Summary Report Climate Teleconnection between Low and High ... · Summary Report Climate Teleconnection between Low and High Latitudes October 27-31, 2008, Nansen-Zhu International

Summary Report

Climate Teleconnection between

Low and High Latitudes

October 27-31, 2008,

Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre

Beijing, China

Sponsored by:

Institute of Atmospheric Physics,

Beijing, China

Nansen Scientific Society,

Bergen, Norway

University of Bergen,

Bergen, Norway

UNIFOB AS,

Bergen, Norway

Natural Science Foundation of China,

Beijing, China

Climate Teleconnection between Low and High Latitudes

Nansen-Zhu International Summer School 2008 2

The Nansen-Zhu Centre International Summer School was dedicated to the

cuttingedge scientific area of climate and climate change with a specific emphasis on

climate teleconnection between the low and high latitudes. The major thrust of the

summer school course was to present the modern concepts of climate teleconnection

and its possible mechanisms as well as to highlight the lacunas in knowledge and

topics for further research and understanding.

The school provided an opportunity for 70 M.Sc. and Ph.D. students from China,

Norway, Russia, India, France and Germany as well as young scientists aspiring to

enhance both their basic knowledge and awareness of the current developments in this

area through attending plenary lectures and participating in dedicated workshops and

poster session serving as a forum, at which all participants gave oral or poster

presentations, and participated in scientific discussions moderated by the invited

plenary session lecturers. The latter are both well acknowledged scholars from the

countries located at high and low latitudes and are capable of presenting a well

balanced vision of the current state of the art in the area in general but also in its some

specific sections. Totally more than 100 people from six countries attended the school.

Prof. Huijun Wang

Director of Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre (NZC)

Director-general of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing (CAS), China

Prof. Ola M. Johannessen

Director of Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC),

Bergen, Norway

Prof. Yongqi Gao

NERSC/NZC, Co-deputy director of NZC

Prof. Zifa Wang

NZC, Co-deputy director, Co-deputy director of NZC

Prof. Helge Drange

Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen (UOB), Bergen, Norway

Prof. Eystein Jansen

Director of Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway

Prof. Benkui Tan

Director of Department of Atmospheric Science, Peking University, Beijing,

China

Prof. Shuanglin Li

NZC, Beijing, China

Prof. Dabang Jiang

NZC, Beijing, China

Dr. Mats Bentsen

NERSC, Bergen, Norway



Yongqi Gao (NERSC/NZC)

Helge Drange (UIB)

Benkui Tan (PKU)

Pengyu Sun (NZC)

Jianqi Sun (NZC)

Lasse H. Pettersson (NERSC)

Xu Yue (NZC)

Fuying Xie (NZC)

The working language of the Summer school was English.

The school was held at the premises of Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, - close to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Venue—the National

Stadium and the National Swimming Center.

The content of the summer school is equivalent of 4 ECTS – University credit points.

The participating students are given a diploma confirming their participation.

Prof. Huijun Wang, director of NZC; director-general of IAP/CAS, Beijing, China

Prof. Ola M. Johannessen, director of Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing

Center, Bergen, Norway

Prof. Eystein Jansen, director of Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen,

Norway

Prof. Xiuqun Yang, director of Atmospheric Science Department of Nanjing

University, China

Prof. Helge Drange, University of Bergen, Norway

Prof. Bingyi Wu, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China

Prof. Tore Furevik, University of Bergen, Norway

Prof. Daoyi Gong, Beijing Normal University, China

Prof. Johnny A. Johannessen, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center,

Bergen, Norway

Prof. Ping Zhao, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China

Dr. Anton Kjelaas, Norwegian Research Council, Oslo/Nansen Environmental and

Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway

Prof. Tianjun Zhou, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Beijing, China



Dr. Kirill Khvorostovskiy, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center,

Bergen, Norway

Dr. Haijun Yang, Peking University, Beijing, China

Dr. Odd Helge Otteraa, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen,

Norway

Prof. Weihong Qian, Peking University, China

Dr. Leonid P. Bobylev, Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing

Center, Bergen, Norway

Dr. Mats Bentsen, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen,

Norway

Dr. Helga Kikki Kleiven, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway

Dr. Laurent Bertino, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen,

Lasse Pettersson, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen,

Norway

Prof. Shuanglin Li, Nansen-Zhu International Research Center, Beijing, China

Prof. Yongqi Gao, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen,

Norway/Nansen-Zhu International Research Center, Beijing, China

No Name Affiliation

1) Profession E-mail

1 Aihui Wang NZC Researcher [email protected]

2 Dong Guo NZC PHD [email protected]

3 Entao Yu NZC PHD [email protected]

4 Fengyun Wang NZC PHD [email protected]

5 Fuying Xie NZC Researcher [email protected]

6 Gan Luo NZC Researcher [email protected]

7 Gbaguidi Alex,

Enagnon

NZC Post Doc. [email protected]

