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DEMINERALIZATION AND FILTRATION SERVICES

Hittman Nuclear & Development Corporation (HNDC) offers the nuclear powerindustry a full line of disposable radwaste demineralizers and filters, processsystems to adapt these demineralizers and filters to tha given power plantapplication, and a wide variety of services in. support of portable demineralizationand filtration. In particular, our scope of supply in this area can include anycombination of the following:

o Demineralizer/ filter vessels whien subsequently serve as radwastedisposal liners

o Resins and filter mediao Complete portable demineralization and filtration systemso Engineered pumping and level control subsystems for use in

the ;1 ant owner's waste processing systemo System operatorso Techr.1 cal consultation

In addition, as a full-service radwaste orgar.ization, HNDC can offer bothsolidification of the expended demineralizer resins using our in-containercement solidification technique, and transportation services for ultimatedisposal of the expended units.

Our disposable demineralizers and filters are designed. to fit the cavitiesof the various HNDC radwaste shipping casks, thus allowing expended units tobe disposed of without rehandling the resins or filter media. Portabledemineralization and filtration, utilizing disposable demineralizers andfilter units, offers the following advantages to an operating power plant:

o Increased operational flexibilityo Savings in plant-installed equipment costso Time and cost savings t'. rough elimination of resin sluicing to

a disposal containeros Radiation exposure savings as a result of eliminating sluicing

Capability to solidify resins in the demineralizer/ filter vesseloo Reduced waste volumes

A description of the demineralization and filtration equipment which weoffer is provided below, and Table I sumarizes the design characteristicsof the various disposable units.

A. Disposable Demineralizers

Depressurized Units

Our depressurized disposable demineralizers consist of HNDC shipping caskliners which are equipped with underdrains and filled with the appropriatetype of resin. Figure I shows the depressurized unit which we utilize withour HNDC HN-100 shipping cask. The shipping cask itself, which will handleliners with radiation levels up to 12R per hour, is shown in Figure II. Wefurnish a similar unit for use with our HNDC HN-200 shipping cask, whichwill handle liners with radiation levels up to 800R per hour.

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TABLE I. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS - HNDC DISPOSABLE -

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Resin- Activi ty Maximum SpecificType -Type Type Media Per. Shipment Activity. *

Cask . Service Unit CF: C1 Ci per-CF- ~

HN-100 Low Pressure - Dewatered - Demineralizer 120 59.5 0.425

HN-100 Low Pressure - Solidified . Demineralizer 100 59.5~ 0.567'

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The.depressurized demineralizer units' are operated by pumping the'liqutd.

to be treated into the top of the container. The liquid is allowed to flowdown through the resin, and a suction pump connected to the underdrain removesthe treated liquid from the bottom of the liner.

0 pen demineralizer units can be utilized as described above, but there~

are contiol implications which must be considered. Flow thto the unit mustmatch outflow, ar.d since flow through ths resin bed changes over the life |

.of the resin due to retention of fine-grained particles and resultant ,

increased' pressure drops, inflow must be controlled on the basis of container ;level. W111e shutoff valves, activated by high container -level, are ,

generally provided, most plants find that constant operator attention is !

warranted in order to ensure against overflow of. the unit. Furthermore. |'

control is more complex when operating two or more units in series..

In order to alleviate these complications, HNDC has developed aspecial fill flange. This unit, shown in Figure III, is designed to fiteither the HN-100 or HN-200 disposable liners. The principal features ofthis fill flange are as follows:

o The fill flange bolts to the liner and fonns a liquid-tight gasketed closure with the flange on the liner'

o- An overflow connection is provided to accomod{tteunanticipated overflow conditions

o A three element level detector is included to providesignals for controlling flow into the demineralizerunit

'Use of the HNDC fill flange-provides protection against radioactiveliquid spills and allows multiple depressurized demineralizer.and filterunits to be operated in series.

HNDC can supply depressurized disposable demineralizers which are3

adapted to accomodate in-situ solidification of the depleted resins. Thedemineralizer is designed with an internal mixing blade which, subsequentto depletion of the unit, is utilized for in-container solidification of

- the resins using cement as the solidification agent. Figure IV shows an.

HN-100 disposable demineralizer equipped for in-container solidification;.similar HN-200 units are available to handle more highly-radioactive resins.

' Pressurized Units

HNDC pressurized demineralizers are constructed using dished heads andare designed to withstand the output pressure of-the pump supplying the unit.Typical design pressures' range from 50-150psig. Figure V shows a unit ofthis type designed for use with the HN-100 cask. 4

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HNDC deo provides disposable demineralizers which can operate on lineTat pressures ~ up to 250psig. These units are two feet in diameter, with anoverall height of six- feet. The small diameter of -these vessels, as comparedto our pressurized units. discussed 'abov'e," allows them to be designed for'

higher pressure without unduly increasing the shell and head thickness. As-shown in Figure VI, the units are designed to pennit handling seven at a time,on a single pallet, using the HN-100 cask. Each demineralizer has a resincapacity of 15 cubic feet.

