmap2Count

Pairwise Logical Operations

bmapAnd, bmapOr, bmapMinus, and bmapXor

Maintenance Operations

bmapInsert and bmapDelete

Membership Testing Operation

bmapExists

Comparison Operation

bmapEqual

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Applications

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Applications: Shelf Analytics

• Determine the items added to a shelf between time t1 and t2

SELECT bmap2Epc(bmapMinus(s2.item_bmap, s1.item_bmap))

FROM Shelf_Inventory s1, Shelf_Inventory s2

WHERE s1.shelf_id = <sid1> AND

s1.shelf_id = s2.shelf_id AND

s1.time=<t1> AND s2.time=<t2>;

Shelf_Inventory

Shelf_id Time Item_bmap

sid1 t1 bmp1

sid1 t2 bmp2

… … …

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Applications: Product Recall• Identify the stores that currently have recalled items SELECT Store_id FROM Product_Inventory P

WHERE bmap2Count(bmapAnd(P.Item_bmap,

epc2Bmap(<recall_items>))) > 0

AND P.Product_id=<recall_product_id>

AND P.Time = <current_time>;

Product_Inventory

Prod_id Store_id Time Item_bmap

p1 s1 t1 bmap1

p1 s2 t2 bmap2

… … … …

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Implementation

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Implementation

• Leverages Oracle’s Bitmap Index Implementation

• Uses G. Antoshenkov’s “Byte Aligned Data Compression” for creation and operation of bitmaps for rowid collections.

• A collection of EPCs is grouped into different epc_bitmap_segments, – When the previous epc_suffix_bitmap

(maximum size of RAW = 2000) can not hold any more EPCs

– When epc_prefixes are different

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Persistent epc_bitmap

• Stored in a primary B+-tree structure

primary B+-tree structure

primary key columns

non-key columns

Data1 Data2 Epc_bitmap

… … …

… … set_id_I

… … …

set_id_i epc_length

epc_suffix_length

epc_prefix

epc_suffix_start

epc_suffix_end

epc_suffix_bitmap

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Query Processing & Optimization

• epc_bitmap function is executed per row• Queries with predicates on bitmap columns

can be speeded up

– Using Function-based B-tree index: On pre-computed value of bmap2Count(bmap_col)

SELECT S.shelf_id

FROM Shelf_inventory S

WHERE bmap2Count(S.item_bmap) > 0 ;

– Using Summary Bitmap Index

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Summary Bitmap

• Specialized index structure to speed up query to detect the presence of an epc identifier

SELECT s.shelf_id, s.time FROM Shelf_Inventory s WHERE bmapExists(s.item_bmap, <epc1>);

• Create a summary bitmap sbmap using OR operation on {bmap1, …, bmapk}:

bmapExists(sbmap)

i 1…k: bmapExists(bmapi)

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Summary Bitmap Index Structure

root node

leaf nodes

branch nodes

…

…

EPC Bitmap column

Bmp1

Bmp2

<Bmp1,rowid1>

Table

A Summary Bitmap Tree

…

…Bmpn

<Bmpn,rowidn>

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Summary Bitmap Index Algorithm

DFS(X, epc):X: a node in the tree index; epc: a given epc;bmp(X): the epc_bitmap associated with node X;

 if ( bmapExists(bmp(X), epc)== TRUE){ if (X == leaf node) report bmp(X); else for each child node V of X do DFS(V, epc);}Complexity:O(1) , no candidate O(m log N), m: fan-out, N: no. of rows

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Performance Study

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Experimental Setup

• Data represents EPC-64 collections, which are randomly generated with a uniform distribution

• Data sampled every hour for 30 days(720 obs.), 300 days (7200 obs) and 3000 days (72000 obs).

• EPC collections of size 100000, 10000 and 1000 represent typical number of items in department and/or shelf

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Storage Comparison

0 500 1000 1500

MBytes

7200000rows10EPCs

720000rows100EPCs

72000rows1000EPCs

7200rows10000EPCs

720rows100000EPCs

Epc_ bitmap Type

Collection Type

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Bulk Load Performance

8782

2367

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Seco

nds

Collection Type Epc_bitmap Type

7200 rows with 10000 EP Cs in each row

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Query 1: Enumerate Removed Items

• Enumerate the items removed from a shelf between 2 time intervals

Collection Type Query SELECT b.epc_value FROM epc_coll a, TABLE(a.epcs) b WHERE a.time = '2004-03-04 10:00 AM' MINUS SELECT b2.epc_value FROM epc_coll a2, TABLE(a2.epcs)

b2 WHERE a2.time = '2004-03-04 11:00 AM';

epc_bitmap Type Query SELECT * FROM TABLE( SELECT bmap2Epc(bmapMinus(p1.epcs,p2.epcs))  FROM epc_bmp p1, epc_bmp p2 WHERE p1.time = '2004-03-04 10:00 AM' AND p2.time = '2004-03-04 11:00 AM');

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Query 1: Enumerate Removed Items

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

72000rows1000EPCs

7200rows10000EPCs

720rows100000EPCs

Seco

nds

CollectionType

Epc_bitmapType

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Query 1 with Variant Datasets

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

1 10 100 1000 2500 5000 7500 10000

Number of differing items in epc collections

Sec

onds

CollectionTypeEpc_bitmapType

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Query 2: Report All Observations

• Report all observations when a given EPC was present

Collection Type Query SELECT a.time FROM epc_coll a WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM TABLE(a.epcs) b WHERE b.epc_value =

‘400003000300052A’); epc_bitmap Type Query

  SELECT time FROM epc_bmp WHERE bmapExists(epcs, ‘400003000300052A’);

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Query 2: Report All Observations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

72000rows

1000EPCs

7200rows

10000EPCs

720rows

100000EPCs

Seco

nds

CollectionTypeEpc_bitmapType

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Performance Discussion

• Storage savings of 2 to 8 times due to compressed bitmaps

• Bulk load performance faster due to smaller storage needs

• For collections of size > 1000, query performance gains of 10% to 1200%

• For smaller collection sizes, performance is same as native collections

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Conclusions

• epc_bitmap can model transient and persistent EPC collections

• epc_bitmap can be used to support RFID-based item tracking applications

• An efficient primary B+-tree based storage and access mechanism

• Performance experiments validate the feasibility and benefits of the epc_bitmap

• Support can be extended to Row Identifier (rowid) and Life Science Identifier (LSID) collections

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AQ&

Q U E S T I O N SQ U E S T I O N SA N S W E R SA N S W E R S