Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 1 of 10

Summary of the four sessions of Perspectives on the American Civil War

• Session 1: “Old Dominion” The Seeds of War – 18th Century Colonial Virginia

• Session 2: “Death’s Army” Civil War Writings of Catharine Drew Gilpin Faust

• Session 3: “The Life of James Henry Hammond” Antebellum South Carolina

• Session 4: “The Battle of Antietam” September 17, 1862

Session 6: “Old Dominion” The Seeds of War – 18th Century Colonial Virginia

Fig 6.01

Fig 6.02

① 1865 Quote from Joint Commission of Congress

1. Primary source

② 1532 British Parliament passes The Act of Supremacy

1. Henry VIII (1491- 1547) breaks with Rome and become the head of the Church

of England

2. 1547 Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by teenage son Edward VI

3. Edward VI dies and is succeeded by Elisabeth I daughter of Henry VIII and

Anne Boleyn

③ 1500 – 1808 Slave Trade

1. Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish and Italian slave trade 2. 1660 Originally known as the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to

Africa, by its charter issued by King Charles II in 166 3. It was granted a monopoly over English trade with West Africa 4. With the help of the army and navy, it established forts on the West African

coast that served as staging and trading stations and was responsible for seizing any English ships that attempted to operate in violation of the company's monopoly

5. In the prize court, the King received half of the proceeds and the company half.

Fig 6.03

④ 1606 Virginia founded by The London Company, an English joint stock company

1. stablished by royal charter by King James 1 with the purpose of establishing

colonial settlements in North America

2. At the time all of British North America was known as Virginia

3. At the time there was no known way to measure longitude.

4. The breadth of oceans and continents could only be estimated.

5. Ocean navigation used “Dead Reckoning”

6. Advantage of piracy on the high seas

7. Virginia’s “Reverse Manifest Destiny”

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 2 of 10 Fig 6.04 & 6.05

⑤ 1600 – 1800 The Enlightenment - Period in Western history from the late 17th to the late 18th

century

1609 Johannes Keppler (1571-1650)

1. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun a one of the two loci

2. The line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps equal areas during

equal intervals of time.

3. The square of the orbital period of a planet (one complete orbit) is

proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit

a. This captures the relationship between the distance of the planets form

the Sun and their orbital periods

.

1638 1643 – 1715 Louis XIV (1638 – 1715) King of France – House of Bourbon – The Sun

King

1564 – 1642 Galileo Galilei (1610) discovers four moons orbiting Jupiter.

1. By 1670 his discovery allows accurate measurements of longitude on land.

2. By 1670 maps of continents and oceans are now accurate.

1637 René Descartes (1596-1650) publishes Cartesian Coordinate Plane

1. Am I? - Cogito ergo sum. 2. Where am I? – Cartesian Coordinates

1773 John Locke (1632 – 1704) English physician and philosopher:

1. An Essay on Human Understanding

a. The self is a conscious thinking thing . . .

b. At birth the mind was a blank slate of “tabula rasa”

c. Persons are created equal

d. Knowledge determined by experience

2. A political Whig Parliamentarian (Whigs are progressive Tories are royalists)

3. Investor in the Royal African Company

4. Member of the Council of Trade and Plantations (1673-1674)

5. Secretary to the Six Protectors to the Carolinas

6. Participated in drafting the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)

7. Two Treatises of Government

8. Locke’s Second Treatise on Government was first published in Boston in 1773

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that

they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among

these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights,

governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the

consent of the governed.

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 3 of 10

1687 Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)

a. Looks a Kepler (not an apple tree) and discovers gravity

b. “We stand on the shoulders of giants”

c. publishes Principia Mathematica

⑥ 1642 First (1642-1646) and Second British Civil Wars (1648-1649)

1. King Charles I executed January 30, 1649

2. Republican Commonwealth of England (1649-1660) established

3. 1660 Charles II invited back from exile and the English monarchy is restored

4. English Civil War 1642-1651

5. 1653 – 1658 Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658) Farmer, Parliamentarian and

Military Commander

⑦ 1688 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 also known as the War of English Succession and

the Bloodless Revolution.

