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Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics 1. How can the CND be enhanced to better address this science? 2. What other approaches could be combined with the observatory elements to better address the science questions across the range of spatial/temporal scales? 3. What experiments, observations, or activities are likely to yield early success for the ORION program? How can ORION facilitate that success?

Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

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Page 1: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

1. How can the CND be enhanced to better address this science?

2. What other approaches could be combined with the observatory elements to better address the science questions across the range of spatial/temporal scales?

3. What experiments, observations, or activities are likely to yield early success for the ORION program? How can ORION facilitate that success?

Page 2: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

125°W130°W

45°N

50°N

N2 N1

N3

N4

N5 N6

N8

N11N9

N7

N10

STAGE II-SCENARIO 2 WORKING MODEL

1750 km Backbone6 Science Nodes5 Branching Units9 Water column mooringsTotal = $107M

Page 3: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Science Recommendations for RCO

• Make Cleft an operable node. The benefits of this site need to be weighed in the context of all other ridge sites.

• Redesign the CND to include the SE corner of the RCO. Will allow better coverage of JDF, Blanco and future expansion toward the seismically active Gorda plate.

• N5 no science drivers; to save $ could remove.• Cost/benefit of redundancy.

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Science recommendations that impact both Global/RCO.

• RIDGE community needs to prioritize MOMAR and EPR.– Consider Cleft in this discussion. What are the

scientific merits of each and how should they be ranked?

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White: questions 1&2 (biogeochem, ecology, biodiversity)yellow: question 3 (ridge and subduction sites)Pink: question 4 (seismic studies of earth structure)Green: question 5 (air-sea flux)Question 6 still missing

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Global Science Priorities:

1. Occupy existing boreholes drilled for global seismology. Borehole near EPR (OSN2).

• If RIDGE chooses EPR site, then prefer another borehole site (H2O, then 396B).

2. Southern oceans, western Pacific (55ºS 150ºW)

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Science recommendation for Global Margins’ sites

• Margins community needs to prioritize sites:– Middle America: Non-accretionary continental arc, fluid flux

toward toe of fore arc. A MARGINS focus site. Provides a comparison with Cascadia.

– Western Pacific: Fluid flux through serpentinite mud volcanoes. Non-accretionary, ocean arc. Biosphere of interest. Provides a contrast to Cascadia.

• Choosing Western Pacific would provide more diversity of subduction zone sites.

• Both margins sites were proposed as high-end spar-type buoys. Ask margins community to consider what they could do with less.

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White: questions 1&2 (biogeochem, ecology, biodiversity)yellow: question 3 (ridge and subduction sites)Pink: question 4 (seismic studies of earth structure)Green: question 5 (air-sea flux)Question 6 still missing

Page 9: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Endurance Cabled ArraysOahuGOM

SAB

Page 10: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Science questions relevant to cabled coastal observatories:

• There were no geophysics questions posed by the coastal observatories, however, these observatories do provide excellent opportunities:– Structure of continental margins– Hazards/slumping– Tremor/exotic events

• Coastal observatories provide opportunities to make connections between continental and marine studies. Serve as starting point for more extended arrays.

Page 11: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Q2: What other approaches could be combined with the observatory elements to better address the science questions across the range of spatial/temporal scales?

• Revive the Ocean Mantle Dynamics Initiative (Webfoot, portable arrays):– Provides a mechanism for linking observatories and bridging gap

in scales between local, regional and global studies. – Links EarthScope with ORION (Webfoot)– Transportable arrays for problem specific experiments. For

example, higher resolution imaging near margins or mid-plate regions.

• Use coastal observatories to provide additional linkages between EARTHSCOPE and ORION

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• Design compatible interfaces that allow instrumentation to be moved among different components of the ORION observatory (global, RCO, coastal)

• Make a suite of measurements at all ORION sites (e.g., seismic, pressure gauge, wave heights) in order to understand coupling between the solid earth, oceans and atmosphere.

• NSF/ORION work to leverage the global set of NOAA buoys and IODP drill holes:– Continuous recording of low data rates (1 sps)– Add sensors

• Iridium link, share/increase satellite bandwidth

Q2: What other approaches could be combined with the observatory elements to better address the science questions across the range of spatial/temporal scales?

Page 13: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Q3. What experiments, observations, or activities are likely to yield early success for the ORION program? How can ORION facilitate that success?

