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RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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Summary report of Synthesis Workshop Comparative Research of Groundwater Management in the Coastal Areas
in Southeast Asia
Date: 23-30 March 2014
Venue: Tianjin Center of Geological Survey, China
Group photo of participants
RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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Participants of the workshop
Name Institute Country Function
1 Yangxiao Zhou UNESCO-IHE The Netherlands Team Leader
2 Binaya Raj Shivakoti
Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES)- Groundwater
Knowledge Hub
Japan Facilitator
3 Qingcheng He
Coordinating Committee for Geoscience
Programmes in East and Southeast Asia
(CCOP)
Thailand Facilitator
4 Haipeng Guo China Institute of Geo-environmental
Monitoring China
Expert for case
study
5 Hongwei Liu Tianjin Centre of China Geological survey China Expert for case
study
6 Haryadi Tirtomihardjo
Centre of Groundwater Resources and
Environmental Geology, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources
Indonesia Expert for case
study
7 Taat Setiawan
Centre of Groundwater Resources and
Environmental Geology, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources
Indonesia Expert for case
study
8 Intining
Centre of Groundwater Resources and
Environmental Geology, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources
Indonesia Expert for case
study
9 Bui Tran Vuong Division of Water Resources Planning and
Investigation for the South of Vietnam Vietnam
Expert for case
study
10 Mr Phan Chu Nam Division of Water Resources Planning and
Investigation for the South of Vietnam Vietnam
Expert for case
study
Note: project members from Metro Cebu, Philippines, were not able to get the visa on time, and could not attend the workshop.
1. Introduction to the Project
Coastal areas in Southeast Asian countries are densely populated and rapidly urbanizing. Many of the world's
megacities (>10 million people) are located in the coastal areas of Southeast Asia, such as Tianjin, Ho Chi
Minh City, Jakarta, and Metro Cebu. Groundwater has been an important source of water supply for
municipal and domestic, irrigation and industrial uses in these areas. All these cities have suffered from
groundwater mismanagement.
The common pressing groundwater issues in the region are:
Groundwater depletion due to overexploitation;
Groundwater pollution (primarily from indiscriminate disposal of untreated wastewater, solid wastes
and chemicals, and diffusive pollution from agricultural activities);
Land subsidence caused by intensive groundwater abstraction;
Seawater intrusion induced by groundwater abstraction.
Through a comprehensive assessment of magnitudes and causes of the above problems and management
practices in coastal areas, the study will synthesize effective measures and governance structure for
remediation and mitigation of negative impacts. The recommendations are expected to enable water
authorities and relevant stakeholders in coastal areas to prioritize most achievable targets, better plan for
future threats and uncertainties, and enhance inter-and intra-country cooperation in solving pressing
problems through exchange of knowledge, experiences and expertise.
RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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Duration:
2 years from October 2012 to October 2014
Funding agency:
Asian development Bank and co-finance from the UNESCO-IHE DUPC programme
Locations:
China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam
Project type:
Research and Development
2. Workshop objectives and programme The objectives of the workshop are to synthesize research results and to identify best strategy towards
groundwater sustainability for every case study areas. The output of the workshop is a comprehensive
strategy of groundwater sustainability for each case study area. This strategy will be tested out in the next
phase research. The activities of the workshop include:
Country report of model results: groundwater model construction, calibration, and scenarios
simulations;
Development of groundwater governance index to achieve groundwater use sustainability for each
case study area;
Detailed work plan for the next phase, and final project seminar.
Programme:
Date Components Programme
2014/03/24-
25 Progress review
Presentation of progress of each case study
1. Project review – Dr. Yangxiao Zhou
2. Mekong Delta case – Dr. Bui Tran Vuong
3. Jakarta case – Mr. Haryadi / Ms. Intining
4. Laizhou Bay case – Dr. Hongwei Liu
5. Cangzhou case – Dr. Haipeng Guo
2013/03/26-
27 Filed visits
Field visits to Laizhou Bay case
1. Groundwater monitoring
2. Salinity control
2013/03/27 Scenarios and
analysis
Scenario development and analysis
–Dr.Yangxiao Zhou (Facilitator)
2013/03/28 Groundwater
governance Refine component and factors of groundwater governance index
– Dr. Binaya Raj Shivakoti (Facilitator)
2013/03/28 Planning Presentation of planning by every case study
Table of contents of the final report
RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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4. Summary of project progress
Progress made from each case study was reviewed through the presentation of country reports. The summary
of the project progress is shown in Table 1. All case studies have finished the problem descriptions, data
collection and analysis, and the conceptualization of hydrogeological systems. Numerical groundwater
models of Mekong Delta and Metro Cebu have been calibrated. Model calibrations are still going on with
Jakarta Basin, Laizhou Bay and Cangzhou areas. Scenarios for mitigating problems for every case study
have been identified and will be simulated using calibrated groundwater models after the workshop.
