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2017 Annual Conference & Exposition
SUN04: Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
June 11, 2017 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Workshop Agenda 9:00 Welcome, Introductions, Overview of M32
Jim Cooper 9:10 Model Development, Test and Calibration
Jim Cooper 9:30 Calibration Exercise in Small Groups
Thomas Walski 10:00 Model Maintenance - Overview of New Chapter
Sasa Tomic, Rajan Ray 10:25 Model Maintenance Small Group Exercises
Sasa Tomic, Rajan Ray 10:40 Model Maintenance Small Group Exercises Summary
Sasa Tomic, Rajan Ray 10:50 Advanced Modeling Applications - Overview of New Chapter Thomas Walski 11:20 Real-Time Model Example
Adam Simonson 11:30 Real-Time Model Example
Adam Simonson
Presenter Information James Cooper, [email protected] Thomas Walski, [email protected] Sasa Tomic, [email protected] Rajan Ray, [email protected] Adam Simonson
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
AWWAEngineering Modeling Applications Committee
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
Workshop Outline
Overview of 4th edi. M32, Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems
Model Development, System Testing and Calibration
Model Maintenance
Advanced Modeling Applications
Real-Time Modeling
Today’s Presenters
James P. Cooper, PE, ENV SP
Water Distribution Practice Leader at Arcadis
[email protected] 330.283.1652
Thomas Walski,Ph.D, PE
Senior Product Manager at Bentley Systems
[email protected] 570.735.1368
Sasa Tomic,Ph.D., PE
Hydraulic Modeling Practice Lead at HDR
[email protected] 212.545.5430
Rajan RayDirector of Marketing at Innovyze
[email protected] 401.789.0684
Adam SimonsenSenior Account Manager at IDModeling
[email protected] 203.565.2806
Workshop Format
• Topic Overview Presentations
• Attendee Exercises in Small Groups
• Discuss responses among the entire group
• Breaks
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
Overview of Manual of Practice 32, 4th edi.
Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems
James P. Cooper, PE, ENV SP, Water Distribution Practice Leader, Arcadis
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
M32 4th Edition Overview
• Developed by the AWWA EngineeringModeling Applications Committee
• Contributions by nearly 50 subjectmatter experts
• Most referenced publication for waterdistribution system modeling
M32 4th EditionOverview
• 11 Chapters covering basics to advancedapplications
• Latest trends andapplications for waterdistribution system models
Ch. 1 – Intro to Distribution System Modeling
Ch. 2 – Building and Preparing the Model
Ch. 3 – Hydraulic Tests and Measurements
Ch. 4 – Hydraulic Calibration
Ch. 5 – Steady-State Simulation
Ch. 6 – Extended Period Simulation
Ch. 7 – Water Quality Modeling
Ch. 8 – Storage Tank Mixing and Water Age
Ch. 9 – Model Maintenance
Ch. 10 – Transient Analysis
Ch. 11 – Advanced Modeling Applications
M32 4th Edition Overview
• Two entirely new chapters• Model Maintenance• Advanced Modeling Applications
• Updated and new content in all 11chapters
Coming Soon…
4th edition of M32 is currently in production by AWWA and is expected to be available for purchase later this year
9
Discount for Today’s Workshop Attendees
• 10% off Member Price
• Discount Code will be provided by AWWA
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
Model Development, System Testing and Calibration
James P. Cooper, PE, ENV SP, Water Distribution Practice Leader, Arcadis
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
Model Development, System Testing and Calibration
• Chapter 2 – Building and Preparing theModel
• Chapter 3 – Hydraulic Tests and Measures
• Chapter 4 – Hydraulic Calibration
Building and Preparing the Model
• Understand Purpose
• Data Sources and Quality
• Model Schema
• Physical Attributes, Operational Data,Demand Loading
Building and Preparing the Model
Planning and Preparing for Field Testing
Hydraulic Tests and Measures
• Types of hydraulic measurements• Pressure Measurements• Calculate Hydraulic Grade Line, Calculate hydrant
flow rate
• Dial gauge or electronic recorder
• Consider device accuracy and calibration
• Understand elevation of sensor in relation to the model nodes reference elevation
