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Superconductivity Superconductivity NarrativesNarratives
The Players: The Players:
The Applications: The Applications:
And the FutureAnd the Future: :
Graduate Students, Nobel and Graduate Students, Nobel and
Ig Nobel prizes…Ig Nobel prizes…
Subtitle: The Human side Subtitle: The Human side of “Table Top” Physicsof “Table Top” Physics
Superfluidity and Superfluidity and Superconductivity Superconductivity
Associated with at Least Associated with at Least Nine Nobel PrizesNine Nobel Prizes
And Still counting …And Still counting …
Nobel Laureates Nobel Laureates
And Possible Laureates…. And Possible Laureates….
L. Landau and Phil Anderson L. Landau and Phil Anderson
Kammerlingh OnnesKammerlingh Onnesdiscovered discovered
superconductivity 1911superconductivity 1911
Failed Theories of Failed Theories of SuperconductivitySuperconductivity
Bardeen Cooper Bardeen Cooper SchriefferSchrieffer
discovered theory of discovered theory of superconductivity 1957superconductivity 1957
Electrons pair and doElectrons pair and do
the Cooper pair “dance”the Cooper pair “dance”
Brian Josephson Brian Josephson DiscoveredDiscovered
Quantum Interference in Quantum Interference in Superconductors Superconductors
(Josephson Effect) 1964(Josephson Effect) 1964
Currently Runs Mind-Matter Unification ProjectCurrently Runs Mind-Matter Unification Project
Osheroff, with Osheroff, with Richardson and LeeRichardson and Lee
discovered superfluid discovered superfluid helium-3 in 1973helium-3 in 1973
Bednorz and MullerBednorz and MullerDiscovered High Discovered High
Temperature Temperature Superconductors 1986 Superconductors 1986
The Discovery of Higher The Discovery of Higher Tc Superconductors and Tc Superconductors and
The Paul Chu The Paul Chu Green Superconductor Green Superconductor
SagaSaga
The “Woodstock” The “Woodstock” American Physical American Physical
Society Meeting 1987Society Meeting 1987
The Human side of Physicists --all The Human side of Physicists --all night session on High Tc night session on High Tc
superconductivitysuperconductivity
Transition temperature Transition temperature vs timevs time
Key Discovery: Superconducting transition Key Discovery: Superconducting transition temperatures above liquid nitrogen boiling temperatures above liquid nitrogen boiling
temp– cheap coolant availabletemp– cheap coolant available
Highest Transition Temperature Highest Transition Temperature
-189 F ! -189 F !
Fahrenheit (oF)
Kelvin (K)
Centigrade (oC) Conventional
Superconductors (up to ~-405 F)
High-Temperature
Superconductors (up to ~150K) Boiling Water 212 100 373
Ice 32 0 273
Liquid nitrogen -290 -196 77
Absolute Zero -460 -273 0
WHAT IS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY??
For superconducting materials, the resistivity vanishes
at some low temperature.
Thus, superconductors can carry large amounts of current with no loss of energy.
What Else Can What Else Can Superconductors Do ?Superconductors Do ?
Expel magnetic fields:Expel magnetic fields:
Meissner effect Meissner effect
Allow a current in a closed circuit Allow a current in a closed circuit to persist indefinitely.to persist indefinitely.
The Meissner Effect
Superconductors acquire a polarization OPPOSITE to an applied magnetic field. This is the reason that superconducting materials and magnets repel one another.If the temperature increases the sample will lose its superconductivity and the magnet cannot float on the superconductor.
Levitation of Sumo wrestler– Ig Nobel Prize
What superfluids can doWhat superfluids can do
Flow without viscosityFlow without viscosity Dribble through molecule thin Dribble through molecule thin
crackscracks Climb up and over the sides of a Climb up and over the sides of a
dishdish Remain motionless when the Remain motionless when the
container is spun.container is spun.
