http://www.nesacs.org

March 2013 Vol. XCI, No. 7

NORTHEASTERN SECTION • AMERICAN CHEMIC

ALSO

CIET

Y

FOUNDED 1898

NESACS

Monthly MeetingJulius F. Remenar, Alkermes, to speak on “Gettingthe most from salts and Co-crystals: formulating tomaximize oral absorption”

Summer ScholarReportBy Patrick Kelleher, Cameron Hill, Yongli Huang,Nan Chen, Deno del Sesto, Arthur Utz

International-DomesticStudent SummitBy Justin Foy with photos by Morton Z. Hoffman

January MeetingReportBy Michael P. Filosa, photos by Morton Z. Hoffman

2 The Nucleus March 2013

The International-Domestic StudentSummit (IDSS) was held in Raleigh,NC with nine teams of two studentseach (one international and one domes-tic) from universities in the followinglocal sections: Ames, Central NewMexico, Coastal Georgia, Colorado,Dallas-Fort Worth, East Central Illi-

nois, Kansas State University, NewYork and Northeastern. The purposewas for the ACS to get feedback fromthese students on how to promoteinternational and domestic student col-laboration, increase international skillflow, and utilize the unique resourcesthat the international community pro-vides. A study related to this overarch-ing problem found that 38% of foreignstudents studying in the U.S. did nothave a single close American friend.i

As the largest scientific network, theACS was determined to figure outwhat it was or wasn’t doing well inserving of the international student.

I am the domestic student on thisside of the equation. I was raised inConcord, NH and have never reallymoved far from home. The cross-cul-tural friendship statistic surprised mevery much, as did the responses Ireceived when I mentioned it. For

example, one international student inmy department simply said in an apa-thetic tone “it can happen.” Sure I wasaware that there were cultural barriersbefore, but to see such a staggeringnumber and to hear such an attitudeabout the subject was very strange. Istarted realizing that this is a muchlarger problem than I had previouslythought.

My partner to the conference wasmy labmate and friend Xin Su who isfrom Qinhuangdao, China. Xin and Iset out on a brisk November morningfrom the Lebanon, NH airport. Wewere lucky to have perfect weather thatday as we flew out in a small Cessnaplane to Boston and subsequentlydown south to Raleigh. We had ourfirst meeting that night at dinner withall of the other teams. This was ourfirst introduction to Steve Meyers fromthe ACS who had coordinated theevent. It was exciting to meet everyonefor the first time and to see that we hada very diverse group where a good dia-logue on international collaborationcould be formulated.

During the IDSS summit, the par-ticipants were split into three differentgroups to analyze the problem from theperspective of local institutions, theACS, or the global scientific commu-

Reflecting on the International-Domestic Student SummitBy Justin Foy (Photos by Morton Z. Hoffman)Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Hall, Hanover, NH 03755

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Xin Su (at left) with Morton Hoffman (BostonUniversity) and Justin Foy

Graduate students Xin Su (at left) and JustinFoy at their research poster, “Activation ofHydrazone-Based Molecular Switches ThroughCoordination Coupled Proton Transfer”

The Nucleus March 2013 3

The Nucleus is published monthly, except June and August, by the Northeastern Section of the AmericanChemical Society, Inc. Forms close for advertising on the 1st of the month of the preceding issue. Textmust be received by the editor six weeks before the date of issue.Editor: Michael P. Filosa, Ph.D., ZINK Imaging, Inc., 16 Crosby Drive, Building 4G,

Bedford, MA 01730 Email: Michael.filosa(at)zink.com; Tel: 508-843-9070Associate Editors: Myron S. Simon, 20 Somerset Rd., W. Newton, MA 02465, Tel: 617-332-5273,

Sheila E Rodman, Email: serodman(at)hotmail.com, Mindy Levine, 516-697-9688, mindy.levine(at)gmail.com

Board of Publications: Mary Mahaney (Chair), Mindy Levine, Vivian K. WalworthBusiness Manager: Karen Piper, 19 Mill Rd., Harvard, MA 01451, Tel: 978-456-8622Advertising Manager: Vincent J. Gale, P.O. Box 1150, Marshfield, MA 02050,

Email: Manager-vincegale(at)mboservices.net; Tel: 781-837-0424Contributing Editors: Morton Hoffman, Feature Editor; Dennis Sardella, Book Reviews Calendar Coordinator: Sheila Rodman, email: serodman(at)hotmail.comPhotographers: Morton Z. Hoffman and James PhillipsProofreaders: Donald O. Rickter, Vivian K. Walworth, Mindy Levine Webmaster: Roy HagenCopyright 2013, Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society, Inc.

The Northeastern Section of the AmericanChemical Society, Inc.Office: Anna Singer, 12 Corcoran Road,Burlington, MA 01803(Voice or FAX) 781-272-1966.e-mail: secretary(at)nesacs.orgNESACS Homepage:http://www.NESACS.orgOfficers 2013ChairLiming Shao158South Great RoadLincoln, MA 01773limingshao(at)comcast.netshao(at)fas.harvard.edu781-518-0720Chair-ElectCatherine CostelloBoston University School of Medicine670 Albany Street, room 511Boston, MA 02118-2646Cecmsms(at)bu.eduImmediate Past ChairRuth TannerOlney Hall 415BLowell, MA 01854University of Mass LowellRuth_Tanner(at)uml.edu978-934-3662Secretary:Michael SingerSigma-Aldrich3 Strathmore Rd, Natick, MA 01360774-290-1391, michael.singer(at)sial.comTreasurer:James Piper19 Mill Rd, Harvard, MA 01451978-456-3155, piper28(at)attglobal.netAuditor:Anthony RosnerArchivistTim FrigoTrustees:Peter C. Meltzer, Esther A. H. Hopkins,Michael E. StremDirectors-at-LargeDavid Harris, Stephen Lantos, James Phillips,Ralph Scannell, Mary Burgess, John BurkeCouncilors Alternate CouncilorsTerm Ends 12/31/2013Alfred Viola Mark FroimowitzMichael Singer Sophia R. SuRobert Lichter Kenneth C. MattesMary Shultz Tim FrigoLeland L. Johnson, Jr. Mukund ChorghadeTerm Ends 12/31/2014Katherine Lee C. Jaworek-LopesMichael P. Filosa Lawrence ScottDoris Lewis Andrew ScholteMorton Z. Hoffman Raj RajurPatrick Gordon John PodobinskiMary Burgess Stuart LevyTerm Ends 12/31/2015Catherine E. Costello Marietta SchwartzRuth Tanner JerryJasinskiDorothy J. Phillips Stephen LantosMichaeline Chen Norton P. PeetJackie O’Neil Wilton Virgo

ContentsReflecting on the International-Domestic Student Summit______2By Justin Foy, Dartmouth College with photos by Morton Z. Hoffman

Monthly Meeting _______________________________________5Julius F. Remenar, Alkermes, Waltham, MA, to speak on “Getting the most fromsalts and Co-crystals: formulating to maximize oral absorption”

Robert Langer to Receive Major Awards ____________________6

Announcements ______________________________________6,7Call for Nominations for the 2013 Theodore William Richards Award for Excel-lence in Teaching Secondary School Chemistry,Applications wanted for the Norris-Richards Undergraduate Summer ResearchScholarships.