• Understand hydraulic influences at sensor location
Hydraulic Tests and Measures
• Types of hydraulic measurements• Flow Measurements• Hydrant flow rate (calculated from pitot pressure
measurement)
• Understand pipe wall velocity profile and impact of flow diffusers
• Various fixed flow meter devices – Venturi, Mag Meter
Hydraulic Tests and Measures
• Types of hydraulic tests• Fire Flow Test
• Pipe Roughness Test
• Pump Test
• Hydraulic Gradient Test
Hydrant Testing Terms
Flow Hydrant
• Location of open hydrant flowing water
Pitot Pressure
• Pressure measured at center offlow stream
• Utilized to calculate the flow rate
Hydrant Testing Terms
Residual Hydrant
• Located near Flow Hydrant
• Utilized to measure pressure within the distribution system
Static Pressure
• Pressure during typical demands with nohydrants flowing
Residual Pressure
• Pressure measured while the flow hydrant is open
Residual Hydrant• Static Pressure• Residual Pressure• Test evaluates water
available at this location Flow Hydrant• Pitot Pressure
Test Area
Hydrant Flow Test Setup
Importance of Testing on Model Calibration
Tank Actual Normal HGL Negligible difference
Actual High Flow HGL
Model High Flow HGL
Detectable Difference
Model Normal HGL
Hydraulic Calibration
• Define Calibration
• Understanding Required Level of Calibration
• Presenting Calibration Results
Model Calibration
Process of comparing results of model simulations with measured field data and
adjusting model parameters within reason (or identifying invalid data) in an attempt to
achieve desired agreement with measured system conditions
Model Calibration
• Level of calibration required depends on thedata quality and the intended use of themodel
• Adequacy of model calibration is a subjectivedecision to be agreed by all parties
• Few published standards/guidelines
Types of Calibration
• Static Methods (used with steady-state models)• Hydrant Flow Test (Fire Flow Test)
• Pipe Roughness Test
• Dynamic Methods (used with EPS model)• Comparison to tank levels, pressure and flow traces
• Tracer tests
Why Calibrate? How Often?
• Calibration is time consuming and costly• Decisions made using models involve millions of dollars• Calibration pays for itself• Accurate model = good decisions• Gain insight into the system• Build confidence in model• Establish teamwork
• How Frequently Do You Calibrate?
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
Calibration Exercise
Thomas Walski, Ph.D., PE, Senior Product Manager, Bentley Systems
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
M32 Chapter 9Model Maintenance
Saša Tomić, Ph.D., P.E., HDRRajan Ray, Director of Marketing, Innovyze
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
Overview
• Introduction• M32 Chapter 9• Group Exercise
30
Modeling Survey Findings 2013 AWWA EMAC
• Models getting more complex
• Models uses increasing
• Model user base expending
• Real-time / Operational /Decision Support Modeling
31
Most Frequent Models Uses
Fire Flow 24%
Planning 28%
Asset Management
7%
Operational21%
Energy4%
Water Quality
10%
Flushing5%
Other1%
J AWWA 10-2014
• > 50% used weekly
• ~ 75% used monthly
32
PlanningDesign
O&M
Age
WQ
Real-TimeControl
DSS
Model Lifecycle
Optimization
33
Overview
• Introduction• M32 Chapter 9• Group Exercise
34
CH9 Overview
1. INTRODUCTION2. REASONS FOR MODEL MAINTENANCE3. MODEL MAINTENANCE PLAN4. MODEL UPDATE FREQUENCY5. CHANGE NOTIFICATION6. DATA SOURCE INTEGRATION7. AUTOMATED MODEL UPDATE8. RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN MODELING9. CASE STUDIES
35
CH 9.1 Introduction
• Model maintenance will notensure model use• Model use will ensure modelmaintenance
36
Model Maintenance is …
“… the processes needed to maintain the hydraulic model
data accuracy and adequacy for the intended utility uses.”
37
CH 9.2 Reasons for Model Maintenance
• “Update model when resultsare no longer valid.”• “Cost of maintenance shouldbe less than the benefit of theupdated model.”
38
Types of Changes Driving Model Update
Range Change Where Scheduled
Mo
del Model Use Change M
Bad Data M
New Data S
Syst
em
Demands S
Operation S ?
Network M/S ?M – modelS – system 39
CH 9.3 Model Maintenance Plan
“Hydraulic model should be updated when the
existing model does not meet the utility needs.”
