Supply Chain Management: From Vision to Implementation

Chapter 7: Supply Chain Mapping

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Chapter 7: Learning Objectives

1. Discuss the concept of SC design and its importance.

2. Explain process mapping and describe mapping’s role in SC design.

3. Describe several popular approaches for SC design.

4. Map out a supply chain. Describe key insights a manager can gain from a SC map.

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Supply Chain Management

SCM is the design of seamless value added processes across organization boundaries to meet the real needs of the end customer. SC design and improvement is assisted by:

1. Process Mapping - creates visibility of current and improved processes.

2. Value Stream Mapping - depicts flow of information and materials

3. SC Mapping - displays the dynamics that govern how a supply chain works

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Failure to be Proactive in Design

Failure to proactively design a SC results in: Poor coordination of effort Incompatible information systems Long cycle times Communication problems Customer service issues Excessive waste and environmental degradation Relatively high inventories for the level of customer

service achieved Lower the optimal profit

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Process Mapping

A process is defined as an activity that transforms or changes input into new output.

A process map is a graphic representation of the system and contains a sequence of steps that are performed to produce some desired output.

The primary goal behind process mapping is to make complex systems visible.

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Process Mapping

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Developing a Process Map Determine the purpose of the process map

Establish level of detail Establish system boundaries

Determine who has the required information or experience. Analyze the process through observation and interviews,

document each step. Draw the map Have the people who are involved in the mapping process as

well as others (including those who actually perform the process) review the map for clarity and completeness

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Process Map – Bake a Cake

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Process Analysis

Process analysis is used to identify non-value added or redundant activities.

1. Begin process analysis by examining the time, cost, resources, and people involved in each step. Identify the steps that consume the most time or

resources. Identify processes that take too long or vary greatly

in time. Identify points of delay. Estimate the value added by each step and judge the

value against the cost. Consider the reasons for problems and how to

improve specific activities or processes.

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Process Analysis2. Re-examine each decision symbol.

Determine if the decision is necessary and adds value? Consider combining decisions or moving them to another point in the

process to create more value.

3. Check each rework loop. A rework loop involves iterative processes, like repeatedly checking a cake until it is done baking. Here, consider how rework can be reduced, eliminated, or combined with another step.

4. Finally, look at each process step again. Sometimes a process is done out of habit without verifying its value. Verify that the step adds more value than its cost. Judge if the step is redundant. Consider how steps could be recombined for greater efficiency.

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Initial Process Map

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Improved Process Map

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Value Stream Mapping Specific application of process mapping based on

lean Manufacturing principles. System boundaries typically defined at the macro

level. Generally contains more information then typical

process maps: Process time Process performance characteristics Information flows Physical flows

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Supply chain design is just too important to leave to chance. Just as genetic engineering has begun to shortcut the process of species evolution, proactive chain design will shortcut and forever make obsolete the slow, incremental processes of industrial evolution.

- Charles Fine, Professor at MIT

Supply Chain Design

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Supply Chain Design

1. Identify the chain’s end customer2. Determine the Supply Chain’s value proposition

Identify the key players at each level and the value they add Determine where your company is and value it adds

3. Analyze who possesses the power in the supply chain: manufacturer, distributor, retailer, or other party

Determine who has the best linkages with the end customer Establish the key technologies that drive SC success Assess the core competencies that drive SC success

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Supply Chain Design

4. Isolate the major processes required to support the supply chain’s value proposition Determine where there is a significant amount of time

and variability5. Establish what the ideal supply chain would look

like Ascertain the as-is value-added roles of the various

supply chain members Analyze how much control over supply chain activity

we want or need Clarify the should-be value-added roles of the various

supply chain members

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Traditional and SC Process FocusProcess Traditional Supply Chain

Inventory Management Approach

Only company-owned Whole chains, high turns

Cost Management Approach Price focus Total cost

Coordination of Sharing and Monitoring in Chain

Limited Long Horizon for planning

Amount of Coordination of Multiple Levels in the Chain

Limited Extensive

Planning in Supply Chain None Integrated with information technology

Supplier Management Arms-length and/or adversarial Close relationships with key suppliers