Summer Scholar Report _________________________________8Determination of the Reactivity of the Vibrational Ground State of Methane onNi(111), Patrick Kelleher, Cameron Hill, Yongli Huang, Nan Chen, Deno delSesto, Arthur Utz

January Meeting Report ________________________________10By Michael P. Filosa with photos by Morton Z. Hoffman

Central Mass Section Meeting___________________________13

NESACS 2013 Candidates ______________________________13

Cover: A photo from the January Meeting held at the Heibert Lounge at BostonUniversity School of Medicine. (L-R) Liming Shao, 2013 NESACS Chair, RuthTanner, 2012 NESACS Chair, Dr. Allen C. Steere, Harvard Medical School, andCatherine E. Costello, 2013 NESACS Chair-Elect. Photo by Morton Z. Hoffman

Editorial Deadlines: May 2013 Issue: March 15, 2013Summer 2013 Issue: June 15, 2013

All Chairs of standingCommittees, the editor of THE NUCLEUS, and the Trustees of SectionFunds are members of theBoard of Directors. AnyCoun cilor of the American Chemical Soci-ety residing within the section area is an exofficio member of the Board of Directors.

4 The Nucleus March 2013

nity. I was assigned to the global scien-tific community group and we tried tobreak down the global network into itsrespective institutions such as thefunding agencies, special interestgroups, universities, government,among many others. We began to seethat many of these stakeholders in theglobal network that benefit from inter-national researchers and collaboratorsare poorly coordinated with oneanother. One of the major suggestionswas that the ACS could reach out tothese groups and act as the “glue” withwhich to build a database of informa-tion to share between the stakeholders.We believe that increasing the net-working ability between communitiesshould also help get more opportuni-ties for international students, whetherit is in the form of discussion groups ata university or getting more out of theembassies.

There were many layers to the dis-cussions that went on during the day.The most interesting part of the discus-sions for me was hearing the stories

from the international students. Sometold sad stories of not being able to gethome for a death in the family becauseof visa difficulties, or some clearlywere set behind in their careersbecause of the lack of opportunities intheir home country. It certainly mademe feel lucky to be born in a countrywith such a wealth of opportunity and,furthermore, that there are organiza-tions in this country like the ACS thatare trying to make a difference foreveryone. At the end of the day, all ofthe groups were called together tosummarize their suggestions.

A recurring theme from all of thegroups was the aim to increase the net-working and sharing of informationthrough social media. One area wherethis could be useful would be a blogcontaining societal logistics for acity/state/university (e.g. licensing,banks, shopping etc.). Another usefulidea was to utilize a network of expa-triates from each region to help mentorincoming students and prepare thembetter for the culture here. It was clearthat an increasing amount of attentionshould be given at universities to holdpartnering/mentoring events betweeninternational and domestic students tomake them feel more welcome in thiscountry. An exhaustive report of whatwas discussed is not possible here, butwill be forthcoming from the ACS.

Everyone at the summit realizedthat the common obstacles that divideus, such as fundamental language/cul-tural barriers and visa problems, wouldnot be changed overnight. Nonetheless,

Corporate Patrons $2000 - or moreAstraZeneca PharmaceuticalsEisai PharmaceuticalsEMD SeronoGenzyme Corp.Johnson MattheyMerck & Co.NovartisPfizer Inc.Schering Corp.Strem Chemicals, Inc.Vertex Pharmaceuticals$1000-$1999Boehringer IngelheimGlaxoSmithKlineIrix PharmaceuticalsLyophilization Services of NESundia MeditechYes Bank$300-$999Cambridge Major LabsGirindusMerrimack ConsultantsOrganixPCI SynthesisSigma AldrichWaters Corp.Wilmington PharmaTech

Student Summitcontinued from page 2

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Justin Foy at his research poster, “The Synthesisof Three-Fold Symmetric 1,3,5-tris-Phenylben-zene Cyclopentadienyl Ligands”

The Nucleus March 2013 5

BiographyJules Remenar is a Research Fellow atAlkermes in Watham, MA where hiswork is focused on understanding thephysical behavior of drug molecules asthey interact with formulation compo-nents during manufacture, on storage,and after dosing.

Dr. Remenar received a Bachelorsdegree in chemistry from MichiganState University in 1991 and a Ph.D. inphysical-organic chemistry from Cor-nell University in 1996. He completedstudies in polymers and materials sci-ence as a postdoctoral fellow workingjointly between the IBM AlmadenResearch Center and Stanford.

He began his pharmaceuticalcareer at Merck in Rahway, NJ in1997, moved to Transform Pharmaceu-ticals in 2002, and moved to Alkermesin 2008. At Merck, he was responsiblefor building a new pharmaceuticalchemistry group to support basicresearch activities in Rahway, NJ. AtTransform Pharmaceuticals/J&J he

AbstractGetting the most from salts andCocrystals: formulating tomaximize oral absorptionThe delivery, absorption and stabilityof pharmaceuticals is heavily depend-ent on their formulation. A rationalapproach to formulation requires anunderstanding of the physical andchemical properties of the drug itself,the proper selection of additional com-ponents, and the choice of preparativemethods. Salt formation has been usedwith success, often on a trial-and-errorbasis.

A promising but so far little under-stood solution for delivery of poorlysoluble or long-acting drugs involvesthe use of co-crystallization. This lec-ture will present new insights gainedfrom investigation of the chemical,physical and spectroscopic characteris-

tics of candidate formulations, with thegoal that the well-controlled formationof salts or co-crystallization may beexploited effectively in the design ofnew drugs

The delivery, absorption and sta-bility of pharmaceuticals are heavilydependent on their physicochemicalproperties and on formulation. Arational approach to formulationbegins with a detailed understanding ofthe properties of the drug itself.

