Supernovae and GRB Connection

Kenichi Nomoto (Univ. of Tokyo)

MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)

Supernova Spectra (Maximum Light)l()log(Flux)

Hypernova CandidatesEkinetic > (5-10)1051ergsGRB 980425

Spectra of Supernovae & HypernovaeIaIcIb94I97ef98bwHeCaOSiIIHyper-novaeHypernovaebroad featuresblended lines Large mass at high velocitiesIc: no H, no strong He, no strong Si

Core Collapse SNe-P Single RGn, -L, b Close Binaries?b, c Single WRClose BinariesHypernovae (c) Gamma-Ray BurstsRotating Single WR? (Helium)Close Binary Mergers?(Mass of SN ejecta: Mej ?)Mass loss

SN1994ISN2006ajSN2003lwSN1997efSN2002apSN2003dhSN1998bw

56Co-decay

Parameters [Mej, E, M(56Ni)]Light CurveSpectra MejE -E Mej3E MejCO Star Models for SNeIcNi

Jet-like explosionTominaga et al. 2005

M=25M, E=31050erg [Fe/H]=5.3Mr (M)012342468HeHCCOONNeMg56FeTi58NiLog XejectaFallbackMBH ~6MUmeda & Nomoto (2003)Mixing

Spectral Fitting: SN1997efNormal SN (E51=1)Small MejHypernova (E51=20)Large Mej at High Vel. Too Narrow FeaturesBroad FeaturesIwamoto et al. (2000)E51=E/1051 erg

Light curves of Hypernovae & SNeIc0 50 100 t (days)98bw94I 97efRadioactive Decay 56Ni 56Co 56Felog L (erg/s)434241

SN 2003dh /GRB 030329

GRB 030329 / SN 2003dh Hjorth et al (2003)

SN2003dh / GRB030329Deng et al. (2005)

SN2003lw / GRB031203Deng et al. (2005)

Supernova GRB ConnectionThree GRBSNe = all Type Ic Hypernovae E > 1052 erg (10normal SN) Large Mms Black Hole Forming SNe Aspherical

Very narrow lines. V < 1000 km s-1. EK=1-41050ergs. V~1000km s-1 2002gd, 1999brFaint M(56Ni)~0.002M Type II-P SN 1997D(Turatto, Mazzali, Young, Nomoto 2002)

SN 1997D: Faint SNTuratto, Mazzali, Young, Nomoto, Iwamoto et al. (1998)1997D1987A1987A1997DLBOLMms~20MMms~ 2530M R 300RM(56Ni) 0.07M 0.002MmM=30.64 (NGC1536)E~41050erg narrow lines

Hypernovae/Faint SNeEKNomoto et al. (2003)Failed SN?13M ~15MGRB-SN

Hypernovae/Faint SNe (56Ni mass)Nomoto et al. (astro-ph/0308136)GRB-SN

Non-GRB Hypernovae

SNe 1997ef, 1999as, 2002ap, 2003jd

MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)

Brightest Hypernova: 1999as @z=0.127E ~ 31052erg Mms ~ 60M MCO ~ 20M M(56Ni) ~ 5.4MSN 1999asmag(Deng et al. )(Knop et al.)

SN1994ISN2006ajSN2003lwSN1997efSN2002apSN2003dhSN1998bw

SN 2003jd SN 1998bwSN 2002apSN 2003jdSN 1983V

Spectra of SN2002ap4M8 C+O star (Mms ~ 25) (E = 4e51 erg)Mazzali et al. 2002

XRF060218SN2006SN2006aj 200602

SN1994ISN2006ajSN2003lwSN1997efSN2002apSN2003dhSN1998bw

FeIII, FeIIOI 77743 days since the explosion

CaII IR tripletOI 7774SiII16 days since the explosion

Comparison with 02apSN 2006aj (21 Feb 2006)SN 2002ap at z=0.033Model 4MsunModel 2MsunOI 7774

SN 2006aj 13 days after the explosion (3 Mar 2006)CaII IR tripletOI 7774SiII 6355FeII, FeIIICrII, TiIIModel 2 Msun 4 Msun

SN 2006aj

XRF 060218/ SN 2006ajSmall Oxygen Mass < 1.3 M8Mej ~ 2 M8 (Mms ~ 20 M8)E ~ 2 x 1051 erg M(56Ni)~0.21M8

Neutron Star forming SN ?Magnetar-driven XRF ?Mass Loss Rate ? Shell ?Cas A connection ?