40
Maintenance plan outline 1. Archive model2. Data quality assurance3. Import new data4. Remove deleted assets5. Update controls6. Update demands7. Update / new scenarios8. Validate the new model41
CH 9.4 Model Update Frequency
“Desired model application(s) will determine the necessity
and the frequency of the model updates.”
42
Update Frequency Considerations
• System change rate• Demand changes• Data collection rate• Model validation / calibration data
43
CH 9.5 Change Notification
“A model that is used by different departments
has the most potential to provide continuous benefits to the utility.”
44
System change notification
• What is changed?• Where is data?• Who?
45
End-user notification
• Use tracking• Notification system• Model backup
46
CH 9.6 Data Source Integration
“Data source integration is a vital part of any water model and all sources need to be considered.”
47
Integration Issues
• Organizational Coordination• ID Management• 1-to-1 Mapping• Connectivity Management
48
CH 9.7 Automated Model Update
“Learn to walk, before you try to run”
49
CH 9.8 Return on Investment in Modeling
“Instead of thinking about model maintenance as a cost,
the utility should consider model maintenance as
an investment in better utility management and operation.”50
Assumed obstacles to model reuse
• Model not accurate• Model not adequate
51
Typical obstacles to model reuse
• Trust in model• Understanding of model uses• Access to the results
52
Overview
• Introduction• M32 Chapter 9• Group Exercise
53
Questions
Saša Tomić, [email protected]
Rajan Ray, Innovyze [email protected]
401.789.0684
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
Model Maintenance Exercise
Saša Tomić, Ph.D., P.E., HDR
Rajan Ray, Director of Marketing, Innovyze
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
Advanced Modeling Applications
Thomas Walski, Ph.D., PE, Senior Product Manager, Bentley Systems
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
Advanced Applications in Hydraulic Modeling
Tom Walski
Bentley Systems
Overview
•Pumping energy
•Reliability
•Non-revenue water
• Flushing
•Asset management
•Real time modeling
•Optimization
Which pump is wasting energy?
Pump Life-Cycle Costs
Cost = Equipment + spwf (Energy + O&M)
Equipment
Other O&M
Energy
Calculating What Energy Cost Should Be
Don’t just calculate at Best Efficiency Point
Operation varies over the day
dteee
kQhpC
T
dmp
0
Flow
Head
Price
Efficiencies
Better Pump Curve Displays
63
64
Energy Bill Cost Calculations
SavingsPossible?
DoneChange:EquipmentOperations
Disagree
ResolveDifferences:Model errorOperationsAdjust curvesBill error
Compare
Agree
HydraulicModelEnergy Study
Work Flow
Take Home Points - Energy
• Energy and carbon emission savings possible
•Need to look for savings
•Can be good payback
•Hydraulic model can help
Reliability
16”
12”
12”
6”
X6”
= Valve
Reliability Analysis
• Simulate problems• Pipe breaks
• Power outage
• Shutdowns
• Any type of outage
•What are impacts?
•What are responses?
•Reliability ≠ Resilience
•Need to understand• Valving
• Backup power
Non-revenue Water
•Pressure management
•DMA creation
• Leak area identification
Pressure Management
•Not required
•Can reduce leakage
•Can reduce pipe breaks
•Can impair service
Why District Metered Areas (DMA)?
• Can identify water use in small area• Better for identifying real loss• Drive leak detection programs• Helpful in water audit• Can aid in pressure management• Useful in anomaly detection
No DMA DMA
Fire Flow Comparison
Flow accountability
Leak reduction
Water quality
Flushing
Fire flow
Pressure
Reliability
Cost
Typical PRV
Discharge Varying Time
Valve: FLAT ROAD #2
Time
(hr)
(gp
m)
Dis
ch
arg
e
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
4000.0
4500.0
5000.0
5500.0
6000.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
Low
High
Typical
• Scour deposits and films•Rapidly improve water quality in area• Low Chlorine•Taste and Odor
•Respond to complaints•Turbidity•Taste and Odor
• Test hydrant operation
Flushing Planning
• Conventional•Open hydrants one at a time•No valve operation
•Uni-directional (UDF)•Close valves to direct flow•May use multiple hydrants• Improves/controls scouring velocity• Several steps to set up
• Can base on shear stress = γSR (preferred) or velocity
Types of Flushing
Modeling’s Role in Asset Management
•Provide hydraulic aspects of decision support
•Aspects• Reliability
• Criticality• Capacity
• Fire flow
• Getting the most bang per buck out of money spent on assets
• Used in many industries
• In water, focus is on distribution system• Largest investment
• Deterioration is out of sight
• Goal• Minimize cost
• Meet required levels of service
• Not just software but a process • Software can help
What is asset management?