Constructing the relationshipbetween salts, cocrystals, or amorphousphases and the crystalline “free form”of the molecule is essential for over-coming solubility or dissolution ratelimited absorption. Here, the goal is tochoose forms and formulations that cre-ate and maintain supersaturated solu-tions of the drug. Crystalline salts havebeen used with success when the drugmolecule can be easily ionized at phys-iological pH. However, the number of

Monthly MeetingThe 931st Meeting of the Northeastern Section of the AmericanChemical SocietyThursday, March 14, 2013MIT Faculty Club, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142

4:30 pm Board Meeting

5:30 pm Social Hour

6:30 pm Dinner

7:30 pm Welcome Dr. Liming Shao, Chair, NESACSSpeaker Dr. Julius F. Remenar, Research Fellow, Alkermes, Waltham, MA. Title: Getting the most from salts and Co-crystals: formulating tomaximize oral absorption

Dinner Reservations should be made no later than 12:00 noon, Thursday,March 7th. Reservations are to be made using PayPal services: http://acssym-posium.com/paypal.html . Select pay with credit or debit card option and followthe additional instructions on the page. Members, $30; Non-members, $35;Retirees, $20; Students, $10, Unemployed $10. Reservations for new membersonly. For additional information contact the secretary, Anna Singer, between 9am and 6 pm at (phone/fax 781-272-1966) or secretary@nesacs.org. Reserva-tions not canceled at least 24 hours in advance must be paid.THE PUBLIC IS INVITED

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6 The Nucleus March 2013

RobertLanger toReceiveMajorAwardsFrom the MIT News Office: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013 Wolf PrizeDavid H. Koch Institute ProfessorRobert Langer of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology is among eightrecipients worldwide of the 2013 WolfPrize, the Israel-based Wolf Founda-tion announced.

The prestigious internationalprizes are awarded annually in five cat-egories, each worth $100,000. Morethan 30 Wolf Prize recipients havegone on to win the Nobel Prize.

Israeli President Shimon Pereswill present the prizes in May at a spe-cial session hosted by the Knesset, theIsraeli parliament.National Medal of Technology andInnovationRobert Langer is among 23 eminentresearchers nationwide who have beenawarded the nation’s highest honors,the National Medal for Science and theNational Medal of Technology andInnovation for scientists, engineers andinventors, the White House announced.

Langer, the David H. Koch Insti-tute Professor — who won a NationalMedal of Science in 2006 — willreceive the National Medal of Technol-ogy and Innovation from PresidentObama at a ceremony to be held laterthis year.For more detailed reporting see: http://www.boston.com/yourcampus/news/mit/2013/01/mit_professor_to_be_hon-ored_by_president_obama.html u

The Richards Award is the most presti-gious award for high school chemistryteaching the Northeastern Section ofthe American Chemical Society offersin recognition of outstanding, innova-tive, and inspired teaching at the sec-ondary level. It is intended to honor ateacher in the Northeastern Sectionwho, through innovation and dedica-tion, has inspired potential chemists,has communicated chemistry to non-chemists, or has influenced otherteachers of chemistry.

The criteria for excellence corre-spond broadly to the effectiveness withwhich the teacher conveys chemistry,the innovative techniques used to helpstudents comprehend chemical con-cepts, his/her interaction with students,both academic and extra-curricular,

and the influence a teacher has had onother teachers for promoting newapproaches to teaching and learning.

The selected teacher will be offi-cially honored and will receive both a$1,500 prize and a Certificate ofRecognition at the NESACS EducationNight ceremony in May, 2013.

A complete description of theaward, the nomination criteria, andnomination forms can be obtainedfrom the NESACS website at:<http://www.nesacs.org/awards_richards.html> Nominations are due no laterthan April 15, 2013 to the RichardsAward Committee, attn: Steve Lantos,steve_lantos@brookline.k12.ma.us (orvia US Mail to: Steve Lantos, ScienceDepartment, Brookline High School,115 Greenough St, Brookline MA02445) u

What exactly goes on at NESACS’monthly Board meetings?

www.nesacs.org/reports

Call forNominationsThe 2013 Theodore WilliamRichards Award for Excellencein Teaching Secondary SchoolChemistry

Q. Exactly, how many awards andscholarships does NESACS sponsor?

A) One b) Two c) Many

www.nesacs.org/awards

The Nucleus March 2013 7

AnnouncementThe Norris-RichardsUndergraduate SummerResearch ScholarshipsThe Northeastern Section of the Amer-ican Chemical Society established theJames Flack Norris and TheodoreWilliam Richards Undergraduate Sum-mer Scholarships to honor the memo-ries of Professors Norris and Richardsby promoting research interactionsbetween undergraduate students andfaculty.

Research awards of $3500 will begiven for the Summer of 2013. Thestudent stipend is $3000 for a mini-mum commitment of ten weeks of full-time research work. The remaining$500 of the award can be spent on sup-plies, travel, and other items relevantto the student project.

Institutions whose student/facultyteam receives a Norris/RichardsUndergraduate Summer ResearchScholarship are expected to contributetoward the support of the faculty mem-bers and to waive any student fees forsummer research. Academic credit

may be granted to the students at thediscretion of the institutions.

Award winners are required tosubmit a report (~5-7 double-spacedpages including figures, tables, andbibliography) of their summer projectsto the NESACS Education Committeeby October 25, 2013 for publication inThe Nucleus. They are also required toparticipate in the Northeast StudentChemistry Research Conference(NSCRC) in April 2014.

Applications will be acceptedfrom student/faculty teams at collegesand universities within the Northeast-ern Section. The undergraduate studentmust be a chemistry, biochemistry,chemical engineering, or molecularbiology major in good standing, andhave completed at least two full yearsof college-level chemistry by Summer,2013.Criteria for Selection:• scientific merit - important factors

include the originality of the project,the depth of the investigation, the sig-nificance of the scientific questionsyou pose, and the methods you pro-pose to use.

• feasibility - evidence must be pro-vided to demonstrate that the projectcan be completed by you in the timeavailable and with the facilities atyour disposal.

• preparation - your academic record,your ability to handle the project, andthe background study you have madeon your research problem will betaken into consideration.