Non-GRB, peculiar SN Ib 2005bf

MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)

SN Ib 2005bf: SpectraTominaga et al. 2005HeH feature

SN 2005bf: Observed Light CurvesTominaga et al. 2005Folatelli et a. 2006 Modjaz et al. 2006

Comparison with other SN Ib/c

SN 2005bf: Abundance DistributionMass FractionVelocity [km/s]X(56Ni)=0.44X(56Ni)=0.013X(56Ni)=0.03X(He)=0.441,6003,9005,400NiSi, O, CHeH,He13,000

Type Ib SN 2005bfPeculiar Light CurveDouble peaks : M(56Ni)~0.3M8Slow rise to the 2nd peak (~40 days)Rapid decline

Mej ~ 6 7 M8 (Mms ~ 25 30 M8)E ~ 1.3 x 1051 erg Explosion of a WN starHe, H features

Subaru FOCAS Obs. of SN 2005bf[O]~10 days after the 2nd peak.He indicated by [Ca][Fe]??H

Unipolar Ejection of 56Ni(Fe)?sym. axissym. axis[OI] 6300[FeII] 7150[CaII] 7300OCaFe

SN 2005bf: Light Curve @ Late Phases

Type Ib SN 2005bfNebula Spectrum[FeII], [CaII],[OI] : Blue shifted by ~1500 km/s[OI] : Double peaks

Unipolar Jet ?Kick ? (v ~ 200 600 km/s ?)

Neutron Star Forming SN ?? - normal E, small mass cut, large M(Ni)

Rapid decline of LC:56Ni decay ??- Magnetar?? GRB connection??

First Star Hypernova Connection: Abundance Patterns of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

Metal Poor Stars Mega Metal Poor (MMP): [Fe/H] < -6Hyper Metal Poor (HMP): [Fe/H] < -5Ultra Metal Poor (UMP): [Fe/H] < -4Extremely Metal Poor(EMP) : [Fe/H] < -3Very Metal Poor (VMP): [Fe/H] < -2Metal Poor (MP) : [Fe/H] < -1Solar: [Fe/H] ~ 0Super Metal Rich(SMR): [Fe/H] > +0.5 [Fe/H]=log(Fe/H)-log(Fe/H) (Beers & Christlieb 2005)

MnCoCrZntrendMcWilliam, Ryan [Fe/H][Fe/H]

Low energyHigh energy(1) M(Complete Si-burning)(Zn, Co)/Fe(Mn, Cr)/FeFe/(O, Si)

(2) More rich entropyZn/Fe 64GeTi/Fe

(3) More O burns(Si, S, Ca)/OHypernova Nucleosynthesis

Normal SNe ypernovaethanNormal SNeHypernovaecomplete Siburningincomplete Siburning

Hyper Metal Poor star:HE0107-5240Discovery (Christrieb et al. 2002)Red-giant ~ 0.8 M

[Fe/H] ~ - 5.2[C/Fe] ~ + 4

Pop III (first generation) or Second generation? Formation of Pop III low mass star?

Hyper Metal Poor (HMP) starsIwamoto et al. (Science 2005)

First Supernovae[Fe/H] : -5 -4 -3 -2.5 Faint SNe Hypernovae Normal SNeBlack-Hole Forming Supernovae (20-130M)

First Black Hole > 2~6M

NameMmsE51M(56Ni)1998bw40500.42003dh25-40350.42003lw45600.61997ef30-35150.152002ap20-2540.082005bf2510.32006aj2020.21987A2010.071993J11-1510.081994I1410.071997D20-400.40.0051999br15-350.60.002

Supernova GRB ConnectionMass E (Rotation?)GRB-SNHypernovae (M > 30 M8; E > 1 x 1052 erg)Black hole formingType Ic: M(CO) ~ 10-16 M8

Non-GRB HN (off-axis ?)XRF-SN (Mms ~ 20 M8 E ~ 2 x 1051 erg) Neutron Star forming ? Magnetar-driven Explosion? Peculiar SNe: (NSBH boundary ?)

First Star connection

Possible Types of SN-HN

Type Ib Hypernova ? (Helium in mixed WR)Type II Hypernova ?Rotating Black-Hole + H-rich Envelope (low metallicity?) Faint SN Ibc ?Small 56Ni (fallback) + No Shock HeatingFaint Hypernovae (fallback of 56Ni) Dark SN/HN (Long GRB + no SN)