19
Applications using Superconductors
MRI Body scanners
Accelerator magnets
Magnetometers for medicine, seismography …
Transport
Power transmission
20
Applications using Superconductors
Transport
In Jan 08, the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) announced that it plans to construct a second-generation maglev train that will run from Tokyo to
central Japan.Cost ~ 44.7 billion dollars
Completion in 2025Speed ~ 500 kilometers per hour
Length ~ 290 kilometers
Maglev train: Maglev train: Superconductivity at 500 Superconductivity at 500
km/hrkm/hr
Yamanashi Test Site, JapanYamanashi Test Site, Japan 33 km long, >500 Km/hr33 km long, >500 Km/hr Segment of Tokyo-Osaka Segment of Tokyo-Osaka
new linenew line
Existing Japanese MagLev train
22
Applications using Superconductors
Superconducting power transmission- currently we waste ~ 20 % of our
energy just transporting it around- potentially the next industrial
revolution
Long Distance DC Long Distance DC Superconducting Superconducting
Electricity PipelineElectricity Pipeline
MRI Uses MRI Uses Superconducting Superconducting
MagnetsMagnets
Closed (1-3 Tesla) and open (0.3T) MRI magnets both use Nb-Closed (1-3 Tesla) and open (0.3T) MRI magnets both use Nb-Ti with a transition temperature (Tc) of only 9K, ~-450F.Ti with a transition temperature (Tc) of only 9K, ~-450F.
All are Cooled only by liquid helium until late 2006 .
25
MRI - $1B annual market
Superconducting Superconducting Magnetometers based on Magnetometers based on
Josephson EffectJosephson Effect
Particle Accelerators Particle Accelerators Use Superconducting Use Superconducting
magnetsmagnetsSuperconducting Tevatron
energy-saver accelerator rings west of Chicago (Batavia, IL)
Nb-Ti at 4.5 T, 4.2 K
27 km Tunnel27 km Tunnel
Large Hadron Collider-CERN
Switzerland
France
Mont Mont BlancBlanc
Lake Lake GenevaGeneva
29
Some facts about the LHC
Protons are accelerated to 99.999999991% of the speed of light
The LHC lets us glimpse the conditions 1/100th of a billionth of a second after the Big Bang: a travel back in time by 13.7 billion years
High energy collisions create particles that haven’t existed in nature since the Big Bang
Find out what makes the Universe tick at the most fundamental level
And find the Higgs boson!
Concept of Higgs Boson– Concept of Higgs Boson– comes from comes from
superconductivity theorysuperconductivity theory
LHC –Depends on LHC –Depends on SuperconductivitySuperconductivity
3286 HTS Leads3286 HTS Leads
Today:• Over 5,500 cell-phone towers contain high-temp SCs• 3 Prototype substations for power transmission in US• Other markets being developed
Applications of High-Temperature
Superconductivity
The Applied Superconductivity CenterThe Applied Superconductivity CenterThe National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - FSUThe National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - FSU
1911-2011 1911-2011 100 Years of Remarkable 100 Years of Remarkable
ProgressProgressSuperconducting devices are pervasive in science and medical technologies
•Frictionless current flow allows multiple applications.
•Deep principles behind superconductivity(esp. High Tc superconductivity) to be discovered– more Nobel Prizes(?)
What do we dream of?What do we dream of?
Materials that remain superconducting in any Materials that remain superconducting in any field.field.
Materials that carry enormous current densities Materials that carry enormous current densities so that we can make very powerful magnets.so that we can make very powerful magnets.
Materials that are cheap to make, flexible in Materials that are cheap to make, flexible in use, versatile in design and manufacture, strong, use, versatile in design and manufacture, strong, fracture resistant.fracture resistant.
35
Superconductivity offers excellent science, excellent technology, excellent training and the possibility of saving the planet !!
Summary Summary
What Else Do We Dream of ?What Else Do We Dream of ?
Even Better Super Conductors! Even Better Super Conductors!