• commitment - the depth of yourcommitment, and that of your depart-ment, faculty, and institution to inde-pendent research as a vitalcomponent of science education willbe assessed.

Completed applications are to be sub-mitted no later than March 29, 2013,to the Chair of the Selection Commit-tee: Professor Edwin JahngenDepartment of Chemistry, Olney 520University of Massachusetts Lowell1 University AvenueLowell, MA 01854Notification:Applicants will be notified of theresults by email on April 21, 2013,with written confirmation to follow. u

was responsible for improving the oralbioavailability of poorly soluble drugmolecules and avoiding/overcomingphysical and chemical stability prob-lems in drug products. Through thiswork, he became interested in pharma-ceutical co-crystals and in understand-ing where they fit into the spectrum ofdevelopment options. At Alkermes, hehas turned his attention to long-acting,injectable antipsychotics, throughdesign of slowly dissolving crystallineprodrugs and through the understand-ing of phase behavior within polymericmicrospheres. u

Remenar Biography continued from page 5

8 The Nucleus March 2013

Introduction:A great deal of the field of chemistry revolves around thebreaking and formation of bonds. The gas-surface dynamicsof heterogeneous catalysis are of particular interest due totheir pervasiveness in technology and chemical industry.Catalysts contribute towards roughly one third of the mate-rial GDP of the US economy1 and also enable the Earth tosustain an additional 3.2 billion people via the ammonia fer-tilizer producing Haber-Bosch process.2 Understandingexactly how the bonds of a gas molecule break in the pres-ence of a metal catalyst would allow us to better predict andcontrol these reactions in order to develop more efficientprocesses.

Our work focused on the reaction dynamics of methaneon a Ni(111) surface. Methane is the main reagent in thesteam reformation process, which is the source of 95% ofhydrogen gas produced in the United States.3 Methane isalso of great interest from a theoretical standpoint. Its fourdifferent vibrational modes can be accessed with sufficientlylong excited state lifetimes using infrared radiation, makingit ideal for studying the effects of vibrational mode excita-tion on reactivity. Because methane is the simplest alkane, itis also the most basic gas in which C-H bond activation canbe studied. Diatomic gases have only one fundamentalvibrational mode and have been well studied. The vibra-tional modes of more complex polyatomic molecules areoften indiscernible from one another and the mathematicaltools needed to study them have not yet been developed. Background:Statistical models have often been used to describe the scal-ing of reactivity with total energy. Recent work by the Utzgroup at Tufts University and others have pointed towardsthe existence of mode selective chemistry in which the reac-tivity does not solely depend on how much energy is putinto a system but also how this energy is distributed.4

A prerequisite condition for mode selective chemistryoccurring is that energy redistribution within individualmolecules is sufficiently slower than the reaction time. Mol-ecules that are selectively excited must remain excited longenough to react in order to influence reactivity. This condi-tion being met makes mode selective chemistry possible, butdoes not ensure that it will occur. “Late” barrier reactionswith geometrically “tight” transition states provide the bestopportunity for vibrational energy to activate the reagent. A“late” transition state more closely resembles the productsand requires a great deal of distortion of the reagent’s equi-librium geometry. A geometrically “tight” transition statemeans the activation energy for the reaction increasessharply if the reaction complex varies from the ideal geome-try. Vibrational modes that distort the molecule to resemble

the transition state will activate the reaction more so thanother modes, producing mode selective behavior.

Figure 1 shows two-dimensional Polanyi diagrams for theadsorption of methane on a surface. The contour lines showequal potential energy, and the saddle point is the energy ofthe transition state. The distance between carbon and hydro-gen is denoted r and Z is the distance between hydrogen andthe surface. Plot A represents the case where the reactionbarrier, or saddle point, occurs in the translational coordi-nate (change in Z) before the C-H bond stretches. This is an“early” barrier and translational energy would be expectedto be the most effective at promoting reaction. Plot B repre-sents the case where the reaction barrier occurs in the vibra-

Figure 1. Two-dimensional Polanyi diagrams for methaneadsorption.

Figure 2. Sticking curves for ground state and activatedCH4 dissociation on Ni(111).6

Summer Scholar ReportDetermination of the Reactivity of the Vibrational Ground State of Methane on Ni(111)Patrick Kelleher*, Cameron Hill*, Yongli Huang**, Nan Chen**, Dr. Deno Del Sesto*, Dr. Arthur Utz***Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, Easton, MA, **Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA

tional coordinate (change in r) where the C-H bond length isstretched. This is a “late” barrier and in this case vibrationalenergy would be expected to be the most effective at pro-moting reaction.

The Utz group4 and Beck group5 have performed anumber of previous experiments to measure the reactionprobability of methane on several surfaces. Differing reac-tivity for methane with the same total energy but differentenergetic configurations has been shown, identifying thevibrational modes that best promote transition state accessfor methane dissociation. Figure 2 shows state-resolved reaction probabilities formethane dissociation on a Ni(111) surface at a surface tem-perature of 475 K. The filled in symbols denote reactionprobabilities (black circles), (red squares), and (blue dia-monds). Elevated nozzle temperatures are required to reachEtrans above 75 kJ/mol. Higher nozzle temperatures excitevibrational states in the molecules, which results inenhanced reactivity. This explains the deviation between themeasured S0

Laser Off (open symbols) and the solid curveapproximating S0

--=0. The thermal excitation of vibrationalstates at higher Etrans makes it difficult to interpret how eachstate contributes to the sticking probability. The differencein energy between the v=0 curve and an excited vibrationalstate curve at a specific sticking probability is used to deter-mine the vibrational efficacy. Determining an exact valuefor S0

ν=0 rather than using a curve to approximate it wouldenable us to more accurately calculate the sticking probabil-ity contribution for each vibrational state using Equation 1.

The goal of our research this summer was to experimentallydetermine a value for S0

ν=0. Sticking curves needed to beprepared for gas mixes with the same kinetic energy but dif-ferent fractions of thermally excited molecules. This can beachieved by mixing methane with lighter or heavier gas tovary the energy of a molecular beam at a given temperature.The relationship between nozzle temperature and the frac-tion of excited molecules (fexc) follows a Boltzmann distri-bution. A second plot of sticking probability as a function offexc can then be made by taking vertical slices of the firstplot. Each slice will have a specific kinetic energy and cor-respond to its own curve on the second plot. S0

ν=0 is thesticking probability of a beam in which all molecules are inthe ground state. By extrapolating to the y-axis (fexc=0) inthe second plot, we can infer the ground state sticking prob-ability at different kinetic energies. A final plot of the stick-ing probability as a function of kinetic energy at fexc=0 willgive us reliable values for S0

ν=0.