8 Huangsheng

Chen

NZC PHD [email protected]

9 Huabin Dong NZC PHD [email protected]

10 Huili Huang NZC Admin [email protected]

11 Huopo Chen NZC PHD [email protected]

12 Jianjian Fu NZC PHD [email protected]

13 Jianping Huang NZC PHD [email protected]

14 Jianqi Sun NZC Researcher [email protected]

15 Jie Li NZC Researcher [email protected]

16 Jinfeng Yao NZC MS [email protected]

17 Jingjing Xu NZC MS

18 Jun Wang NZC PHD [email protected]

19 Ke Fan NZC Prof. [email protected]

20 Lei Yu NZC Researcher [email protected]

21 Liming Cai NZC PHD [email protected]

22 LIxia Ju NZC Researcher [email protected]

23 Meijing Lin NZC PHD [email protected]

24 Pengyu Sun NZC Admin. [email protected]

25 Pingzhong Yan NZC MS [email protected]

26 Qizhong Wu NZC PHD [email protected]

27 Shuanglin Li NZC Prof. [email protected]



No Name Affiliation 1)

Profession E-mail

28 Tao Wang NZC PHD [email protected]

29 Ting Yang NZC MS [email protected]

30 Wei Wang NZC MS [email protected]

31 Weiling Xiang NZC PHD [email protected]

32 Wenyuan Chang NZC PHD [email protected]

33 Xiao Tang NZC PHD [email protected]

34 Xiaoting Chen NZC MS [email protected]

35 Xiaole Pan NZC PHD [email protected]

36 Xiemei Lang NZC Researcher [email protected]

37 Xiquan Wang NZC Researcher [email protected]

38 Yali Zhu NZC PHD [email protected]

39 Yanming Wang NZC PHD [email protected]

40 Ying Zhang NZC PHD [email protected]

41 Yue Xu NZC PHD [email protected]

42 Yufei Zou NZC MS [email protected]

43 Yuhong Guo NZC PHD [email protected]

44 Zuolei Qian NZC MS [email protected]

45 Fuyao Wang PKU PHD [email protected]

46 Jiaolan Fu PKU PHD [email protected]

47 Lei Chen PKU PHD [email protected]

48 Lu Wang PKU PHD

49 Putian Zhou PKU PHD [email protected]

50 Yanchun He PKU PHD [email protected]

51 Caiti Dai NJU PHD [email protected]

52 Hongmei Zhang NJU PHD [email protected]

53 Jin Liang NJU PHD [email protected]

54 Lingling Zhang NJU PHD [email protected]

55 Qiong Jin NJU PHD [email protected]

56 Yang Xiang NJU PHD [email protected]

57 Yijun Xie NJU PHD [email protected]

58 Yiquan Jiang NJU PHD [email protected]

59 Chuntao Chen OUC PHD [email protected]

60 Mingqiang Fang OUC Researcher [email protected]

61 Nannan Sun OUC MS [email protected]

62 Counillon

François,

Stéphane

NERSC Post-doc [email protected]

63 Ehouarn Simon NERSC Post-doc [email protected]

64 Ingo Bethke NERSC/

BCCR

PHD [email protected]

65 Knut Arild

Lisaeter

NERSC Post-doc [email protected]

66 Natalia Ivanova NERSC Post-doc [email protected]

67 Pavel Sakov NERSC Researcher [email protected]

68 Iselin Medhaug UOB PHD [email protected]

69 Zhongshi Zhang BCCR Post Doc. [email protected]

70 Alexandra

Yarygina

NIERSC PHD [email protected]

71 Ivan Sudakov NIERSC PHD [email protected]

72 Ajith Joseph

Kochuparampil

NERCI

Research

director

[email protected]

73 Geir Evensen StotoiHydro Senior [email protected]



No Name Affiliation 1)

Profession E-mail

(Norway) scientist

74 Hans.Wackerna

gel

MINES-Paris

France

Professor Hans.Wackernagel@MINES-

ParisTech.fr

75 Ellen Kongsnes Aftenbladet

(Norway)

Reporter [email protected]

76 Turid Furdal Aftenbladet

(Norway)

Reporter [email protected]

Notes: 1) Affiliations:

NZC, Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre under IAP PKU, Peking University, Beijing, China NJU, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China OUC, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China NERSC, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway UOB, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway BCCR, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway NIERSC, Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, St.

