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Summary of Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments and Suffocations Documented in the U.S. 1964 – 2010 and Review of 2011 Entrapments William E. Field, Ed.D. Mathew Roberts, M.S. Steven Riedel, M.S.. Dept. of Agricultural & Biological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN

Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

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Page 1: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Summary of Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments and 

Suffocations Documented in the U.S. 1964 – 2010 and Review of 2011 

Entrapments

William E. Field, Ed.D.Mathew Roberts, M.S.Steven Riedel, M.S..

Dept. of Agricultural & Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN

Page 2: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Photos from Brock® Grain Systems

Special Thank You for the Invitation

Page 3: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Overview

• Introduction & Background• Problem Statement• Research Methods & Limitations• Findings• Conclusions & Recommendations• Ongoing reseach

Page 4: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Introduction & Background

• Why the on‐going interest in grain storage, handling and transport incidents?– Historically, these incidents account for the largest number of cases related to agricultural confined spaces

– Record number of U.S. cases in 2010– Recent high profile events involving multiple victims– North Central Education / Extension Research Activity Committee 197 Agenda Priority

– Targeted enforcement by OSHA– Expanded grain rescue training efforts

Page 5: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Introduction & Background (Cont.)• Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the 

problem of grain entrapment– Exempt vs. non‐exempt facilities

• On‐farm storage vs. commercial storage– Lack of accepted definitions for confined spaces– Rapid growth in the amount of both on‐farm and commercial 

storage– Lack of a comprehensive incident reporting system– Inconsistent interpretations of relevant OSHA Regulations

• CFR 29.1910.146 – Permit required confined space• CFR 29.1910.272 – Grain handling facilities• CFR 29.1928 – Agricultural workplaces

– Cost of bringing older facilities into compliance– Inconsistent information being disseminated

Page 6: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Problem Statement• Confined‐space hazards in production agriculture are 

significant causes of work‐related injuries and fatalities– ~10% of all farm‐related incidents– Record number of grain‐related entrapments in 2010

• The lack of reliable data and clearly defined terminology has made developing an effective evidenced‐based solution difficult

• The frequency of these eventsappears to be increasing

• There is a need to prioritizeprevention efforts

Page 7: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Research Methods & Limitations• Sources of data collection included:

– Online search engines– Newspaper clipping services– Death certificates– Police reports– Onsite investigations– Litigation documents– Cross‐referenced of incident data with

other land‐grant universities & agencies

• Limitations– Not comprehensive ‐ there are recognized gaps– No requirements to report incidents, especially if non‐fatal– Inaccurate/incomplete reporting of incidents

Page 8: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Definitions

• Entrapment – used in a broad way to describe an event in which an individual is trapped, possibly due to engulfment, inside a structure considered a confined space such as a bin, silo, or grain transport vehicle where self‐extrication is not possible

• Engulfment – event in which an individual is submerged, i.e. fully buried, in flowable agricultural material such as corn, small grain, or feed

• Flowing Agricultural Material (FAM): free‐flowing agricultural crops or material (including grain)

• OSHA Exempt facility – used to describe an agricultural facility that employs less than 11 employees or does not operate a work camp that is not required to follow the OSHA Permit‐Required Confined Space or Grain Handling Facility Standards.  It is customarily used to describe a family owned or operated farm

Page 9: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Findings• Frequency• Geographic 

distribution• Severity• Facilities Involved

– Grain StorageFacilities

– AgriculturalTransport Vehicles

• Contributing Factors

Page 10: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

891

132 11572

441

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

Grain StorageFacilities

Manure StorageStructures

Ag TransportVehicles

Forage StorageStructures

Other Food Processing &Storage Facility

Total Agricultural Confined Space Cases, by Agent Category

1964 ‐ 2010 (n=1255)

Agent Category

# Ca

ses Majority  are grain related

Page 11: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Geographic Distribution

123

171170

113

101

9948

46

46

37

29

27 24

24

26

17

1516

12

12

Unknown -8

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

4

7

6

6

7

7

7

78

8

9

Page 12: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

114

36

7762

86 8369

58

10

28

49

10

36

32

2949

23

20

5

128

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

1‐15 16‐19 20‐29 30‐39 40‐49 50‐59 60‐69 70‐79 80‐89 UNK

Non‐fatal Fatal

Age Range

# Ca

ses

Fatal vs. Non‐fatal Cases per Age Range Involving Grain Storage, Handling and 

Transport Equipment 1964‐2010 (n=1004)

Page 13: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

79.2%

11.1%

6.7%

2.1% 0.5% 0.5%

Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Cases by Type of Incident: 1964‐2010   n=1004

