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Summary of ParasitologyPrepared by: Micromega2008@gmail.com

Summary of Blood and tissue protozoaOrganism Transmission Disease/

symptomsDiagnosis Treatment

Trypanosomabrucei

Tsetse fly.Sleepingsickness;cardiac failure.

Hemoflagellatein blood orlymph node.

Blood stage: Suraminor petamidineisethionate;

T. cruziReduvid(kissing) bug.

Chagasdisease:megacolon,cardiac failure.

Hemoflagellatein blood ortissue.

CNS: melarsoperolNifurtimox andBenzonidazole.

Leishmaniadonovani

Sand fly

Visceral leish-maniasis,granulo-matous skin

lesions.

Intracellular(macrophages)leishmanial

bodies.

Pentosam;Pentamidineisethionate.

L. tropica Sand fly.Cutaneouslesions.

As for L.donovani.

As for L. donovani.

L. braziliensis Sand flyMucocutaneous lesions.

As for L.donovani.

As for L. donovani.

Plasmodiumfalciparum

P. ovale,P. malariaeand P. vivax

Femaleanophelinemosquito.

Malarialparoxysm:chills, fever,headache,nausea cycles.

Plasmodia inrbc, typical ofthe speciesinvolved.

Quinine derivatives

ProguanilLariam

Babesiamicroti

Tick

Hemolytic

anemia,Jaundice andfever

Typical

organism(Maltese cross)in rbc.

None; self resolving.

Toxoplasmagondii

Oral from catfecalmaterial;

Adult: flu like;

congenital:abortion,

Intracellular (inmacrophages)tachyzoites.

Sulphonamides,pyemethamine,possibly spiramycin(non-FDA).

Summary of Intestinal and luminal protozoa

OrganismTransmiss

ionSymptoms Diagnosis Treatment

Entamebahistolytica

Oro-fecal

Dysentery withblood andnecrotic tissue.

Chronic:abscesses

Stool: cysts with1-4 nuclei and/ortrophs.

Trophs in aspirate.

GI: Iodoquinol or

Metronidazole

Abscess:Metronidazole

Giardialamblia

Oro-fecal

Fowl-smelling,bulky diarrhea;blood or necrotictissue rare.

Stool: typical oldman giardia trophand/or cyst.

Iodoquinol orMetronidazole.

Balantidiumcoli

Oro-fecal;zoonotic

Dysentery withblood andnecrotic tissuebut noabscesses.

Stool: ciliatedtrophs and/orcysts.

Iodoquinol orMetronidazole.

Cryptospori

diumparvum

Oro-fecal Diarrhea Ooocysts in stool Paromycin(investigational)

Isosporabelli

Oro-fecal Giardiasis-like Ooocysts in stool Sulpha drugs

Trichomonasvaginalis

Sexual

Vaginitis;occasionalurethritis/prostatitis.

Flagellate invaginal (orurethral) smear.

Mebendazole;vingar douche;steroids

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or meatneonatalblindness andneuropathies.

Pneumocystisjiroveci

Coughdroplets

PneumoniaPneumocystisin sputum.

Trimethoprim andsulphamethoxazole.

Summary of Nematodes (Round worms)

OrganismTransmis

sionSymptoms Diagnosis Treatment

Ascarislumbricoides

Oro-fecalAbdominal pain, weight loss,distended abdomen

Stool: corticoidoval egg (40-70x35-50 m)

Mebendazole

Trichinellaspiralis

Poorly

cookedpork

Depends on worm locationand burden: gastroenteritis;edema, muscle pain, spasm;eosinophilia, tachycardia,fever, chill headache, vertigo,delirium, coma, etc.

Medicalhistory,

eosinophilia,muscle biopsy,serology

corticosteroid andMebendazole

Trichuristrichiura

Oro-fecalAbdominal pain, bloodydiarrhea, prolapsed rectum

Stool: lemon-shaped egg(50-55 x 20-25m)

Mebendazole

Enterobiusvermicularis

Oro-fecalPeri-anal pruritus, rareabdominal pain, nauseavomiting

Stool:embryonatedeggs (60x27m), flat onone side

PyrentalpamoateorMebendazole

Strongyloidesstercoralis

Soil-skin,autoinfection

Itching at infection site, rashdue to larval migration,verminous pneumonia, mid-epigastric pain, nausea,vomiting, bloody dysentery,weight loss and anemia

Stool:rhabditiformlarvae (250x20-25m)

IvermectinorThiabendazole

Necatoramericanes;Ancylostomaduodenale(Hookworms)

Oro-fecal(egg);skinpenetration(larvae)

Maculopapular erythema(ground itch), broncho-pneumonitis, epigastric pain,GI hemorrhage, anemia,edema

Stool: ovalsegmentedeggs (60 x 3020-25m)

Mebendazole

Dracunculusmedinensis

Oral:

cyclopsin water

Blistering skin, irritation,inflammation Physicalexamination Mebendazole

Wuchereriabancrofti; W.brugia Malawi(elephantiasis)

Mosquitobite

Recurrent fever, lymph-adenitis, splenomegaly,lymphedema, elephantiasis

Medicalhistory,physicalexamination,microfilaria inblood (nightsample)

Mebendazole;Diethyl-carbamazine

Onchocerca

volvulus

Black fly

bite

Nodular and erythematousdermal lesions, eosinophilia,urticaria, blindness

Medicalhistory,physicalexamination,microfilaria innodularaspirate

Mebendazole;Diethyl-carbamazine

Loa loa Deer fly As in onchocerciasisAs inonchocerciasis

As above

Summary of Cestodes (tapeworms)

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OrganismTransmis

sionSymptoms Diagnosis Treatment

Teniasaginata

Cyst inbeef

Epigastric pain,vomiting, diarrhea

Proglottids or eggsin stool or perianalarea

Praziquantel

Tenia soliumCyst inpork

Epigastric pain,vomiting, diarrhea

Proglottids or eggsin stool or perianalarea

Praziquantel

T. soliumCysticercosis

Oro-fecalMuscle pain andweakness, ocular andneurologic problems

Roentgenography,anti-cysticercalantibody (EIA)

Praziquantel

D. latumCyst infish

Abdominal pain, loss ofweight, anorexia,malnutrition and B12deficiency problems

Proglottids or eggsin stool or perianalarea

Praziquantel

E.granulosus

Oro-fecal

Large cysts producevarious symptomsdepending on thelocation of theorganism.

Roentgenography,anti-hydatid fluidantibody (EIA),Casoni skin test

Surgery,formalininjection anddrainage,Praziquantel

E.multiloculoris

Oro-fecal As above As aboveSurgery,Albendazole

Summary of Trematodes (Flukes)

Organism Transmission Symptoms DiagnosisTreatmen

t

S.mansoni,S.japonicum

skinpenetrationby cercaria

Dermatitis, abdominal pain, bloodystool, peri-portal fibrosis, hepato-splenomegaly, ascites, CNS

Eggs instool

Praziquantel

Schistosomahematobium

skinpenetrationby cercaria

Dermatitis, urogenital cystitis,urethritis and bladder carcinoma

Eggs inurine

Praziquantel

Fasciolopsis buski

Metacercariaon waterchestnut

Epigastric pain, nausea, diarrhea,edema, ascites

Eggs instool

Praziquantel,

C.sinensis,O. felinus,or O.viverini

Cysts in fishInflammation and deformation ofbile duct, hepatitis, anemia andedema

Eggs instool

Praziquantel

Paragonimuswestermani

Cyst in crabmeat

Cough (dry / rusty brown sputum),pulmonary pain, pleurisy,tuberculosis-like

Eggs insputum

Praziquantel