Petersburg, Russia NERCI, Nansen Environmental Research Centre – India, Cochin, India

The 2008 NZC International Summer School lectures and discussions covered a broad

range of climate change research issues in Arctic, sub-Arctic and the East Asia/Pacific

Ocean and the climate teleconnections between the high and the low latitudes.

At practical seminars, the participants were given the opportunity to learn about the

Earth System Model and the advanced data assimilation and the methods for

observing the Earth from the spaceborne satellite sensors.

More important, the poster sessions were organized in an interactive way between the

participated lectures and the students, raising questions from the students to the

lectures and vice versa.

Prof. Huijun Wang, director of Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre and

director-general of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics formally opened the summer

school. He welcomed the international and Chinese participants of the summer

school and addressed that the summer school received much more participants than

the two earlier Nansen-Zhu summer schools respectively in Beijing in 2004 and

Finse/Bergen (Norway) in 2006.

The first lecture was given by Prof. Huijun Wang. His talk focused on the Seasonal Climate Prediction in China with examples for predicting the precipitation and typhoon activities in China.



Prof. Tore Furevik from the University of Bergen gave the second lecture with the title of Climate Couplings between Low and High Latitudes: The Role of the Ocean Circulation on Decadal to Multidecadal Time Scales. Specifically, Prof. Furevik presented the heat transport carried by the atmosphere and the ocean.

Prof. Bingyi Wu from Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China presented the lecture: Distinct Modes of the East Asian Summer Monsoon.

The lecture “Numerical simulations on the East Asian climate” was given by Prof. Tianjun Zhou from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. He presented the multi-model simulations on the East Asian Climate including the precipitation and surface air temperature et al..

Prof. Ola M. Johannessen from the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing

Center, Bergen, Norway chaired the afternoon session.

Prof. Xiuqun Yang from department of atmospheric sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China started the session with the talk “Northern Hemisphere Circumpolar Vortex variations during winter”.



Prof. Ola M. Johannessen gave a talk on Arctic Climate Change started with the brief introduction on the Arctic climate system and ended with the great climate challenge in the future

Dr. Kirill Khvorostovskiy from Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway gave a talk “Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance: Methods and results” and presented a nice overview on how to estimate the Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance.

An exciting part of the summer school is the self-introductions from the participated

PhD students. Each student is given two minutes to introduce himself/herself and

explain his/her PhD project including the motivation, data, method and progress or

preliminary results. The students also prepared their scientific posters presentations.

Ingo Bethke from NERSC, Project: Arctic climate change and its interaction with the global climate from a coupled atmosphere ocean sea-ice perspective

Ivan Sudakov from NIERSC, Project: Permafrost thermal regime simulation in response to global warming



Alexandra Yarygina from NIERSC, Project: Development of automatic algorithm of sea ice drift retrieval from SAR images

Iselin Medhaug from UOB, Project: Climate variability in the North Atlantic in the 20

th (and 21

st) century

Chuntao Chen from OUC, Project: Relationship between Kuroshio and ENSO

Dr. Mingqiang Fang from OUC, Project Meridional variation of the tropical sea level anomalies associated with ENSO and its possible impacts on the Kuroshio variation.

Caiti Dai from NJU, Project: Low-frequency variability of subtropical high and its relationship with the extraordinary climate of China

Yiquan Jiang from NJU, Project: Variability of diabatic heating and atmospheric circulation response



Qiong Jin from NJU Project:

Climate Extreme Events of the Past 50 Years in China

Jin Liang from NJU, Project: Interdecadal variation of East Asian Summer Monsoon and its Possible Cause

Yang Xiang from NJU, Project: Interaction between storm track and west Pacific pattern

Yijun Xie from NJU, Project: The onset and retreat of the East Asian Subtropical Summer Monsoon

Hongmei Zhang from NJU, Project: Studies on the quasi-biweekly oscillations characteristics in Chinese rainfall and its relationship with circulation

Lingling Zhang from NJU, Project: Study on the decadal variability of East Asian Monsoon system in the point of heat source



Lei Chen from PKU, Project: Severe weather and the baroclinic waveguides over EuroAsian continent and the Arctic oscillation

Yanchun He from PKU, Project: CO2 uptake in the southern ocean: Observation and simulation