Entrapped /Engulfed inFAMFalls

EquipmentEntanglements

Toxic Fumes

Struck byFallingEquipmentUknown

Page 14: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

1 2 24

6

10 11

4

108

57

10

18

5

12

16

5 5

10

15

41

15

25

19

31

16

28

42

29

17

2426

18 18 18 18

22

19

24

31

24

33 34

38

51

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Annual Frequency of Grain Entrapment & Engulfment Cases  (1964 – 2010)

Year

Page 15: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

5-yr

Ave

rage

Ann

ual

Year

U.S. Grain Entrapments2001-2011 n=321

Annual

5-yr avg

Page 16: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

61%

30%9%

Breakdown by Classification of Facility Status (OSHA Exempt vs. Non‐exempt) Involving 

FAM Engulfments and Entrapments 2009 ‐ 2010  (n=89)

Farms (OSHA exempt)

Commercial grain storage and handling facilities(non‐exempt)

Unkown

Page 17: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

1

5

6

9

14

16

18

71

112

543

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Steel Tank

Grain / Corn Crib

Flat Storage

Feed Bin

Other

Unknown

Grain Pile

Grain Silo

Ag Transport Vehicle

Metal Grain Bin

Breakdown of Grain Storage & HandlingFacilities and Transport Vehicles

Involved with Entrapments and Engulfments 

1964‐2010   (n=795)

Page 18: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

35

26

15

119

6 6

21 1

Type of Ag Transport Vehicles Involved with Entrapments and Engulfments

1964-2010 (n=112)

# C

ases

Page 19: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

46

6 52 2 1

3

29

2 4

4

7

1

0-15 16-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 UNK

Ag Transport Vehicles Involved with Entrapments and Engulfments

Age Distribution by Gender and Fatal vs. Non-Fatal 1964-2010 (n=112)

Male - Fatal Male - Non-Fatal

Female - Fatal Female - Non-Fatal

Age Range

Page 20: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Contributing Factors• Improper post‐harvest drying (Excessive M.C.)• Excessive fines and foreign material• Out‐of‐Condition Grain• Energized unloading equipment• Working alone• Unsupervised children in exempt workplaces• Increased on‐farm storage• Unfamiliarity with extrication strategies by first responders

Page 21: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Factors Contributing to Increase Rate of Survival

• Increased emphasis on safer confined space entry procedures – use of outside observer

• Increased emphasis on first responder training• More representative data including non‐fatal incidents

Page 22: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Use of Commercial Grain Rescue Tubes

• Two documented incidents in 2010

• Three cases in 2011

• Three cases so far in 2012

Page 23: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Conclusions• Poor quality grain a key problem• Victims are mostly males  over 97%• Average age of known cases  39 years old

– 1/5th of cases where age is known are under the age of 16

• Corn Belt region issue• Historically, incidents occur primarily on OSHA exempt 

(farm) facilities  70+%• Primary medium (when known) is out‐of‐condition corn  45%– Likely higher, as corn accounts for approximately 2/3rds of typical 

FAM crops by yield (NASS, 2011)

Page 24: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Conclusions (Cont.)

• Corrugated metal grainbins are most frequently involved  68%

• Unloading equipment wastypically energized at the time of the incident

• Suffocation occurred in over 60% of entrapment cases• Frequency of incidents is increasing

Page 25: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Relative Risk of Grain Entrapment and Grain Dust Explosions

• 1970 – 2010 USDOL reported 600 airborne grain dust explosions– 250+ fatalities– 1000+ injuries

• 1964 – 2011 Purdue documented 900+ grain entrapments– 550+ fatalities– 350+ injuries/successful rescues

Page 26: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Increased Level of OSHA Enforcement

Year OSHA Proposed Fine

Number of 

Incidents2009 $1,83 million 32010 $2,77 million 42011 $4,18 million 19

Page 27: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Recommendations

• There is a need to:– Adopt a comprehensive, consensus definition for agricultural confined spaces and related terminology

– Continue the current surveillance and documentation program

– Develop a mutually agreeable set of processes and procedures for exempt facilities to follow that

• do not unduly burden the producer• focus on farm family members under the age of 16

Page 28: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Recommendations• There is a need to:

– Develop appropriate engineering and practice standards to enhance the safety of grain storage and handling facilities

– Continue promoting public awareness of grain handling hazards, especially when out‐of‐condition grain is present

– Develop evidence‐based grain handling safety curricula for high‐risk operations

– Develop evidence‐based first response strategies for grain entrapment

Page 29: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Ongoing Research Efforts1. Estimating the cost of bringing currently 

exempt facilities into compliance.2. Summarizing the impact of grain entrapments 

on youth under 16.3. Exploring the potential of entrapment while 

using grain vacuum machines.4. Investigating victim extrication strategies.5. Summarizing data on sweep and unload auger 

entanglements.

Page 30: Summary Grain Storage, Handling and Transport Entrapments ...Introduction & Background (Cont.) • Critical issues that increase the complexity of responding to the problem of grain

Questions?