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Traditional and SC Process FocusProcess Traditional Supply Chain

Leadership in Supply Chain None Leadership roles defined among players

Sharing of Risks and Rewards None Defined with key players

Speed of Operations, Information/Inventory Flows

Slow, limited Rapid, extensive

Information Technology Not an issue; internal focus in supply chain

Extensive improvements and linkages

Team Process None with customers or suppliers

Joint teams with key customers and suppliers

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Approaches to Supply Chain Design

Common Elements: Identification of Customer and Value Proposition Identification of Membership Structure of Member Relationships Locus of Control

Design Tools1. SCOR Model2. Supply Chain Double Helix3. Nature of Product or Service4. Product Life-Cycle

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SCOR Model

Supply chains are based on a series of linked, planned-source-make-deliver-and-return processes.

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SCOR Model

Steps in the SCOR model: Analyze the basis for competition: what do you need to

do well in order to succeed? How can you measure and monitor your progress in these key areas?

Configure the supply chain as it is and as you would like it to be. Include geographic locations and flows.

Align performance levels, practices and systems across information and work flows.

Implement SC processes and systems, including people, processes, technology and organization

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Supply Chain Double Helix

Supply chains are constantly evolving and changing as the environment which they compete changes.

The ability to design and redesign supply chains proactively that creates competitive advantage.

As a company designs and redesigns its supply chains must take advantage of designed for initiatives.

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Supply Chain Double Helix

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Design for Initiatives - DFX

Design for manufacturability

Design for distribution Design for disassembly

Design for environment Design for supply Design for the customer

Design for initiatives attempt to create an atmosphere where designers work with other key players internally or externally to insure critical issues are considered and integrated into design of products and processes.

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Nature of the Product or Service

Supply chain should be structured based on whether the product or service they deliver is innovative or functional in nature. Innovative products have short life cycles Functional products fulfill basic needs

Insight generated from this design strategy can complement the SCOR, Double Helix, or product life-cycle models.

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Innovative Product Supply Chains

Innovative products have relatively: high profit margins unpredictable short-lived demand high risk of obsolescence.

Supply chain should: Seek to minimize inventory Focus on speed and flexibility

Ideal supply chain: Responsive

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Functional Products Supply Chains

Functional products have relatively: Predictable demand Long life cycles Large number of substitutes

Supply chain should: Seek to minimize cost Provide reliable and high service levels

Ideal supply chain: Efficient

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Product Life-Cycle Issues

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Supply Chain Mapping

Supply chain mapping generally begins with a high level map to identify major linkages and bottleneck areas.

Supply chain maps should consider linkages with customers and key suppliers.

Tools like the pipeline map may identify unnecessary complexity, thereby leading to improvements to the current competitive state of the supply chain.

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Pipeline Map - Example

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Pipeline Mapping Steps

1. Identify the item that you wish to map.2. Identify all of the processes that occur on the

physical pipeline for that product, including supplier processes.

3. Determine who performs each process in the chain.4. Talk to each of the entities that performs a process,

determine how long the process takes; how much inventory is present; how much inventory is in transit and transit times for materials. Inventory would include raw materials, components, and

output

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Pipeline Mapping Steps

5. Draw the SC pipeline map from raw material to end user as a series of horizontal and vertical lines. a. Begin by drawing a horizontal line from the commodity market to the end user. b. The length of the horizontal line represents the total process and relevant

transportation time. c. Starting with the earliest process, write the name of the processes in order above.

After the name of the process, indicate the time the process takes. d. Draw vertical lines at the beginning and end of each process to indicate the

average amount of inventory that each party has on hand in terms of both input and output. These represent the average inventory that any party in the supply chain is holding. If the product is not physically transformed by the process, only one inventory level is shown. Adding total inventory in the pipeline identifies the amount of “non-value added” days or buffer inventory.

e. Alternatively, use flow modeling to , identify both the time and cost associated with a process. Focus process improvement on the processes with the highest value and the longest delays.

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Pipeline Mapping Steps6. Analyze the supply chain for opportunities.