Experimental Procedure:The Ni(111) crystal was cleaned each day by flashing above1000K to bring impurities to the surface, followed by 5 min-utes of argon ion sputtering to remove impurities, and finallyannealing for 15 minutes at 1075K to recover a (111) orderedsurface. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to confirm thesurface was clean. Once cleanliness was verified, the Ni(111)was dosed with a molecular beam. The schematic of themolecular beam apparatus is shown in Figure3. The IR laseris used in mode-selective experiments to excite vibrationalmodes of methane. Our experiment deals only with mole-cules in the ground state, so the laser was not used. The mainchamber has a base pressure of approximately 8x10-11 torrand a pressure with the beam on of approximately 1.7x10-7

torr.7 After each dose concluded all remaining gas waspumped from the chamber and the QMS was warmed up foranalysis. The Ni(111) surface was exposed to a molecularoxygen beam created by the nozzle. Oxygen dissociates onthe surface, reacting with adsorbed carbon to form COwhich then desorbs. By monitoring the m/z=28 signal, theamount of carbon on the surface can be determined. Thetotal amount of carbon in each dose is dependent on thedose time, flux, and composition of the gas mix used.

Results and Discussion:Several data points were gathered for a nozzle temperatureof 900K. A curve to model the data was created using IGORPro 5.03 software. The data follows a trend that wasexpected based on past studies. Sticking probability dataneeds to be gathered at several different nozzle temperatures(fexc) before further analysis can be carried out as discussedearlier.

The Nucleus March 2013 9

Summer Scholarcontinued from page 8

Figure 3. Molecular beam apparatus diagram.

continued on page 12

Figure 4. Sticking probabilities for TN=900K.

10 The Nucleus March 2013

JanuaryMeeting A Report by Michael Filosa, Photos by Morton Z. Hoffman

If the January Meeting is a fore-shadowing, we can expect a very inter-esting year of NESACS monthlymeetings. Cathy Costello, theNESACS Chair-Elect for 2013 is theprogram chair for 2013. For the firstseminar of the year, she asked herlong-time professional colleague, Dr.Allen C. Steere of Harvard MedicalSchool to speak at our first monthlymeeting of the year about “The Eluci-dation of Lyme Disease.” The meetingwas hosted in the 14th floor HiebertLounge at the Boston UniversitySchool of Medicine of which Dr.Costello is a member of the faculty.

As Nucleus editor, I am involvedin the publicizing of meetings and needinformation from the program chair forpublication in the Nucleus. As I waswaiting for biographical information, Idecided to Google Dr. Steere and soonfound that although his work is verywell accepted by the scientific andmedical establishment, there is a“Lyme disease counter culture” that ishighly critical of the accepted treatmentprotocols for Lyme disease and ques-tion the fundamental science and thehistory of the origins of Lyme disease.

There are a large number ofpatients who believe they suffer from“Chronic Lyme Disease” and that theyneed to have continuous treatment ofantibiotics to prevent the recurrence ofsymptoms. They claim the bacterium

can adopt a slow-growing form whichhides undetected in the body and burstsforward in a relapse of symptoms(which can be extremely debilitatingand life-threatening) once antibiotictreatment is stopped.

There are a number of physiciansand politicians who support thesepatients and there have been lawspassed in a number of states as a con-sequence of their advocacy to allowthese treatments, which in general, arenot supported by the scientific medicalestablishment or the insurance compa-nies that have to pay for these treat-ments.

The scientific consensus is that arelatively long, single or double treat-ment of antibiotics kills the bacteriaand stops the infection. The long-termeffects suffered by some patients are aresult of an auto-immune response toprotein debris from the first infectionor from a reinfection by another tickbite. Other explanations for the long-term symptoms exhibited by somepatients are chronic fatigue syndrome,fibromyalgia, or psychiatric illnesseswhich are not a consequence of ongo-ing, resistant spirochete infection.

In addition to a history of the elu-cidation of Lyme disease, the recentlydemonstrated inflammatory propertiesof the protein debris from the infectingbacteria was a significant focus of Dr.Steere’s talk to about 50 NESACSmembers at our January Meeting.1

After reading a New York Timesarticle from 2001 entitled “Stalking Dr.Steere over Lyme Disease,”2 I wasconcerned that this meeting might bedisrupted by the groups critical of Dr.Steere’s science. This elicited a sub-stantial discussion before the meetingto make the section leadership awareof the potential for disruption.

I also, because of constraintsposed by the publication deadline ofthe Nucleus, decided unilaterally toleave out the notice that “The Public isInvited” which has accompanied everymeeting announcement published inthe Nucleus for as long as I canremember.

The “Public is Invited” notifica-tion in our meeting notices became asubject of discussion at our board

meeting prior to the evening event. TheNESACS Board voted that the “Publicis Invited” to all of our monthly meet-ings and struggled to understand whatthe concern was for the upcoming talkby Dr. Steere. It was commented thatscience is often controversial.

In the week or so before the meet-ing, announcements of Dr. Steere’supcoming talk were noticed by local(New Hampshire) Lyme diseaseactivists and our secretary was emailedconcerning the “controversial” natureof his talk and presented referencescounter to Dr. Steere’s work.3,4

After dinner, Dr. Steere was intro-duced by Dr. Costello and began histalk. It was a fascinating history aboutLyme disease and its elucidation. Heshowed an idyllic river scene fromLyme, Connecticut and compared it tothe Charles River in Dover, Sherbornand Medfield. He showed a fascinatingmap from the early days in whichLyme disease was discovered and itsprimary incidence in the Northeast andMidwest. The markers showing theoccurrences were relatively scatteredwith the majority being in the North-east. Near the end of the talk, heshowed a truly frightening map5 pro-duced by the Center of Disease Control(CDC) which showed Lyme diseasehad spread exponentially since the late1970’s and now blanketed most of theNortheast and upper Midwest and hepredicted that the map would be filledin before too long along the GreatLakes including Illinois, Indiana andOhio.