1. English Bill of Rights 1689

⑦ 1689 English Bill of Rights. The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament, the Bill of Rights 1689, which received the Royal Assent in December 1689. The Act asserted "certain ancient rights and liberties" by declaring that:

1. The pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by

regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;

2. The commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal; 3. 4. Levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal;

5. It is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such

petitioning are illegal;

6. Keeping a standing army in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;

7. Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and

as allowed by law;

8. Election of members of Parliament ought to be free;

9. The freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;

10. Excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel

and unusual punishments inflicted;

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 4 of 10

11. Jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;

12. Promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void;

13. For redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.

Fig 6.06

⑧ 1754-1763 Seven Years’ War

1. “World War Zero”

2. Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal with allies vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia,

Sweden with allies

3. Theatres in Europe, Asia (Russia), North America, Central America, South

America, parts of Africa and the Indian Subcontinent

4. French and Indian War – part of the Seven Years War

5. Treaty of Paris in 1763 settled British and French North American territorial

claims with Britain having dominion of lands east of the Mississippi and France

claiming Louisiana as the entire western Mississippi watershed. France had

already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau

(1762).

6. In Europe the war ended the “Old System” of alliances in Europe and left a

powerful British isolated without allies during the American War of

Independence 1776-1783

7. The war just about bankrupted England. Kept a standing army of 10,000 in

North America. Precipitated the Stamp Act.

1763 King George III issues Royal Proclamation

1. Following Britain’s acquisition of French territory of North America

2. Forbade all colonial settlements west of a line drawn through the Appalachian

Mountains

1773 December 16th

1. Boston Tea Party

2. Griffin’s Warf in Boston, MA American C

3. Colonists dump 342 chests of British Tea in to the harbor

1775 Stamp Act

Fig 6.07

⑨ 1776 13 Year-long birth of the Republic:

1. Lexington & Concord (1776)

a. Five-year long American War of Independence

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 5 of 10

2. End the American War of Independence (1781 Oct 19

a. German Battle of Siege of Yorktown

3. Treaty of Paris September 3, 1783

a. Extends the thirteen colonies to the Mississippi River

b. This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the

nations that supported the American cause—France, Spain, and the Dutch

Republic—are known collectively as the Peace of Paris.

c. Ratification of the Treaty of Paris On January 14, 1784

⑩ 1743-1836 FOUNDING FATHERS AND THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESSES

⑪1784 First Northwest Ordinance (April 23rd)

Fig 6.08

⑫ 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 provided for the systematic survey and monumentation

of public domain lands designed to facilitate Federal lands to private ownership

1. System known aa the PLSS or Public Lands Survey System

2. Over the past 200 years over 1.5 billion acres have been surveyed into

townships & sections

3. Still completing new surveys mostly in Alaska

4. Conducting new surveys to restore obliterated of lost original surveys

⑬ 1787 The 1784 ordinance was superseded by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

1. Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13, 1787,

2. it created the Northwest Territory, the first organized incorporated territory

of the United States.

3. The Northwest Ordinance (Article V) provided for the admission of several

new states from within its bounds:

4. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than

five States [...]

5. whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants

therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of

the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects

whatever

6. shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government:

Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall be

republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles;

7. be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy

8. admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less

number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand.[7]

9. As the Continental Congress discussed the Northwest Ordinance, a

Massachusetts delegate suggested adding a provision banning slavery in the

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 6 of 10

Northwest Territory, which included the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,

Wisconsin and Michigan. The Ordinance, including this measure, was adopted

on July 13, 1787. It was the first time the federal government set limits on the

expansion of slavery. However, despite this ban, a small number of slaves

continued to live in the Northwest Territory.