Components and factors for assessing groundwater governance index (GGI) have been defined for every
case study. Actual evaluation of GGI is to be conducted after the workshop. All project members realized
that they have to spend more time and efforts to complete the project.
Table 1: Status of project progress
Project component Mekong Delta Metro Cebu Jakarta Basin Laizhou Bay Cangzhou
Problem identification Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Data collection and analysis Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Conceptual model Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
Numerical model Calibrated Calibrated To be calibrated To be
calibrated To be
calibrated
Scenario analysis
Scenarios
defined, to be
simulated
Scenarios
defined, to be
simulated
Scenarios
defined, to be
simulated
Scenarios
defined, to be
simulated
Scenarios
defined, to be
simulated
Groundwater governance
Framework
defined, to be
evaluated
Framework
defined, to be
evaluated
Framework
defined, to be
evaluated
Framework
defined, to be
evaluated
Framework
defined, to be
evaluated Final project report To be written To be written To be written To be written To be written
5. Scenario development and analysis The workshop reviewed the scenarios for every case study and formulated procedures for the scenario
analysis. Following is the summary of scenarios and analysis methods.
Projections for future water demand (domestic, industrial, agricultural):
Planning of surface water supply
Wastewater reuse
Groundwater supply requirement (Qf)
Scenario for abstraction reduction for sustainability
1) Sustainable yield Qs = 0.75*annual average recharge
o Current abstraction Qc
o Reduction Qr = Qc - Qs
o Percentage =Qr/Qc
2) Artificial recharge when Qs < Qf: recharge with surface methods (basins, wetlands, riverbeds) using
access surface water during rainy season.
Control land subsidence
1) Stop pumping wells Q=0 in the layers with high land subsidence, and in deep cones of depression,
Simulation for 50 or 100 years so a new steady is reached
2) Artificial injections when option 1 is not fast enough in deep cones of depression
RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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Control of saline intrusion
1) Sustainable yield
2) Stop pumping in areas with large saline intrusion (deep cone of depression)
3) Artificial recharge (only when 1 and 2 don't work) in areas where there are saline intrusions
4) Optimization of pumping wells and rates
Analysis of model simulation results:
1) Plot of time series of groundwater heads at some key locations (central cone of depression, saline
intrusion) for all aquifer layers
2) Contour map of differences of groundwater heads at initial time, and after 10 years, 20 years, .., and
last simulation time
3) Plot time series of change of groundwater storages (storage out - storage in, positive means storage
increase, negative means decrease), and accumulative changes of storage
4) Plot time series of total recharge, total river flow (separate positive (in) and negative values (out)),
total flow through coastal boundaries (separate positive and negative values)
Comparison of scenarios
1) Plot of time series of groundwater heads at some key locations (central cone of depression, saline
intrusion) for all aquifer layers from different scenarios in one graph
2) Contour map of differences of groundwater heads at the same time (e.g. 10 years, 20 years, .., and
last simulation time) from different scenarios
3) Plot time series of change of groundwater storages from different scenarios in one graph
4) Plot time series of total recharge, total river flow (separate positive (in) and negative values (out)),
total flow through coastal boundaries (separate positive and negative values) from different scenarios
in one graph
Scenarios for each case
Laizhou Bay
Option 1: reduction of groundwater abstraction in areas of deep cones of depression
Option 2: artificial recharge at alluvial fans with surface water during rainy season (infiltration basins,
riverbeds with dikes)
Option 3: increase of Brine groundwater abstraction
Option 4: Combination of options 1, 2 &3
Cangzhou
Option 1: stop groundwater abstraction in areas of deep cones of depression in 3rd layer
Option 2: artificial injections in areas of deep cones of depression in 3rd layer?