Consider means to reduce the pipeline length. Map relevant SC processes. Look for unnecessary processes and delays. Identify

potential improvement opportunities. Consider means to reduce the level of buffer inventory. This represents assets that

SC members have tied up increasing cost and risk while lowering the agility of the chain. Analyze where inventories are too high by focusing on areas with the highest levels and longest delays.

7. Prioritize your ideas from step 6. Work with the team, suppliers, customers and other affected parties to implement, manage, and monitor changes. Don’t limit yourself to the first tier suppliers or customers, as the supplier’s suppliers and customer’s customers may also provide excellent ideas or opportunities for SC improvement.

8. Analyze the new supply chain, revisiting step 6 until satisfied with the improvement results or they are no longer cost-beneficial.

9. Repeat the procedure with other supply chains.

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A Return to the Opening StoryBased on what you have now read and discussed:1. Does “drawing a picture” of Olympus’ core process seem like

a good way to seem like a good way to identify improvement opportunities? Why or why not?

2. Does extending the idea of process mapping to the supply chain make sense? In what ways would you expect SC mapping to differ from process mapping?

3. Where would you begin in drawing the SC map? Who should be involved?

4. SC mapping answers the questions, “How do we fit?” and “How should we fit?” Why begin with a map of your current process before drawing a map of how you would like things to be?

Supply Chain Management: From Vision to Implementation

Supplement G: Project Management

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Project Management

Project and process management are closely related practices.

Project management requires a good understanding of interdependencies among activities, time and resources necessary to complete these activities.

Three best-known project management tools: critical path method (CPM), Gantt charts, and the program evaluation review technique (PERT)

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Critical Path Method (CPM)

Developed by DuPont and Remington Rand during the 1950s

Projects are broken into various activities Precedence between activities determine

sequence for completion Activities with no slack, amount of time an

activity can slip without impacting overall completion time, are said to be along the “critical path”

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CPM StepsStep

NumberStep Name

1 List required activities

2 Construct precedence diagram

3 Estimate time necessary for each activity

4 Calculate earliest start and finish times

5 Calculate latest start and finish times

6 Calculate slack of each activity

7 Identify critical path

8 Use critical path information to better manage project

9 If necessary, calculate the cost and benefits of crashing the critical path

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CPM Example Data

Activity Time (days) Preceding Activities

A 5 none

B 2 none

C 4 A

D 4 A

E 3 B

F 7 B

G 3 D, E

H 2 F

I 4 C, G, H

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Project Precedence Diagram

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Organization of CPM Information

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CPM with Task Times

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CPM - Calculations

TimeActivity TimeStart Earliest TimeFinish Earliest

TimeActivity - TimeFinish Latest TimeStart Latest

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CPM Forward Pass

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CPM Backward Pass

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Identification of Critical Path

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Project Crashing

In some instances a company may wish to reduce the amount of time for project completion- “Crashing the Project”

Accomplished by scheduling overtime, hiring more employees, or adding an extra shift.

Decisions on crashing are made by comparing the marginal cost of crashing activities along the critical path.

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Project Crashing

ActivityNormal Crash

Time (weeks) Cost Time (weeks) Cost

A 4 $ 2,000 2 $ 4,000

B 3 $ 1,500 2 $ 1,750

C 2 $ 5,000 1 $ 6,000

ActivityNormal Crash

Time (weeks) Cost Time (weeks) Cost

A 4 $ 2,000 2 $2,000/2 = $1,000

B 3 $ 1,500 2 $250/1 = $250

C 2 $ 5,000 1 $500/1 = $500

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Gantt Charts

A Gantt chart is a graphical trail of a project’s activities over time.

Disadvantage of Gantt charts is that they do not show precedence relationships between various project activities.

Gantt charts should be used with CPM to help overcome this disadvantage.

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CPM Example Gantt Chart

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PERT

PERT was developed by the U.S. Navy and Booz Allen Hamilton for use of the Polaris missile project.

Major difference between CPM and PERT is the use of multiple time estimates to allow for variation in task completion.

Time estimates include: optimistic best case (A), pessimistic worst case (B), and most likely (C) activity times.

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PERT – Time Estimate

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B 4C A (mean) Estimate Time

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A - B Variance

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