Design stepsMAYBE- from chap 1

trussesFrom chap 2

BucklingFrom chap 2.4

Failure of Columns• Failure of columns could occur as a result of material

failure by:• Initial yielding of the steel at the tension face• Initial crushing of the concrete at the compression face• Loss of lateral stability (buckling)

• If a column fails due to initial material failure, it is then considered short or non-slender column.• As the length of the column increase, the probability

that failure will occur by buckling also increase.

Buckling and Axial Compression• Buckling is a mode of failure generally resulting from

instability due to compressive action on the structural member or element involved• Examples• Overloaded metal building columns• Compressive member in bridges• Roof trusses

Buckling and Axial CompressionDefinition

“ Buckling can be defined as the sudden large deformation of structure due to a slight increase of an existing load under which the structure had exhibited little, id any, deformation before the load was increased”

BeamFrom chap 2.3

Chapter 2.3 – Introduction to Beam and Other Flexural Structure

• Area Moment of Inertia• Deflection

• Volume of Beam

What is Beam??• Horizontal structural member used to support

horizontal loads such as floors, roofs, and decks.• Types of beam loads

• Uniform• Varied by length• Single point• Combination

Common Beam Shape

Beam Terminology

Support Configuration

Load and Force Configuration

Beam Geometry

Beam Centroid• An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of

gravity of a solid body.• The centroid of a symmetric cross section can be

easily found by intersection of X and Y axes. The centroid of a symmetric cross section as shown on the rectngular beam below

IBS From chapter 3.4

Industrialized Building system (IBS)

ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

Less construction time• IBS requires less construction time because casting of precast element at factoryand

foundation work at site can occur simultaneously and the work at site is onlythe erection of IBS components. This leads to earlier occupation of the building.

Cost savings• The formwork of IBS components are made of steel, aluminium or other materialsthat

allows for repetitive use and this leads to considerable cost savings.

Saving in labour• When the IBS components are produced in factory, higher degree of utilisation

of machine is permitted and the use of labour will be reduced and lead to saving inlabour cost

Less labour at site• The use of IBS will reduce the construction process at site and consequently reducethe

number of labour required at site.

ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

Optimized use of material• The utilisation of machine during the production of IBS components lead tohigher degree of precision and accuracy in the

production and consequentlyreduce material wastage.

Higher quality and better finishes• An IBS component have higher quality and better finishes due to the carefulselection of materials, use of advanced

technology, better and strict qualityassurance control since production in factory is under sheltered environment.

Construction operation less affected by weather• Faster project completion due to rapid all weather construction. The effects of weather on construction operation are less

due to the fabrication of IBScomponents is done in factory while at site is only erection of the components.

flexibility• IBS provides flexibility in the design of precast element so that different systemsmay produce their own unique

prefabrication construction methods.

Increase site safety and neatness• Utilisation of IBS components leads to less construction process especially wetwork at site. This will lead to the neater

site condition and increase safety.

Environmental friendly• The use of IBS will decrease the using of timber formwork on construction projects

DISADVANTAGES OF IBS• Nothing in this world is perfect, so as industrialised building system. Disadvantages of IBS are as follows:

High initial capital cost• The initial capital cost of IBS is usually high. The initial cost including the cost of constructing the factory, casting

beds and support machinery. The cost effectivenesscan only be achieved when undertaking large projects.

Problem of joints• Water leakage is often the major problem in building constructed using IBS. This problem is more obvious in

Malaysia where raining occur rapidly through out theyear.

Sophisticated plants and skilled operators• The prefabrication system relies heavily on sophisticated plants, which have to bewell coordinated and

maintained by skilled operators. Breakdown in any one sectionwould hold-up the entire production line.

Site accessibility• Site accessibility is one of the most important factors of the implementation of IBS.IBS requires adequate sit

accessibility to transport IBS components from factory tothe site.

Large working area• Building construction using IBS requires a large working area for the factory,trailers, tower-cranes and storage

for the IBS components. Besides, mostconstruction sites especially in cities are often congested and unable to provide thearea required

BARRIERS TO THE ADOPTION OF IBS IN MALAYSIA

A survey undertaken by CIDB in 2003 found that only mere 15% used IBS in the localconstruction industry. According to Waleed A.M. Thanoon et al.(2003) the reasons of slow adoption of IBS in Malaysia are:

• i) Inconsistent of houses demand, high interest rate and cheap labour cost make it hardto justify large capital investment and it is easier to lay off workers during slack period.

• ii) A high degree of precision is required in fully prefabricated construction systemwhile Malaysia still lack of skilled workers.

BARRIERS TO THE ADOPTION OF IBS IN MALAYSIA• iii) Too many parties involve in construction industries. The owners,

contractors andengineers still lack of scientific information about the economic benefits of IBS. Thismake the agreement on the utilisation of IBS during planning stage difficult to beachieved.

• iv) Majorities of IBS in Malaysia are imported from developed countries and thus driveup the cost.

• v) The economic benefits of IBS are not well documented in Malaysia.

• vi) Most projects constructed with IBS in Malaysia were low quality and highconstruction cost. Utilisation of IBS in Japan and Sweden are so successful due to projects constructed with IBS are high quality and high productivity.

• vii) Many architects and engineers still unaware of the basis element of IBS such asmodular co-ordination

arch geometry

Arches • Arches – used to reduce the bending moment in long

span structures.

Typical geometry of Arches

Type of Arches

Draw diagram

load transfer – not sure from which chap