Option 3: combination of options 1 & 2
Jakarta Option 1: stop groundwater abstraction in areas with high saline intrusion (deep cones of depression) in
unconfined, upper and middle confined aquifers
Option 2: artificial recharges in floodplains (GHB package simulation: area, head, conductance)
Option 3: combination of options 1 & 2
Mekong delta
Climate change scenarios
B2: low emission
B1: medium emission
A2: high emission: precipitation, temperature, evaporation changes
RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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Metro Cebu
Option 1: reduce groundwater abstraction rates in areas with high saline intrusion (deep cones of depression)
in coastal areas
Option 2: artificial recharges in hill slopes (GHB package simulation: area, head, conductance)
Option 3: optimization of pumping wells and pumping rates
6. Development of Groundwater Governance Index (GGI) Components and factors for assessing groundwater governance index (GGI) were further refined (Figure 1).
GGI is adopted as a method to assess strength and weakness of groundwater governance in each case
holistically. Furthermore, GGI should be used to improve groundwater governance by simulating identified
scenarios, in particular, non-structural measures.
Figure 1 Components and factors for assessing groundwater governance index (GGI)
1. Technical
1.1 Existence of Basic Hydrogeological Maps
1.2 Groundwater Body/Aquifer Delineation
1.3 Zonation of Aquifer Parameters
1.4 Groundwater resource potential
1.5 Sustainable Yield (exploitable groundwater)
1.6 Amount of Annual Extraction
1.7 Groundwater Quantity Monitoring Network (density)
1.8 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network
1.9 Frequency of Groundwater Level Monitoring
1.10 Frequency of Groundwater Quality Monitoring
1.11 Groundwater management model
1.12 Number of Parameters to Measure the Groundwater Quality
1.13 Duration of Data (time-series)
1.14 Database informatioin system
1.15 Information dissemination
2. Legal
2.1 Groundwater law
2.2 Regulations for implementation of groundwater law
2.3 Masterplan of groundwater management
2.4 Enforement of laws/regulations
2.5 Strategy of Groundwater Management
3. Institutional
3.1 Framework of Groundwater Governance Institutions
3.2 Human Resources in the Each Department/Organization
4. Rights and Responsibilities (User level)
4.1 Groundwater User Rights
4.2 Groundwater Use Permits
5. Regulatory Interventions
5.1 Regulating the Construction of Wells and Boreholes
5.2 Regulating the Over Abstraction
5.3 Regulating the Groundwater Pollution
5.4 Pricing on Groundwater Use/abstraction
6. Cross-Sector Policy Coordination
6.1 Coordination with Agricultural Development
6.2 Groundwater-Based Urban/Industrial Planning
6.3 Coordination with Energy Supply
6.4 Coordination with Land Use Change and Development
7. Participation
7.1 Stakeholder Participation in Groundwater Management
7.2 Public Access to Information (website)
7.3 Involvement of Private Sector
8. State of the problem/risk
8.1 Aqufer depletion
8.2 Land Subsidence
8.3 Salt water intrusion
8.4 Pollution
RETA 6498: Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program KNOWLEDGE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ADB AND UNESCO-IHE
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7. Planning for the next stage
Project members planed the remaining activities in the period from April and October, 2014. The main
activities are to complete groundwater model calibration and simulation of scenarios (Table 2). Calculation
of GGI is another major activity. A table of contents of the final project report is defined in the workshop. A
draft report is to be completed before the final project workshop. Dr Zhou is planning to visit the Philippines
project team in May 2014 to arrange the final project workshop to be held in October 2014.
Table 2 Planning of the remaining project activities
8. Concluding remarks
Despite good progress made so far by all case studies, the completion of model calibration and simulation of
scenarios requires a lot of time and efforts. Allocation of sufficient time for all experts is essential to
complete the remaining major activities. The project results are valuable for achieving groundwater
sustainability in all case studies. Therefore, all project members shall work hard to reach this goal.
For further information about the project: Project Leader
Dr.Yangxiao Zhou
UNESCO-Institute for Water Education
Westvest 7, P.O. BOX 3015, 2601 DA Delft
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.unesco-ihe.org/ADB-UNESCO-IHE-Knowledge-Partnership
Asia-Pacific Groundwater Knowledge Hub
Dr. Binaya Raj Shivakoti,
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES),
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama,
Kanagawa, 240-0115 Japan
E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iges.or.jp/en/news/topic/knowledgehub_gw.html
No Activity
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Completion of model calibration and simulation
2 Comparison of scenarios
3 Calculation of groundwater governance index
4 Case study Report
5 Final workshop
2014