These small units 'can be used for several special purposes.- They can be

operated either individually or-in series to clean up a variety)of waste,

. streams. Various unit types (anion, cation,- filter media, etc. can besupplied to remove specific contaminants in a given cleanup operation. Inaddition, they are useful in performing pilot tests in order to select appropriateresins (or filter media) for subsequent larger-scale waste treatment operations.

B. Disposable Filters:

_ HNDC provides disposabl_e filter units in the same basic configurations asthe disposable ~demineralizers previously discussed: depressurized. . pressurized,and high pressure units. .Demineralizers typically operate best with theirresin beds packed as a result of downflow through the units. Filters may be

. operated with either upflow or downflow. Upflow is used to increase the'

capacity of the bed to retain suspended solids without excessive pressure' drop. Downflow is used wi% uepressurized units using adsorption-type filter

media. A pressurized filter unit designed for the HN-100 cask is shown inFigure VII.

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C. Shielding

When handling liquids-with high activity levels, the HNDC shipping cask*

which will ultimately be_ used for disposal of the demineralizer or filter-,

1- unit can. serve as a radiation shield during operation of the unit. Shields: may also be required for demineralizers used to process liquid'with relatively

low activity where chemical concentrations are also low. With low concentrationsof chemicals, the life of the resin can.be quite long, and thus the- resin-activitybuildup quite high. In cases where extended operation of the demineralizer orfilter is anticipated, use of temporary shielding is a more cost-effectiveapproach than tying up a shielded shipping cask.

' HNDC can also provide demineralizers and filters with disposable concreteshields. These ~ units, referred to as HN-125's, consist of pressurized HN-100liners '(see Figures V and VII) encased in concrete. They are typically 'tilized"

uwhere long-term operation is_ contemplated in personnel-occupied areas, or.inprocessing 'large quantities of liquid where cask turnaround time would limitthe processing rate.

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The surface radiation levels of the expended disposab'.e demineralizersand filters will be basically a function of the following factors:

o Specific activity of the liquid radwaste being treatedo Total flow through the unito Dec ntamination factor across the unit

.The interrelationship among these factors is shown on Figure VIII.

As indicated, the surface radiation of the expended liner will dependprimarily upon the specific activity of the liquid being treated. Thedecontamination factor is a secondary effect. As shown on Figure VIII,

o If the specific activity of the incoming liquid exceeds10-Imicrocuries per m1, the flow through the units maybe limited by tha radiation levels that can be accomodatedby the HN-100 cask.

For liquid wastes with specific activities less than 10-4omicrocuries per m1, the expended units can generally beshipped as unshielded shipments. However, there may be" hot spots" in excess of 200mR per hour that would precludeunshielded shipments.

D. Pumping and Level Control Subsystems.

HNDC designs and supplies ptinping and level control modules, suchas the one shown in Figure IX, for use either with an overall demineralization /filtration system supplied by HNDC, or for use by the plant in its ownsystem. These subsystems are tailored to the specific portable demineralizationor filtration operation at hand. In addition to accomplishing their primarypumping and level control functions, and providing the instrumentationnecessary to monitor these functions, the subsystems can be designed tofulfill auxiliary needs such as sampling and measuring integrated system flow.

E. System Performance

Selection of the optimal approach to portable demineralization andfiltration services is highly dependent upon the waste type and facilityspecifics of the individual power plant. We at HNDC work closely with theutility's engineering and operating personnel to arrive at that optimalapproach, including selection of the appropriate filter media and/orresin type (s) to be utilized for the given application.

Filter Media

Activated carbon filters are frequently utilized upstream of deminer-alizers in instances where the waste stream contains a significant amountof suspended solids, or where it contains organic chemicals (alcohol, ketone,ether, glycerine, etc.) which can be removed by adsorption on the activated

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carbon. .In addition, a carbon filter will protect the resins in thedownstream domineralizers in the event of oil in the waste, and it can be

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useful in removing Cobalt 58 and Cobalt 60. In most nuclear. power plant'

waste streams. the Cobalt is in the fonn of. a colloidal-sized suspendedsolid and must be removed by filtration.

The operating life of a carbon filter unit will be a function of thesuspended solids and chemical concentrations in the waste stream. Thesefrequently vary on.an hour-to-hour basis. Operating lives of activatedcarbon units, as observed at a number of difference power plants, have

! typically ranged from 100,000-150,000 gallons of total flow through theunits.

For some. applications, other filter media has been sdded to replace'

a portion of the activated carbon. One 'such medium which has been usedto remove colloidal iron oxides and associated Cobalt is BIRM.

Demineralizer Resins

One key consideration.in the choice of demineralizer resin is whether: boron and/or boric acid must be removed, as is often the case at pressurized,

water plants. -If boron is to be removed, a strongly basic anion resin isgenerally required to remove the borate and other anions. Since the lifeof the bed will be a function of the amount of boron to be removed, the,

resins are frequently blended to contain greater amounts of anion than cation*

resins. Figure X shows typical performence curves, as a function of influentboron concentration, for units designed to remove boron.