The cause of this spread wasattributed to two factors. Deer were

Boston Skyline as seen from the Hiebert Loungeof the Boston University School of Medicine

Dr. Catherine E. Costello introducing Dr. AllenC. Steere prior to his evening lecture on the“Elucidation of Lyme Disease.”

continued on page 11

hunted to near extinction in the conti-nental US as we entered the 20th cen-tury. As deer populations have thrived,Lyme disease has returned with avengeance. In addition, a virulent formof the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteriumis present in the Northeast which isparticularly prone to induce the severeside-effects of the infection.6

The ancient nature of the diseasewas highlighted by a picture of the “ice-man,” Ötzi, the 5300 year-old mummyfound frozen in a melting glacier in theTyrolean Alps in 1991.7.8 Ötzi wasfound through DNA analysis to havesuffered from Borrelia infection.

As an example of a consequenceof this inexorable spread, Medfield(the author’s home town) created a“Lyme Disease Advisory Committee”a few years ago and started a programat the end of 2011 to cull the deer pop-ulation by bow hunting from its cur-rent 25 per square mile down to a safer7-8 per square mile9.

The highlight of Dr. Steere’s talkwas a slide summarizing his collabora-tion with Dr. Costello which identified,using tandem mass spectrometry, pep-tide factors from patients’ synovia pro-duced by the infection. These factorswere then synthesized and triggered aninflammatory reaction when reactedwith the matching patient’s peripheralblood mononuclear cells. Even in apre-inflammatory state in infectedpatients these factors were shown tohave an enhanced inflammatory effectwhen compared to control cells fromuninfected subjects.1

After Dr. Steere’s initial descrip-tion of the identification of anunknown tick-borne disease in Lymehe then talked about the difficulty ofidentifying the pathogen. It took anumber of years before reknownedresearcher Willy Burgdorfer was ableto successfully dissect Ixodes ticks andshow convincing microscopic evidenceof the Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetein the gut of the ticks. A scanning elec-tron microscopic image of the spiro-chete obtained from one suchdissection was another of the key sci-

entific advances presented by Dr.Steere.

While Dr. Steere was praising theskill and experience of Dr. Burgdorferin identifying the Lyme diseasepathogen through his unparalleled skilland experience, a spectator in the backsuddenly interjected (paraphrasing),“But you don’t tell the whole story ofhow Burgdorfer in 1952 and 1956 didexperiments to introduce Borrelia intoticks.” He was asked to identify him-self. He gave his name, and said hewas a filmmaker exposing the truthabout Lyme disease.

As he was escorted out, he shoutedout a brief verbal attack against Dr.Steere and the effect of Lyme disease

on his family. The rest of the talk proceeded

peacefully. Fortunately, unlike some ofDr. Steere’s presentations to Congress,our meeting was not packed with theopposition desiring to shout him downand contest his science. However,those in attendance did get a flavor ofwhat Dr. Steere has faced the last 20years for sincerely presenting his bestscience as he understands it.

It takes a pretty extreme and cyni-cal view of science and government tobelieve that the tick-borne infections inLyme, Connecticut are a product ofbiowarfare research gone wrong10 orthat the bulk of scientific presentationsby the “establishment” are a vast con-spiracy to cover up the “truth” aboutLyme disease.

Regardless of the exact “truth”about Lyme infections, tick-borneinfections by Borrelia burgdorferispirochetes are a huge public healthmenace and tick-borne infections mustbe dealt with aggressively througheducation and reduction of tick popula-tions by a variety of means.

Many thanks to Dr. Steere andCathy Costello for this stimulating and

January MeetingContinued from page 10

The Nucleus March 2013 11

continued on page 12

Allen Steere (Harvard Medical School) present-ing his talk, "The Elucidation of Lyme Disease."

12 The Nucleus March 2013

Future Work:Due to time constraints and setbackswith the molecular beam apparatusduring the summer we were only ableto construct a curve for one tempera-ture. Future work needs to be done togather data for a range of other nozzletemperatures. Once sufficient data iscollected it can be analyzed as dis-cussed earlier and a curve for S0

ν=0 as afunction of kinetic energy constructed. Acknowledgments: I would like to thank the Norris/Richards Undergraduate SummerResearch Scholarship, my advisor, Dr.Deno Del Sesto (Stonehill College),our collaborator Dr. Arthur Utz, Stone-hill SURE Scholar Cameron Hill, andthe Utz Research Group at Tufts Uni-versity including: Eric Dombrowski,Eric Peterson, Nan Chen, and YongliHuang.References:1 M. E. Davis, D. Tilley, National Sci-

ence Foundation, Washington, DC(2003).

2 V. Smil, Enriching the Earth: FritzHaber, Carl Bosch, and the Transfor-mation of World Food Production, MITPress, Cambridge, MA (2001).

3 “Natural Gas Reforming.” FCT Hydro-gen Production:. USDOE, n.d. Web. 13July 2012. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/natural_gas.html>.

4 Utz A.l. Mode selective chemistry atsurfaces. Curr. Opin. Solid State Meter.Sci. (2009), doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2009.01.004

5 R. Bisson, M. Sacchi, T.T. Dang, B.Yorder, P. Maroni, R.D. Beck, State-resolved reactivity of CH4 (2ν3) onPt(111) and Ni(111): effects of barrierheight and transition state location, J.Phys. Chem. A 111 (2007) 12679-12683

6 L.B.F. Juurlink et al., State-resolvedprobes of methane dissociation dynam-ics, Prog. Surf. Sci (2009), doi:10.1016/j.progsurf.2009.01.001

7 McCabe, P. R., L. B. F. Juurlink, and A.L. Utz. “A Molecular Beam Apparatusfor Eigenstate-resolved Studies of Gas-surface Reactivity.” Review of Scien-tific Instruments 71.1 (2000): 42. u

Summer Scholarcontinued from page 9

we were still hopeful that progresstowards our common goal could bemade through practical suggestions,such as networking between the ACSand these stakeholders as well as mak-ing changes at the local level. All ofthese activities could sow the seeds forchange in the right direction. I didleave the summit optimistic aboutsome of these suggestions that we hadmade and also because of how ourgroup came together. Even without theACS-planned events during the trip,most of our group of international anddomestic students would spend timewith each other every night, going outto dinner and planning our own events.The last night was the best as we allwent out to a couple of different nightclubs in Raleigh. It might be the firstand last time I will ever see more thanten dancing chemists in my life! We allmade some great friends through thisexperience and knew that putting ourbest foot forward to discuss a complexproblem was better than being apa-thetic toward the issue and the peoplearound us.