⑬ 1787 Constitution of the (Second) Northwest Ordinance

Section 1: The United States Congress purposes a temporary government in one

district

Section 2: Fee Simple real estate prescribed

Section 3: The Congress shall appoint the Territory Governor

Section 4: The Congress shall appoint a Secretary to keep public records and a

three-judge court

Section 5: The Governor and Judges shall adopt and publish laws in the district

until the organization of a General Assembly therein.

Section 6: The Governor shall be Commander-In-Chief of the Militia, appoint and

commission officers below the rank of general officers; general officers shall be

appointed and commissioned by the US Congress.

Section 7: Previous to the organization of the general assembly the governor shall

appoint such magistrates and other civil officers.

Section 8: General:

1. Laws are to be adopted

2. Parts of the district in which Indian titles have been extinguished are to be

layout in counties and townships

Section 9: Formation of aa general assembly in the district

Section 10: Election of the General Assembly

Section 11: Concerning the General Assembly

Section 12: Official’s oath of office

`

Section 13: Iterating territorial republican government and the eventual

admission to the Union as a State on equal footing with the existing states.

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 7 of 10 Section 14: Articles of Compact between the States and the people:

Article 1: Freedom of religion

Article 2: Writ of habeas corpus; trial by jury; proportionate

representation etc.

Article 3: Religion, education and schools to be encouraged. Good faith

always towards Indians

Article 4: Territories and states formed therein remain part of the

Confederacy of the United States

Article 5: Organization of the states

Article 6: There shall be neither slavery or involuntary servitude.

Fugitives form other states to be returned

⑭ 1789 Constitution of the United States of America ratified

The great evasion – slavery

(1789 – 1797 George Washington’s Presidency)

Preamble: We the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect

Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common

defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to

ourselves and our posterity, do ordain to establish this Constitution for the United

states of America.

Article 1, Section 2: Three-Fifths Clause. . . [Representatives and direct taxes shall

be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this

Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by

adding the whole number for free persons, including those bound to service for a

term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.]

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11 - 16: War Clause . . . [Congress shall have the

power] To Declare war . . . [and] . . . To provide for calling forth the militia to

execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions

Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1: 1808 Clause . . . The migration or importation of

such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not

be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and

eight . . .

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Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2: Suspension Clause . . . The privilege of the writ of

habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or

invasion the public safety may require it.

Article 1, Section 9, Clause 3: No bill of attainer or ex post facto law shall be

passed.

1. A bill of attainder (also known as an act of attainder or writ of attainder or bill

of pains and penalties) is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of

persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial. As

with attainder resulting from the normal judicial process, the effect of such a

bill is to nullify the targeted person's civil rights, most notably the right to own

property (and thus pass it on to heirs), the right to a title of nobility, and, in at

least the original usage, the right to life itself. Bills of attainder passed in

Parliament by Henry Vlll on 29 January 1542 resulted in the executions of a

number of notable historical figures.

2. The use of these bills by Parliament eventually fell into disfavor due to the obvious potential for abuse and the violation of several legal principles, most importantly the right to due process, the precept that a law should address a particular form of behavior rather than a specific individual or group, and the separation of powers.

3. An ex post facto law (corrupted from Latin: ex postfacto, lit. 'out of the aftermath') is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. In criminal law, it may criminalize actions that were legal when committed;

Article 1, Section 9, Clause 8: Title or Nobility Clause . . . No Title of Nobility shall

be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or

Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any

present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince,

or Foreign State.

Article 4, Section 2: Fugitive Slave Clause . . . [No person held to service or labor

in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence

of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but

shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be

due.]

Article 4, Section 3: New States may be admitted by the congress into this Union; .

. . The Congress shall have the power to dispose and make all needful rules and

regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United

States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any

claims of the United States, or of any particular state.

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 9 of 10

Article 4, Section 4, Clause 1: Guarantee Clause . . . The United States shall

guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall

protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of

the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic

violence.”