Fuyao Wang from PKU, Project: Ocean temperature change in global warming

Lu Wang from PKU, Project: The response of tropical oceans to extratropical forcing

Putian Zhou from PKU, Project: Study on the eddy detachment of Gulf Stream with an extended quasigeostrophic two-layer model

Wenyuan Chang from NZC, Project: Climate effect of aerosol

Huopo Chen from NZC, Project: Interdecadal variability of Xinjiang summer precipitation

Jianjian Fu from NZC, Project: Impact of global SST on decadal shift of east Asian summer climate



Dr. Gbaguidi Alex, Enagnon from NZC, Project: Modeling of regional air pollution and environmental impact

Dong Guo from NZC/BNU, Project: Climate impact of blue Arctic on east Asia

Jianping Huang from NZC, Project: The emergent response system of air pollution hazards

Meijing Lin from NZC, Project: Somali jet changes under the global warming

Xiao Tang from NZC, Project: Chemical data assimilation

Jun Wang from NZC, Project: The relationship between total ozone and climate over Kunming, China

Tao Wang from NZC, Project: Paleoclimate reconstruction and modeling

Yanming Wang from NZC, Project: Seasonal response of Asian monsoonal climate to the Atlantic Multidecdal Oscillation



Qizhong Wu from NZC, Project: Assess the impact of the vehicles traffic restriction on the air quality of Beijing

Pingzhong Yan from NZC, Project: Coupling regional and street-scale air quality models

Ting Yang from NZC, Project: Optical properties of atmospheric particles using RS, Lidarand Models

Entao Yu from NZC, Project Impact of vegetation on the climate in Mongolia—a regional model study

Xu Yue from NZC, Project: Simulation of the dust aerosol direct radiative feedback from a global transport model of dust

Ying Zhang from NZC, Project: Tropical cyclones activities over north- western Pacific

Yali Zhu from NZC, Project: The influence of high latitude atmospheric circulation on mid-low latitude climate



The last session on the first day was chaired by Prof. Yongqi Gao from Nansen

Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway and from Nansen-Zhu

International Research Centre, Beijing, China.

Prof. Johnny Johannessen from Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway gave a presentation on European Space Agency (ESA) contribution to climate change monitoring.

Dr. Anton G. Kjelaas from Norwegian Research Council, Oslo/Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway gave a talk on Energy issue and climate change.

At the end of the first day, all the summer school participants were invited to a

banquet in a restaurant.

Prof. Benkui Tan from Peking University, Beijing, China, chaired the morning

session of the second day program.

Prof. Bingyi Wu from Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China gave a talk with title “Arctic atmospheric circulation anomalies and their impacts on East Asia”.



Prof. Ping Zhao from Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China gave a talk with title “Asian-Pacific Oscillation, Asian Monsoon rainfall, and Tropical Cyclone over the Western North Pacific”.

Prof. Daoyi Gong from Beijing Normal University, China gave a talk on “Asian climate teleconnections to high latitudes”.

Interactive poster session, students and lecturers are free to ask questions with each other.

At the end of the morning session, all participants were welcome to take a photo in

front of the main building of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics.



Prof. Tore Furevik from University of Bergen, Norway chaired the afternoon session

on the second day.

Prof. Tianjun Zhou, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China gave a talk on “Tele-connection between NAO and Climate Variability over East Asia”.

Dr. Haijun Yang, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China gave a talk on “Understanding the ocean role in Global Warming: How would the delayed response of ocean affect coupled climate variability like ENSO”?



Prof. Helge Drange from Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway gave a talk on “Does the Indonesia sea surface temperature controls the North Atlantic Climate”

Dr. Odd Helge Otteraa from Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway gave a talk on “Global climate model simulation of Holocene climate variability”.

Poster session, students were encouraged to raise questions to the lecturers.

It is a scientific visiting day. The registered summer school participants were driven

by bus to visit the IAP “Meteorological Tower Observation Field” and the IAP

Observation Station located in a county named “Xiang He” in the Hebei Province. In

the afternoon, the participants were driven to the Peking University in Beijing.

Prof. Zifa Wang from Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Beijing, chaired the

morning session.

The first speaker was Prof. Shuanglin Li from Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre. His topic was “The influence of tropical ocean warming on the annular trend in both hemispheres: observations, simulations, and diagnoses”.



Dr. Leonid P. Bobylev from Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, St. Petersburg, Russia was giving a talk on “Arctic sea ice transformation and its teleconnection with the regional and global climate”.

Dr. Mats Bentsen from Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway was giving a talk on “Earth Syste Modelling in Norway”.