• Deploy a high bandwidth SPAR buoy at a dynamic environment to allow for interactivity and response to events, return of data from web cam (educational component).– High bandwidth is most useful for

interacting with instruments. – Most likely locations will be ridge

crest or margins sites. – Data return/interactivity with sites

would be high profile and exciting.

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• GLOBAL:– What is the scale, shape and nature of

heterogeneities in the earth’s mantle and core and how do they relate to key processes such as plate tectonics, the generation of the earth’s magnetic field, or variations in earth’s rotation?

– What are the linkages between tectonic and volcanic processes in the ocean crust, from its formation to its destruction, and ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, both above and below the seafloor ? (Ridge/Margins processes)

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White: questions 1&2 (biogeochem, ecology, biodiversity)yellow: question 3 (ridge and subduction sites)Pink: question 4 (seismic studies of earth structure)Green: question 5 (air-sea flux)Question 6 still missing

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We could group the science questions into: response of the ocean to surface and subsurface forcing, and internal variability.

1. Role of hi-lat sourthern ocean in climate change and variability (physical and biogeochemical and )

2. What is the effect of unique hi-wind processes on air-sea fluxes ?3. How will CO2 uptake affect biogeochemical cycles ?4. The effect of changing aerosol forcing on changing ocean productivity and human

health ?5. How will changing surface physical forcing due to climate change perturb ocean

ecosystem and flux of carbon to the deep sea and sea floor ?6. What is the role of the oceans in preserving global biodiversity ?7. What is the interplay between tectonic and volcanic forces and biogeochemistry and

ecology of the oceans ?8. What is the mantle circulation that drives plate tectonics ? What is the role of the

superplumes in global mantle circulation ? How does the rotation of the earths inner core affect length of day and how does interact with the hydrosphere ?

9. Can we detect changes in the meridional heat flux of the oceans ?10. What is the role of eddy fluxes in the evolution of the physics, biology and chemistry

of the upper ocean ?11. How do subtropic and subarctic gyres respond to wind and large-scale climate

forcing ?12. How does ocean interior heat content affect sealevel rise ?13. What is the space-time geography of energy input and dissipation in the ocean ?

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1. How will changing physical forcing due to climate change perturb ocean ecosystemand flux of carbon to the deep sea and sea floor ? (Includes CO2 impact on biogeochemical cycles.)

2. Ecosystem community changes/ Biodiversity/ contrasting regime....

3. What are the linkages between tectonic and volcanic processes in the ocean crust, from its formation to its destruction, and ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, both above and below the seafloor ? (Ridge/Margins processes)

4. What is the scale, shape and nature of heterogeneities in the earth‘s mantle and core, and how do they relate to key processes such as plate tectonics, generation of the earth‘s magnetic field, or variations in earth‘s rotation ?

5. Impact of extreme and/or episodic conditions and of aerosol/dust on air-sea fluxes.... (physical and biogeochemical)

6. Over-arching ocean circulation/P.O. question...

Can we detect changes in the meridional heat flux of the oceans ?What is the role of eddy fluxes in the evolution of the physics, biology and chemistry of the upper

ocean ?How do subtropic and subarctic gyres respond to wind and large-scale climate forcing ?How does ocean interior heat content affect sealevel rise ?What is the space-time geography of energy input and dissipation in the ocean ?

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125°W130°W

45°N

50°N

N2 N1

N3

N4

N5 N6

N8

N11N9

N7

N10

STAGE II-SCENARIO 2 WORKING MODEL

1750 km Backbone6 Science Nodes5 Branching Units9 Water column mooringsTotal = $107M

Page 27: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

125°W130°W

45°N

50°N

N2 N1

N3

N4

N5 N6

N8

N11N9

N7

N10

STAGE II-SCENARIO 2 WORKING MODEL

1750 km Backbone6 Science Nodes5 Branching Units9 Water column mooringsTotal = $107M

Page 28: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Example of Pioneer Arrays

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WestCoast System(March 28, 2006)

Leverage systems

OOI -- RCO

OOI -- Global

Other coastal observatories(inventory in progress)

“NSF long-term coastal observatories”

VENUSVENUS

VENUS

STC-SATURN

MARS

LTERs

NOAA backbone

Page 30: Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics

Endurance Cabled ArraysOahuGOM

SAB

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Integrated East Coast Ocean Observing System

Two powerful current systems affecting climate, ecosystem structure, and the carbon cycle.

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