⑭ 1791 Bill of Rights – First 10 Amendments

Amendment V: Due Process Clause . . .No person shall be held to answer for a

capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment of indictment of a

grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia,

when in actual service in the time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be

subject to the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be

compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of

life liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be

taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment X: The powers not delegated to the United States by the

Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states

respectively, or to the people.

Civil Rights Amendments

Amendment XIII Section 1: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as

punishment for a crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall

exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Amendment XIV, Sections 1,2,3,4, & 5 Citizenship, Apportionment, Civil War

Pensions, Claims for Emancipation of any slave.

Amendment XV, Section 1: The right of Citizens of the United States to vote shall

not be denied or abridged by the United States by any state on account of race,

color, or previous condition of servitude.

⑮ 1793 First Fugitive Slave Law & Eli Whitney perfects the cotton gin in Georgia

1. The economic impact of Whitney's gin was vast 2. After its invention, the yield of raw cotton nearly doubled each decade after

1800 3. The gin helped to facilitate westward expansion into these potential cotton-

producing areas 4. By the mid-nineteenth century America was supplying three-quarters of the

world's cotton. 5. Although Whitney's gin made cotton production profitable for Georgia and

the rest of the Southeast, there were many problems with the machine's

Perspectives on the American Civil War Lesson #6 “Old Dominion” 11/02/18 Page 10 of 10

design from the outset. While the gin increased considerably the amount of cotton that could be produced, the relatively low quality of the short-staple cotton fibers, combined with damage caused by Whitney's gin, resulted in the cotton of upland Georgia selling for half the price of long-staple cotton. Upland farmers, however, had little choice, and their widespread use of Whitney's design greatly expanded southern cotton production.

6. A direct result of this growth was an expansion of slavery 7. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of labor required to remove the

seeds from the plant 8. it did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow and pick the cotton 9. The demand for Georgia's cotton grew as new inventions such as spinning

jennies and steamboats were able to weave and transport more of the crop 10. Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained

virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically

11. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South.

⑯ 1837 Robert McCormick of Walnut Grove, VA in the Shenandoah Valley develops (over

20 years) a mechanical horse-drawn reaper. The Reaper is patented by his son

Cyrus McCormack in 1837. By the mid-19th century over 4,000 reaping machines

are sold each year in the wheat growing regions of the United States.

Fig 6.09

⑰ 1790-1860 Population Shift & Demographics, Slaves, Cotton

1797 – 1801 John Adam’s Presidency

1801 – 1809 Thomas Jefferson ‘s Presidency

1832 – 1833 Nullification Crisis

Fig 6.10

⑱ 1861-1865 American Civil War

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FIGURE6.10

FIGURE6.09

Estimated U.S. Populationin 1790 and 1860

Base Line

U.S. PLSSU.S. Public Land Survey System

Land Ordinance of 1785

Illinois

3rd

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E 1/2 Section320 Acres

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SW 1/4 Section160 Acres

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SE 1/4 NW 1/440 Acres

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55,519 Square Miles(approx. 1,500 Townships)

Centralia

FIGURE6.08

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CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEMPUBLISHED BY RENE DESCARTES

1620

FIGURE6.05

Diagram of theOrbits of Two Planets About the Sun

by Johannes Kepler1606

FIGURE6.04

FIGURE6.03

3.5 million square miles 422,473 million square miles

112,146 square miles 39,490 square miles

Slavery, by building up a dominant ruling class,had produced a spirit of oligarchy adverse torepublican institutions, which finally inauguratedthe civil war.*

* Forest A. Neabors, From Oligarchy to Republicanism. (Columbia:University of Missouri Press, 2017) p. 36. Quote from The JointCommittee Report on Reconstruction (1866) of the Thirty-Ninth U.S.Congress (1865-1867)

FIGURE6.02

12

Fig 6.10

1 Fig 6.02

2

3

Fig 6.034

168 years

Figs 6.04 & 6.055

6 7

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11

Fig 6.09

13 years

300 years

13

70 years

14

15

1817

16

Fig 6.08

FIGURE6.01