Supersymmetry in Particle Physics and Cosmologydeboer/html/Talks/... · Particle Physics: Unification. Cosmology: Dark Matter. Supersymmetry in Particle Physics and Cosmology. Wim

Wim de Boer, Karlsruhe Memorial Conference in Honor of Julius Wess, Munich, 6-7.11.2008 1

Supersymmetry in Particle Physics and Cosmology


Outline:

Particle Physics: UnificationCosmology: Dark Matter

Supersymmetry in Particle Physics and Cosmology


Unification with precisely measuredcoupling constants at LEP (1991)


Fit results

GUT scale ≈1016 GeV(above proton decay limit)

SUSY scale ≈103 GeV(above proton decay limit)

Unification excluded in SM


mSUGRA: need to solve 28 coupled differential RGEs(From W. de Boer, Review, hep-ph/9402266)


Mathematics is beautiful


On the 1000+ citation list..


Global electroweak fits and gauge coupling unification.Wim de Boer, Christian Sander

PLB 585(2004)276 hep-ph/0307049

ALR (SLAC)

LEP

αs fromhadronic x-sect

αs fromhadronic/leptonic

Z0 branching ratio

A few 2-3 σ deviations happens to be in coupling constants

Discrepancy in αsgoes away, if one

requires3.0 neutrino generationsinstead of 2.98 from fit

Believe αs = 0.122 is correct


Center of the Coma Cluster by Hubble space telescope ©Dubinski

Discovery of DM in 1933Zwicky(1898-1974 )

Zwicky notes in 1933 that outlying galaxies in Coma cluster moving much faster than expected from visible mass. His conclusion: 90% of mass is “Dark Matter”


Confirmation by WMAP observing acoustic waves of early universe

Early Universe

Present Universe

The Cosmic screen


Solution:pressure small: δ=aebt , i.e. exponential growth of δ(->gravitational collapse)pressure large: δ=aeibt , i.e. oscillation of δ (acoustic waves)

Define: δ=Δρ/ρ

From Newton`s F=ma:δ``+ (pressure-gravity) δ=0

Why acoustic waves in early universe?

FG

PF=ma


Three basic problems with DM1.Why it is there?

2.Why so little, i.e. np≈nχ


Expansion rate of universe determines WIMP annihilation cross section

Thermal equilibrium abundance

Actual abundance

T=M/22Com

ovin

g nu

mbe

r den

sity

x=m/TGary Steigmann

WMAP -> Ωh2=0.113±0.009 ->=2.10-26 cm3/s

DM increases in Galaxies:≈1 WIMP/coffee cup ≈105 .

DMA (∝ρ2) restarts again..

T>>M: f+f->M+M; M+M->f+fTf+f

T=M/22: M decoupled, stable density(when annihilation rate ≅ expansion-rate, i.e. Γ=nχ(xfr) ≅ H(xfr) !)

Annihilation into lighter particles, likequarks and leptons -> π0’s -> Gammas!

Only assumption in this analysis:WIMP = THERMAL RELIC!


Example of DM annihilation (SUSY)

Dominant χ + χ ⇒ A ⇒ b bbar quark pairSum of diagrams should yield

=2.10-26 cm3/s to getcorrect relic density

Quark fragmentation known!Hence spectra of positrons,

gammas and antiprotons known!Relative amount of γ,p,e+ known

as well.

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

f

f

f

f

f

f

Z

Z

W

Wχ± χ

0

f~ A Z

≈37 gammas


Thermal relics can annihilate with cross section as large as =2.10-26 cm3/s -> enormous rate of gamma rays

from π0 decays (produced in quark fragmentation)(Galaxy=1030 higher rate than any accelerator)(109 bbbar pairs produced in 10-20 s, B-factory needs 5 y)

Expect large fraction of energetic Galactic gamma rays to come from DMA in this case. Remaining ones from pCR+pGAS-> π0+X , π0->2γ (+some IC+brems)

This means: Galactic gamma rays have 2 componentswith a shape KNOWN from the 2 BEST studied reactionsin accelerators: background known from fixed target exp.

DMA known from e+e- annihilation (LEP)

Conclusion sofar

Data driven and model independent analysis possible byfitting signal and background shape in each sky direction ->

DM distribution in whole sky independentof model for profile or model for background


Usual astrophysicist’s search strategies

Particle physicist: get rid of modeldependence by DATA DRIVEN calibration


Sundisc

Basic principle for indirect dark matter searches

R

Sun

bulge disc

From rotation curve:

Forces: mv2/r=GmM/r2or M/r=const.for v=cons.

andρ∝(M/r)/r2ρ∝1/r2

for flat rotation curve

Expect highest DM densityIN CENTRE OF GALAXY

IF FLUX AND SHAPE MEASURED INONE DIRECTION, THEN FLUX AND

SHAPE FIXED IN ALL SKY DIRECTIONS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

R1

THIS IS AN INCREDIBLE CONSTRAINT, LIKE SAYING I VERIFYTHE EXCESS AND WIMP MASS WITH 180 INDEPENDENT MEAS.


Background + signal describe EGRET data!

Blue: background uncertainty

Background + DMA signal describe EGRET data!

Blue: WIMP mass uncertainty

50 GeV

70

Brems .

ICWIM

PS

π 0

IC

π0 WIM

PS

Brems .

IC

Fitted known shapes of background and DMA (from accelerator experiments) with free normalizations. W. de Boer et al., A&A (2005)


180 skydirections:80 in longitude ⇒ 45 bins

4 bins in latitude 4x45=180 bins -> >1400 data pts

Every direction has different gas and DM density, so fluxes change

in every direction

Chi2/d.o.f. summed over all directions EQUALS ONE, i.e. DM

constraints w.r.t. shape and intensity fullfilled!!!!