I When boron removal is not required, the life of demineralizer units cangenerally be increased. In such cases, a demineralizer consisting of

; layered beds of various anion, cation, and_ mixed resins is frequently used.Figure XI shows typical perfonnance curves for units of this type as afunction of the conductivity of the incoming liquid waste.

Demineralizers in Series ;

It is frequently desirable to utilize a system in which two duplicate

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.demineralizers are operated in series. The advantages offered by this typeof operation include the following:

At most installations, the radionuclide concentrations Ioof waste streams are subject to wide variations. Temporary -conditions can be encountered where the decontamination -factor attainable with a single demineralizer unit wouldnot_ be adequate for producing an effluent suitable fordischarge. The second unit, therefore, provides thehigh reliability required in radwaste processing.

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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVESPORTABLE DEMINERALIZERS WITH BORON REMOVAL

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302 :201M_gggFigure XI.

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.o The second unit is not expended to an appreciabledegree in the perfomance of its function, sincepractically all of the conductivity is removed by ,

the first unit. When the first unit is expended,the second unit is utilized in its place with anew demineralizer unit added in the second position.

o The second unit allows the resins in the first unitto be fully expended before replacement. Up to30,000 gallons of additional flow can be obtainedfollowing occurrence of the initial conductivitybreak which indicates that the resins are nearlyexpended,

o Use of the second unit complies with the concept af- Al. ARA, since the radioactivity to be released isbeing reduced to the maximum possible extent.

Integrated System

Figure XII displays the activity removals which can typically beachieved by an integrated system consisting of a filter unit followed bytwo demineralizers in series. The data presented are for such an integrated. system used to process a waste stream whose principal radionuclides wereCobalt 58, Cobalt 50 Cesium 134, and Cesium 137.

The counting techniques utilized were sensitive down to 10-7 microcuriesper ml; lower concentrations .were not reported. The pertinent infomationto be noted from the figure is sumarized as follows:

o Virtually all of the Cobalt 58 is removed in the filterunit. The instance where Cobalt 58 was removed in thefirst demineralizer occurred imediately prior tochange-out of the filter unit.

o The decontamination factor for Cobalt 60 is consistentlyin the range of 100 for the filter unit, and inthe range of 10-50 in the first demineralizer. Cobalt 60in concentrations of 1.5 to 3.5 x 10-6 microcuries perm1, is generally the only radionuclide in the effluent..

o Cesium 134 is removed in the first demineralizer with adecontamination factor of up to 10,000.

o Cesium 137 is also removed in the first demineralizerwith a comparable decontamination factor. The oneinstance of a high value of Cesium 137 in the effluentof the first demineralizer occurred imediately prior

,

to change-out of the filter unit.

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Volume Reduction

Liquid waste tre'atment utilizing disposable filters and demineralizerscan result in a significant reduction in the volume of radioactive wasterequiring disposal. Figure XIII displays the overall volume reduction whichcan be achieved in applications where boron removal is not required. Thevolume reduction factor is a function of the conductivity of the liquid wastebeing processed.

The system upon which Figure XIII is based consists of an HN-100depressurized filter followed by two HN-109 depressurized demineralizers.The system is operated such that the filter and first demineralizer arereplaced, and disposed of, simultaneously upon depletion of the resins inthe first demineralizer. ' The second demineralizer will have undergonenegligible depletion and is used to replace the first, with a newdemineralizer added in series. The volume reduction factor is derived bydividing the total volume of liquid waste processed before changeout by thedisposal volume of one demineralizer and one filter (i.e., 340 cubic feet).As can be seen, significant volume reduction factors are achOved.

This approach to volume eduction is currently being utilized as ahighly-attractive alternative to evaporation of liquid waste streams at anumber of operating power plants. In these instances, volume reductionbenefits are accompanied by the advantage of eliminating evaporator operation.Furthemore, until such time as solidification of resins and filter mediabecomes a requirement for transportation and disposal, the plant can chooseto forego solidification.

Consider, for example, a plant which annually processes 600,000 gallonsof liquid waste having a conductivity of approximately 100 micrombos/cm anda boron content of 1000 ppm (boric acid concentration of 5720 ppm). If the

waste is concentrated to 8 percent boric acid (80,000 ppm), the volume wouldbe reduced to 42,900 gallons or 5720 cubic feet. With a solidificationpackaging efficiency of 70 percent, the waste volume to be shipped would be8170 cubic feet. By comparison, the 600,000 gallons of waste could beprocessed utilizing a total of only two filters and two demineralizersresulting in a waste volume to be shipped of 680 cubic feet. Demineralizationand filtration reduces the waste volume by a factor of 12 as compared toevaporation and subsequent solidification.

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WASTE VOLUME REDUCTION - PORTABLE DEMINERALIZERS WITHOUT BORON REMOVAL

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