We are especially grateful to theACS and those most involved with usat the summit: Steve Meyers, VarshaRamini, H. N. Cheng and Jodi Wese-mann. u

Student Summitcontinued from page 4

Xin Su making his oral presentation, “WhenAromaticity Met Resonance-Assisted HydrogenBonding (RAHB): Unusual para-SubstituentEffects on the Intramolecular H-Bond in Hydra-zone-Based switches”

i Gareis, E. Journal of Internationaland Intercultural Communication2012, 5, 309–312.

fascinating topic and to Boston Uni-versity School of Medicine for hostingthe first monthly meeting of 2013.References1 Drouin, Elise E.; Seward, Robert J.; Strle,

Klemen; McHugh, Gail; Katchar,Kianoosh; Londono, Diana; Yao, Chunxi-ang; Costello, Catherine E.; Steere, AllenC. , Arthritis & Rheumatism (2013),65(1), 186-196.

2 David Grann, New York Times, June 17,2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/17/magazine/17LYMEDISEASE.html?pagewanted=all

3 Carl Tuttle, The Lancet Infectious Dis-eases (2012) 12(5), 362. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2812%2970054-3/fulltext

4 Raphael B. Stricker, Lorraine Johnson,Future Microbiol. (2012), 7(11) 1243-1246.

5 A 2006 version of the CDC map can beseen at Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacte-riology,Ahttp://textbookofbacteriology.net/Lyme_2.html

6 Borrelia burgdorferi RST1 (OspC typeA) genotype is associated with greaterinflammation and more severe Lyme dis-ease, Strle, Klemen; Jones, Kathryn L.;Drouin, Elise E.; Li, Xin; Steere, Allen C.American Journal of Pathology (2011),178(6), 2726-2739.

7 Stephen S. Hall, National Geographic,February 2013. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/11/iceman-autopsy/hall-text

8 Ewen Callaway, nature.com, February28, 2012. http://www.nature.com/news/

January MeetingContinued from page 11

poorly soluble, difficult to ionize phar-maceutical candidates has increaseddramatically in recent decades, leadingto an explosion of research on cocrys-tals and stable amorphous materials.

This lecture will present newinsights gained from investigating theinteractions between drug moleculesand formulation components duringdissolution and will emphasize theimportance of correlating changes insolubility with the physical form of thedrug. u

Remenar AbstractContinued from page 5

continued on page 13

The Nucleus March 2013 13

Meeting Notice American Chemical SocietyCentral Massachusetts Section MeetingTuesday, March 5, 2013Fitchburg State UniversityRoom 314, Hammond Bldg Tower, 160 Pearl St, Fitchburg, MA6:00 pm Arrival, Refreshments7:00 pm Lecture

J. Gregory Reid, Ph.D., Mastering the 5000-L Rotavap and OtherChallenges to Making Drugs on Industrial Scale

Directionshttp://www.fitchburgstate.edu/about-us/directions/. Parking: North Street Lots 1and 2 - #5 & 6 on Campus Map. (http://www.fitchburgstate.edu/uploads/files/Directions/ParkingLotMap.pdf).Hammond Building is the adjacent brick and glass building with the glasstower in the center. Room 314 is on 3rd floor. Please RSVP Host/Contact: Dr.Mel Govindan – mgovindan@fitchburgstate.edu; Cell: 978-660-8831.

BiographyJ. Gregory Reid decided he wanted toinvent beautiful processes to makedrugs while he was studying chemistryat the University of Michigan. Afterearning a PhD with Ed Vedejs at theUniversity of Wisconsin and doingpostdoctoral research with E. J. Coreyat Harvard, he accepted a position as aScientist in Chemical Process R&D atUpjohn. Since then his career hasincluded 13 years at Big Pharma doingprocess R&D, 2 years starting andmanaging a successful custom synthe-sis company, 8 years at different Con-tract Research Organizations (CRO) inthe US, 2 years at a CRO in India, and2 years as a visiting professor at UnionCollege in Schenectady. He is cur-rently a chemistry consultant workingout of his home in Groton, MA. u

AbstractAfter spending years figuring outprocesses to make grams of complexmolecules in a lab, I began to wonderhow they are made on very large scalein industry. This continued as I startedwork as a process chemist at a majordrug company. One of the challenges -understanding and controlling reac-tions - was still very important, but alot of additional challenges wereadded. Process safety, purifications,raw material constraints (due to bothcost and safety), productivity, reactorlimitations, reuse/recycle of wastestreams, etc. became important consid-erations. Many of these challenges willbe highlighted with entertaining real-life examples of process R&D, includ-ing a comparison with how this workis done in India. Students are particu-larly encouraged to attend. u

NESACSCandidatesfor 2013Chair-Elect

Katherine LeeJames Phillips

Councilor /Alternate Councilor Michael SingerLee JohnsonMary ShultzBob LichterSophia SuKen MattesMary MahaneyRaj RajurAndrew ScholteMarietta SchwartzHeidi TengSonja Strah-PleynetWilton Virgo

TrusteeChuck KolbDorothy Phillips

Director-at-LargeGary WeismanJohn NeumeyerDavid HarrisMukund Chorghade

Nominating CommitteeSophia SuHeidi TengMarietta SchwartzRaj Rajur

Esselen Award CommitteeJeffrey Steinfeld Eric Jacobsen Vinod Patel Karl Hansen

Richards Award CommitteeJerry JasinskiHoward MayneMorton HoffmanJames Morken

Petition Candidates: “Any group com-prising 2 per cent or more of the North-eastern Section (136 members) maynominate candidates…” See NESACSwebsite for details. u

iceman-s-dna-reveals-health-risks-and-relations-1.10130

9 James O’Brien, Boston.com, October 11,2011. http://www.boston.com/news/local/

articles/2011/10/16/deer_hunt_in_med-field_takes_aim_at_lyme_disease/

10 Michael Braverman, Germs Gone Wild:The Horrific Secrets of Plum Islandhttp://www.trutv.com/conspiracy/govern-ment-lies/plum-island/lyme-disease.htmlu

January MeetingContinued from page 12

14 The Nucleus March 2013

B U S I N E S S D I R E C T O R Y

SERVICESSERVICESSERVICES

The Nucleus March 2013 15

CAREER SERVICESSERVICES

B U S I N E S S D I R E C T O R Y

SERVICES

Index of AdvertisersAsisChem, Inc. ....................14Boston College ....................15ChemDev Solutions ..............7Eastern Scientific Co.............6Front Run OrganX, Inc........14Huffman Laboratories, Inc. .14Mass-Vac, Inc. .......................2Micron Inc. ..........................14New Era Enterprises, Inc.....14NuMega Resonance Labs....14Organix, Inc.........................14PCI Synthesis ......................13PolyOrg, Inc. .......................15Rilas Technologies, Inc. ......15Robertson Microlit Labs. ....14Vaccubrand, Inc. ....................4Waters Corporation .............15