2-parameter fits in 180 different sky directions


Halo density on scale of 300 kpc(from normalization factors in 180 sky directions)

Sideview Topview

Cored isothermal profile with scale 4 kpcTotal mass: O(1012) solar masses


Halo density on scale of 30 kpc

Sideview Topview


The Milky Way and its 13 satellite galaxies

Canis Major

Tidal force ∝ ∆FG ∝ 1/r3


N-body simulation from Canis-Major dwarf galaxy

prograde retrograde

Obs

erve

d st

ars

R=13 kpc,φ=-200,ε=0.8

Canis Major (b=-150)


EGRET Excess predicts shape of rotation curve!

Outer Ring

Inner Ring

bulge

disk

Rotation Curve

Normalize to solar velocity of 220 km/s

R0=8.3kpc

R0=7.0v

R/R0

Innerrotationcurve

Outer RC

Black hole at centre: R0=8.0±0.4 kpc

Sofue &Honma

Note 1: Absolute value of rotation curve depends on distances.

But chance of slope can ONLYbe explained by ringlike structure.

Note 2: fact that shape of DM halocan describe shape of RC implies

that EGRET excess has exactly rightintensity to deliver grav. potential!


Gas flaring in the Milky Way

no ring

with ring

P M W Kalberla, L Dedes, J Kerp and U Haud, A&A 469(2007) 511,arxiv.org/0704.3925

Gas flaring needs EGRET ring with mass of 2.1010M☉!


The dark connection between Canis Major, Monoceros Stream, gas flaring, the rotation curve and the EGRET excess

EGRET excess ->• WIMP mass• WIMP halo

(= standard halo + DM rings)WdB, C.Sander, V.Zhukov, D.Kazakov,

A.Gladyshev,A&A, 444 (2005) 51

Confirmation:

• Rotation curve• Canis Major/Monoceros stream• Gas flaring

Objections

• EGRET data wrongly calibrated?• Antiproton flux too high?• Extragal. gamma rays inconsist.?

Physics = correlationsRichard Feynman

Gamma spectra for BG + DMAParticle Physics

Cosmology

Astroparticle-physics

23%DM, Annihilation x-section

Tidal streams

CosmicsGamma rays

AstronomyRotation curveDwarf galaxies

Gas flaring


With convection Without convection

Comparison of propagation modelsincluding convection

Summary: preferred propagation perp. to disk reduces contribution of charged particles from DMA by large factor

and can be consistent with B/C and 10Be/9Be

(Bergstrom, Edsjo, Gustafssonand Salati, JCAP, astro-ph/0602632)


NATURE 452, 17. April 2008, “Blown away by cosmic rays”, D.Breitschwerdt

NGC 253

Fit to ROSAT data,Everett et al.

arXiv:0710.3712v1

Cosmic Rays (CR) form a plasma. If blowing in a given direction,it will take other particles with it, thus exerting pressure.

This CR pressure drives all halo particles to intergalactic space,thus reducing strongly the flux of charged particles from DMA.

Convection observed between 100 and 3000 km/s, thus dominating over diffusion in the disk region

http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3712v1


a“Observation of an anomalous positron abundance

in the cosmic radiation“, PAMELA, arXiv:0810.4995


Lots of speculation about increase in positron ratio

But simple isotropic propagationsmodels WRONG?Or do propagation uncertainties cancel in ratio? NO!


AMS-01 p/e ratio increases

AMS-01 Data from Shuttle Flight in 1998Positrons from π+ production by protons

Electrons from Supernovae. Increasing p/e ratio -> increasing,e+/e- ratio? YES, EASY!


Propagationmodel compatible with EGRET, ROSAT, INTEGRAL, WMAP, AMS

Energy [GeV]

-310 -210 -110 1 10 210 310

ep

/e+

ep

-410

-310

-210

-110

1

averaged data

total

DM

Data from Chung et al,arXiv:0710.2428v1

PositronFractione+/(e++e-)

WdB,arXiv:0810.1472Anisotropic propagationmodel

compatible mit EGRET, ROSAT,INTEGRAL, AMS, WMAP ->easily increase in e+/e- ratio

Expect only tiny DM contribution, because of convection andlarge background fromlight pion production

DMA signal NOT in positrons, but.

in Pamelas antiprotons!!!


What aboutSupersymmetry?

Assume mSUGRA5 parameters: m0, m1/2, tanb, A, sign μ


Expected SUSY mass spectra in mSUGRA

mSUGRA: common masses m0 and m1/2 for spin 0 and spin ½ particles


Gauge unification perfect with SUSY spectrum from EGRET

SUSY spectrum from EGRET/LEP->perfect gauge coupling unification!

Upd

ate

from

Amaldi, dB

,Fü

rste

nau,

PLB

260

199

1

SM SUSY

Also b->sγ and g-2 agree within 2σ with SUSY spectrum from EGRET

NO FREEPARAMETERS

WdB, C. Sander,PLB585(2004). e-Print: hep-ph/0307049


Dark matter, what is it?

EGRET excess shows an intriguing hint, that DMis an annihilating thermal relic from the early universe!

Its properties are perfectly consistent with SUPERSYMMETRY, in which case

LHC experiments will tell! Expect: squarks & sleptons heavy (>1 TeV)

gauginos light (50-500GeV)


Discovery of the new world of

SUSY

Back to 60’s

New discoveries every year

Superparticles

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Supersymmetry in Particle Physics and Cosmologydeboer/html/Talks/... · Particle Physics: Unification. Cosmology: Dark Matter. Supersymmetry in Particle Physics and Cosmology. Wim