SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Transport and Fate of Viruses in Sediment and

Stormwater from a Managed Aquifer Recharge Site

Salini Sasidharana,b,c,d, & e*, Scott A. Bradfordd, Jiří Šimůneke, Saeed Torkzabanc,

and Joanne Vanderzalma

aCSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia

bNational Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, SA 5001, Australia

cFlinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia

dUSDA, ARS, Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92507, United States

eDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA

92507

Revised Version Submitted to

Journal of Hydrology

October 13th, 2017

Tables: Table S1 & S2

Figures: S1, S2, S3, & S4

1*Corresponding AuthorSalini SasidharanPhone: +951-369-4805Email: salinis@ucr.edu

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Table S1. The measured values of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) using Eutech PC 700, major (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, and S) and minor (P) elements using ICP-MS, and carbon content (TDC, DIC, DOC, and TC) using Varo TOC Cube in the stormwater before (SW) and after equilibration with the aquifer sediment (EQ-SW).

pH EC IS Ca K Mg Na Cl S P TDC DIC DOC TC

[μS cm-1] [mM] mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1 mg L-1

Storm Water 7.0 ± 0.07 260 ± 12 0.0021 21.8 4.6 4.6 24 38 2.3 <0.2 22.7 14.8 7.9 23.3

Equilibrated stormwater

7.30 ± 0.3 2230 ± 80 0.0144 151 52 31 16 NM 157 0.7 NMa NM NM NM

aNM = Not measured

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Table S2. The quantitative bulk mineralogy, selected major elements, acid digest data, and the size fraction of the aquifer sediment collected from the Parafield ASTR site.

Quantitative Bulk Mineralogya

Quartz Calcite Aragonite Ca-Dolomite Hematite Goethite Albite Microcline

[%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]58.1 35.0 0.4 0.9 0.7 2.2 0.1 1.9

Major Elementsb

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO[%] [%] [%] [%] [%]53.4 1.15 3.45 0.86 19.58

Major Elements from Reverse Aqua Regia Acid Digest and ICP-OES Datac

Ca Fe K Mg Na Pmg Kg-1 mg Kg-1 mg Kg-1 mg Kg-1 mg Kg-1 mg Kg-1

139807 24403 654 5119 197 141Particle Size Fractionsd

Clay<2µm

Silt2-20µm

Fine Sand20-200µm

Coarse Sand200µm-2mm

[%] [%] [%] [%]2.0 1.5 93.5 3.0

aX-ray Diffraction (XRD) technique was used. 1g of the sample was ground to <10 µm in a McCrone micronizing mill under ethanol and the resulting slurries were oven dried at 60 °C then thoroughly mixed with an agate mortar and pestle before being lightly back pressed into stainless steel sample holders for XRD analysis. XRD patterns were recorded with a PANalytical X'Pert Pro Multi-Purpose Diffractometer using Fe filtered Co Ka radiation, 1/4° divergence slit, 1/2° anti-scatter slit and fast X'Celerator Si strip detector. The diffraction patterns were recorded in steps of 0.016° 2 theta with a 0.4 second counting time per step and logged to data files for analysis.b X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used. Approximately 1g of each oven-dried sample (105 °C) was accurately weighed with 4 g of 12-22 lithium borate flux. The mixtures were fused at 1050 °C in a Pt/Au crucible for 20 minutes then poured into a 32 mm Pt/Au mold heated to a similar temperature. The melt was cooled quickly over a compressed air stream and the resulting glass disks were analyzed on a PANalytical Axios Advanced wavelength dispersive XRF system using the in-house Silicates program. c Reverse Aqua Regia Acid Digest and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. d Dry sieving

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Figure S1. (A) City of Salisbury water harvesting facilities in the Parafield area, identifying the location of wells at the aquifer storage, transfer, and recovery (ASTR) and Parafield aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) sites (Kremer et al., 2008). (B) City of Mitcham wetland project in the Urrbrae area which was built to resolve a flooding problem (Mitcham, 2005).

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Figure S2. A schematic cross-section of the target (T2) aquifer location which is intersected between -149 and -214 m Australian Height Datum (AHD). ASTR-RW2 is one of the two recovery wells, and Greenfields Railway Station (GRS1) and Parafield ASR (PASR) are the two observation wells on the site.

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Figure S3. The retention of ΦX174 in quartz porous media in SW and EQ-SW at a flow velocity of 5 m day-1.

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Figure S4. The observed breakthrough concentrations of ΦX174, MS2, and PRD1 viruses during Phases I and II for the experiments conducted at solution chemistries of SW or EQ-SW at velocities of 1 or 5 m day-1. Note that the y-axis is plotted in normal scale instead of log scale as in Figure 1 to show the virus blocking behavior.

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REFERENCE

Kremer, S., Pavelic, P., Dillon, P., Barry, K., 2008. Flow and solute transport

observations and modeling from the first phase of flushing operations at the Salisbury ASTR

Site. Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship.

Mitcham, C.O., 2005. Urrbrae Wetland.

https://www.mitchamcouncil.sa.gov.au/urrbraewetland [Accessed on June 2017]

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