Check the NESACS home pagefor late Calendar additions:http://www.NESACS.orgNote also the Chemistry Department webpages for travel directions and updates.These include:http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/chemistry/semina

rs.htmlhttp://www.bu.edu/chemistry/seminars/http://www.brandeis.edu/departments/chemistry/

events/index.htmlhttp://www.chem.harvard.edu/courses/seminars.

phphttp://chemcalendar.mit.edu/index.phphttp://chem.tufts.edu/seminars.htmlhttp://engineering.tufts.edu/chbe/newsEvents/se

minarSeries/index.asphttp://www.chem.umb.eduhttp://www.umassd.edu/cas/chemistry/http://www.uml.edu/Sciences/chemistry/Seminar

s-and-Colloquia.aspxhttp://www.unh.edu/chemistry/events

Mar 04Prof. Yi Lu (Illinois State Univ.)“Rational Design of Metalloproteins asBiocatalysts for Sustainable Energy:ExploringRoles of Non-covalent Interactions in Conferringand fine-tuning Enzymatic Activities”Brandeis, Gerstenzang 1214:00 p.m.Prof. Todd Lowary (Univ. of Alberta)“Amphiphilic Mycobacterial Glycans: Synthesis,BiosynthesisandLipid- -bindingProperties”Northeastern Univ. 129 Hurtig Hall12:00 noonProf. David Speigel (Yale University) Harvard, Pfizer Lecture Hall, TBA, 4:15pm

Mar 05Zachary Kean (Duke University)UNH, Room N104 (formerly L103)11:10 amProf. Todd Lowary (Univ. of Alberta)“Furanoside biosynthesis in mycobacteria andcampylobacters”Tufts, Pearson Chemistry Building, Room P-1064:30 pm

Mar 06Prof. Clay Bennett (Tufts)U. Mass. Dartmouth, SENG, Room 1154:00 PM

Mar 11Prof. Jack Taunton (U. C. San Francisco) Harvard, Pfizer Lecture Hall, 4:15pm Prof. David Jenkins (University of Tenn.) Brandeis, Gerstenzang 121 4:00 p.mProf. Erin E. Carlson (Indiana Univ.) “Chemical Probes to Explore and InhibitBacterial Growth and Pathogenesis”MIT, 56-114 4:00 pm

Mar 12Prof. David Anderson (University of Wyoming)“Cold Chemistry in Parahydrogen QuantumSolids: What Arrhenius Didn’t Tell You”MIT, 6-1204:30 pmProf. Kenichi Kuroda (University of Michigan)“Designing antimicrobial polymers as syntheticmimics of host-defense peptides”Tufts, Pearson Chemistry Building, Room P-1064:30 pm

Mar 13Prof. David Jenkins (Univ. of Tennessee)MIT, 6-1204:15 pmProf. James Chambers (U. Mass.-Amherst)WPI, Gateway Park, Rm. 100212:00 Noon

Mar 18Prof. Seth Herzon (Yale)“Target-Driven Total Synthesis”Brandeis, Gerstenzang 121 4:00 p.m. Prof. Kevin Weeks, University of NorthCarolina, Chapel HillMIT, 56-114 4:00 pm

Mar 19Prof. Eli Zysman-Colman (Université deSherbrooke, Canada)“Illuminating Iridium: From Visual Displays toSolar Cells”Boston College, Merkert 130 4:00 PMProf. Liviu Mirica (Washington Univ.)Harvard, Pfizer Lecture Hall, 4:15pm

Mar 20Prof. Liviu Mirica (Washington Univ.)MIT, 6-1204:15pmProf. Chris Douglas (Univ. of Minnesota)“Catalysis based on the insertionof transitionmetals adjacent to carbonyls: caboacylation,oxyacylation and hydroacylation of alkenes”Northeastern Univ. 129 Hurtig Hall12:00 noon

Boston College University Lecture Series inChemistryProf. Dennis A. Dougherty (California Instituteof Technology)“Chemistry on the Brain: Understanding theNicotine Receptor”Boston College, Merkert 1274:00 - 5:00 PM

Mar 20 -21Iddles Lecture SeriesProf. Mark A. Ratner (Northwestern University)3/20 “Sustainability and Energy - The Story ofour Time”3/21 TBAUNH, Room N104 (formerly L1030)11:10 am

Mar 21Bristol-Myers Squibb Lectures in OrganicChemistryProf. Tobias Ritter, Harvard Jeffrey Robl, Bristol-Myers SquibbMIT, 6-1204:00 pmBoston College University Lecture Series inChemistryProf. Dennis A. Dougherty (California Instituteof Technology)“The Cation-π Interaction: A New View ofBenzene, Phe, Tyr, and Trp”Boston College, Merkert 127 4:00 pm

Mar 22Boston College University Lecture Series inChemistryProf. Dennis A. Dougherty (California Instituteof Technology)“Chemical-Scale Studies of Neuroreceptors andIon Channels: What Have We Learned?”Boston College, Merkert 127 2:30 pm

Mar 25Prof. Andrew Phillips (Yale)Harvard, Pfizer Lecture Hall, 4:15pmProf. William M. Clemons (California Instituteof Technology)MIT, 56-114 4:00 pm

Mar 26TISHLER AWARD LECTUREProf. Roderick MacKinnon (RockefellerUniversity)“The Remarkable Diversity of K+ Channels”Tufts, Pearson Chemistry Building, Room P-1064:30 pmProf. Kay Brummond (University of Pittsburgh)UNH, Room N104 (formerly L1030)11:10 am

Mar 27Prof. Jens Norskov (School of Engineering,Stanford Univ.)Northeastern Univ., 129 Hurtig Hall12:00 noonProf. Timothy Warren (Georgetown Univ.)Harvard, Pfizer Lecture Hall 4:15pm

Mar 28Prof. Haekjip Ha (University of Illinois)Harvard, Pfizer Lecture Hall 4:15pm

Notices for The NucleusCalendar of Seminars should besent to:Sheila E Rodman, email:serodman(at)hotmail.com

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