[Geophysical Research Letters]

Supporting Information for

Extensive twenty-first century woody encroachment in South America’s Savanna

Thais M. Rosan1, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão1, Imma Oliveras2, Oliver L. Phillips3, Yadvinder Malhi2, Emanuel Gloor3, Fabien H. Wagner1

1Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Laboratory – TREES, Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research. São José dos

Campos, Brazil. 2Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment,

University of Oxford OX13QY, Oxford, UK.3Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds

LS2 9JT, UK.

Contents of this file

Figures S1 to S4Table S1 to S3

Introduction

This Supporting Information contains Figure S1 which presents the study area of this work. Figure S2 and table S1provides the spatial variation p-value and slopes of EVImax trend (Figure 1, main text). Table S3 provides the EVImax change area for each biome. Figure S3 provides the spatial trends of land use and land cover described in the main text. Figure S4 and table S3 provide the burned area per year over the study area and for the pixels with woody encroachment.

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Figure S1. Spatial location of the study area and Cerrado vegetation mask. The study area comprises the Cerrado biome plus a buffer of 100 km in order to also analyze the transitional areas. The remaining vegetation mask was based on grid-cells that presented >80% of remaining natural areas in 2015 from MapBiomas classification.

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Figure S2. Spatial distribution of the p-value and their respective slopes (mean slope ± SD slope) from the trend analysis. More than 68% of the pixels presented p<0.05. However, we used a confidence level of 90% to mask non-significant pixels based on previous studies (Anyamba & Tucker, 2005; Mitchard & Flintrop, 2013). The areas of each slope class is in Table S1.

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Figure S3. Pixel-by-pixel trends of land cover classes through time (p<0.1) for the entire study area.

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Figure S4. Annual burned area from MOD64A1 product of the total study area and for the fraction of the pixels with increase in EVImax (woody encroachment).

p-value (mean slope ± SD slope)

Area (km²) Mean change in EVImax units (±

SD EVImax units)p<0.01 (0.006±0.003) 50,204 0.09 (±0.045)

Positive slopes

p<0.05 (0.004±0.001) 72,489 0.06 (±0.015)

p<0.1 (0.003±0.001) 49,259 0.045 (±0.015)p<0.01 (-0.007±0.003) 19,316 -0.1 (±0.045)

Negative slopes

p<0.05 (-0.004±0.002) 26,247 -0.06 (±0.03)

p<0.1 (-0.003±0.001) 19,983 -0.045(±0.015)

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Table S1. P-value classes associated to slope and their respective area (km²) and changes in EVImax units in 15 years.

Biome EVImax decrease (km²)

EVImax increase (km²)

All the biome limit Cerrado 24,333 122,573Caatinga 35,803 4,019

Buffer zone area Pantanal 1,909 22,895(transition) Amazônia 2,626 35,570

Mata Atlântica 850 3,705Total 65,521 171,953

Table S2. Change in EVImax (km²) by each biome of our studied area.

Year Burned area for the pixels with

Woody encroachment

(km²)

Percentage

2001 13,186 82002 17,733 102003 9,915 62004 14,067 82005 17,042 102006 7,636 42007 28,945 172008 9,808 62009 5,275 32010 29,510 172011 10,449 62012 23,441 142013 9,507 62014 14,188 82015 16,181 9

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Table S3. Annual burned area (km²) and burned area percentage of the pixels with woody encroachment.

References

Anyamba, A., & Tucker, C. J. (2005). Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981–2003. Journal of Arid Environments, 63(3), 596–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.007

Mitchard, E. T. a, & Flintrop, C. M. (2013). Woody encroachment and forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa’s woodlands and savannas 1982-2006. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1625), 20120406. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0406

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