Dr. Laurent Bertino from Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway was giving a lecture on “Data assimilation with the TOPAZ forecasting system”.

Prof. Ke Fan from Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Beijing, China chaired

the afternoon session.

The first speaker in the afternoon session was Lasse Pettersson from Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. His topic was “10 years of ocean color satellite data: A tool for studies of marine primary production and algae blooms in the Northern Hemisphere”.



The next speaker was Dr. Anton G. Kjelaas from Norwegian Research Council, Oslo/Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. His topic was “Regional surface current monitoring and climate changes”.

The last activity on Day 4 afternoon was the Poster session. In this session, the

students were requested to answer the scientific questions raised by the lecturers.

An active “student”.

Lasse H. Pettersson, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen,

Norway, chaired the morning session.

Ms. Jiaolan Fu representing Prof. Weihong Qian from Peking University, Beijing, China was giving a lecture on “Climate Change: Long-term trends and short-term oscillations”.



Prof. Yongqi Gao from Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, China/Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway was giving a lecture on “Numerical simulation of freshwater perturbation at low and high latitudes”.

Prof. Eystein Jansen from Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway was giving a lecture on “Multidecadal and century scale climate variability and climate patterns in the Northern hemisphere - A paleoclimatic perspective”.

Dr. Helga Kikki Kleiven from Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway gave a lecture on “The SH/SO paleoclimate research and it's implication and influence on extratropic to tropical dynamics”.

In the afternoon of Day 5, the summer school started with the brief summary by Prof.

Helge Drange from University of Bergen, Norway. He summarized the lectures

presented during the summer school as follows:

Global warming can potentially lead to

• Excessive warming of Indian Ocean and North West Pacific

• Perturbed South Asian Jet (wave train perturbation)

• Intensified NAO

• Collapse of the North Atlantic Sub-Polar Gyre

• Rapid warming in northern North Atlantic Ocean

• Weakened Atlantic THC

• Negative phase of the North Atlantic dipole SST-pattern



After the summary of the summer school, a discussion among all participants took

place, raising the following issues:

1. climate natural variability vs. anthropogenic forcing,

2. climate teleconnection, between the high and the low latitudes, is one-way

(tropical influences the high latitude region) or two-way (tropical influences

the high latitudes and vice versa)

3. possible linkage for the climate teleconnection between the high and the low

latitudes—atmosphere bridge and ocean tunnel?

4. possible climate impact of increased hydraulic cycle



Finally, the summer school was closed by Prof. Yongqi Gao representing the Prof.

Huijun Wang, director of Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre/director-general

of Institute of Atmospheric Physics. Sincere thanks to the sponsoring institutions –

Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansen

Scientific Society, University of Bergen, UNIFOB AS and National Natural Science

Foundation of China.

1. the interactive poster sessions were highly welcomed

2. the students wish the invited speakers can give long time series-lecture (for

example, three 45 minute lectures for a topic starting with basic scientific

background and gradually guiding the students into more advanced knowledge)

3. one hour lunch break is short, making Chinese students hard to concentrate on

the lectures in the afternoon.





Post-summer school program

Saturday, November 1, 2008

10:00 Go to the Great Wall

13:00 Lunch

14:30 Return to hotel

Sunday, November 2, 2008

09:00 Go to the Forbidden City by bus

13:00 Lunch

14:30 Go to Olympic Venue by bus

16:30 Return to hotel

Scientific Committee: Local organizers: Prof. Huijun Wang Yongqi Gao

Prof. Ola M. Johannessen Helge Drange

Prof. Yongqi Gao Benkui Tan

Prof. Zifa Wang Pengyu Sun

Prof. Helge Drange Jianqi Sun

Prof. Eystein Jansen Lasse H. Pettersson

Prof. Benkui Tan Xu Yue

Prof. Shuanglin Li Fuying Xie

Prof. Dabang Jiang

Dr. Mats Bentsen

Contact information: Dr. Jianqi Sun

Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre

Institute of Atmospheric Physics

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Beijing 100029

P.R. China

Tel: 0086-10-82995057

E-mail: [email protected]

Nansen Zhu International Research Center is founded by:

Institute of Atmos-pheric

Physics,

Chinese Academy of

Sciences

Peking

University

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing

Center

Bergen, Norway

Bjerknes Centre for

Climate Research

Bergen, Norway

University of

Bergen

Bergen, Norway

Documents

Summary Report Climate Teleconnection between Low and High ... · Summary Report Climate Teleconnection between Low and High Latitudes October 27-31, 2008, Nansen-Zhu International