Risk Model
Results Presentation
Real Time Modeling
• Modeling is not just for design
• Many benefits from integratingmodeling / operations
• Engineering / operations cooperation essential
• Security issues
SCADA + Hydraulic Modeling
SCADA• Strength
• Current status of system• Stores historical trends/records• Control
•Weakness• Can’t project to future
(extrapolate)• Can’t fill in between sensors
(interpolate)•Many model nodes/pipes per
sensor
Hydraulic Model•Fills in betweenmeasured points•Calculates attributes not measured•Projects into the future, and for possible newcases
Opportunities in Operations
• Daily
• Check operations
• Energy management• Anomaly detection
• Atypical days• Plan shutdowns• Respond to pipe breaks
• Plan special events
• Plan Flushing
• Emergencies• Major failure
• Regional power outage
• Contamination
What is optimization?
• An act, process, or methodology of making something (as a design, system, or decision) as fully perfect, functional, oreffective as possible; - Merriam-Webster
•Mathematical optimization
•Minimize f(x), subject to g(x) <= b
How is optimization used?
• Any place where you can define and objective and constraints
• Use case – How is optimization used
a. Pipe sizing/design
b. Calibration
c. Energy minimization
d. Control valve location/settings
e. Leakage reduction
f. Sensor placement
g. Isolation valve placementh. Pipe replacement
i. Water quality
Pipe Sizing
• Given demand forecast, cost functions and rough layout
• Size pipes
• Most (over)-researched topic in water engineering
• Thomas Camp -1937 – Economic Sizing
• Lai and Schaake - 1969 - New Your City Tunnel problem
• de Nefville, Schaake and Stafford – 1971 – System analysis of water distribution networks, J SE 97(SA6).
• Alperovitz and Shamir – 1977 – Linear programming w/gradients
• Gessler and Walski – 1983 – Heuristic algorithm
• Construction phasing
Automated Calibration
• Given field data, adjust model to match data
• Can match field HGL and flow well
• Actually parameter tuning
• Data quality essential• Head loss >> Error in measurement
• One bad data point can send solution in wrongdirection
• Which parameter to adjust
• Calibration by compensating errors
• Find leaks/theft
Energy Minimization
• Pump scheduling
• When to • Switch pump status
• Switch speeds
• Difficult to account for
• Demand charges• Block rate pricing
• Problem discretization
• Useful if system operation poor
• Other places to save money
Summary
• Continuous advances in hydraulic modeling
•Models can do much more than in the past
•Better return on investment
Many Tanks
Planning and Applying the Latest Practices in Computer Modeling
Real-Time Modeling
Adam Simonsen, Senior Account Manager, IDModeling
Sunday June 11, 2017; Philadelphia, PA
System Overview
• Regional Water System in New England
• 23 Tanks, 50+ Pumps, 10+ Major PRVs
• Average Day 46 MGD, serving 450k people
• Served by 2 different electric utilities
• SCADA system with 8 separate historians
• EPANet-based hydraulic model
Key Issues
• Standardize System Operations
• Save Energy
• Improve Water Quality
• Operator Training
What is a Real Time Hydraulic Model?
• A hydraulic model that uses current data as inputs to the simulation
• Examples of real time data inputs• SCADA: Tank Levels, Pump Statuses and Speeds,
PRV settings, etc.• Meters: AMI Data, Wholesale or Master meters• Network changes: valve statuses
The Challenges
• Underlying model will need to be recalibrated foroperations
• Pump and control point settings will most likely be deficient
• Energy optimization requires an energy levelcalibration
Common Scenarios to Evaluate
• Run different pumps at different times
• Run pumps at lower speed settings
• Evaluate changes to system demand
• Exceptional events
View results through an operator’s lens
Asses the impact to system operations
Constantly Making Small Adjustments to Model Calibration