Summary and Overview - Amazon S3 · Summary and Overview Lesson 17. ... It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand

Lesson 1: Introduction to Verbal Reasoning

Timing

• 21 minutes• 11 passages• 44 questions • 30 seconds per question

Different Question Types

• True, False, Can’t Tell• Type 1 Statement• Type 2 Statement• Writer• Reverse

�

Lesson 2: True, False, Can’t Tell

• A statement can be True if it is directly stated or it is an inference from the passage

• A statement can be False if it is directly contradicted or you it has gone beyond the information of the passage.

• A statement can be Can’t Tell if you cannot be certain based on the passage. You cannot use external knowledge.

�

Lesson 3: Using Inferences

• You can infer from the passage information to deduct that a statement is true, even if it is not directly stated.

• Often there can be a split between True and Can’t Tell

• Use the wording of the question to help you determine whether an inference can become true, or whether it is too big an assumption.

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Page � ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••47UKCAT BMAT www.medicmind.co.uk Interview UCAS

Summary and Overview Lesson 17

Lesson 4: Extreme Language

�

Lesson 5: Keyword Approach

Step by Step Technique 1. Read the first two lines of the passage

2. Pick a keyword from the question stem

3. Find the keyword in the passage, and read from the sentence before to the sentence after

4. Eliminate the wrong answers and select the correct one.

Using the Keyword Approach

• Good keywords are dates, numbers and nouns.

• Keywords should not appear all over the passage

• The keyword can be a phrase or a synonym of the statement word

• If a keyword doesn’t appear in the passage, you can:

Search again for the same keywordPick and alternative keywordLook for synonymsChoose can’t tell

Mild Phrases Extreme PhrasesTend to be True Tend to be False or Can’t Tell

Might, could, sometimes, one of the best Will always, definitely, every time, the best

“Sea levels will rise in the next 10 years” “Sea levels will most likely rise in the next 10 years”


Lesson 6: Passage Adjustments

• Sometimes the passage and statement will be very similar but there will be a slight adjustment, as small as one word, which changes the answer completely.

• If you see the exact same wording for most of the sentence in both the passage and statement be on alert for a passage adjustment

• Remember - scan quickly to find your keyword, but once you have found it read very carefully.

�

Lesson 7: Writer Questions

• An example of a Writer question is “Which of the following would the author most likely agree with?”.

• Spend slightly more time reading the passage if required for Step 1

• The last paragraph is the most likely place to find the conclusion or strongest opinion of the passage

• Writer questions can often be time consuming and it can be difficult to pick good keywords. So if you have to move on after 30s, do so.

�

Lesson 8: Type 1 Statement Questions

• In Type 1 questions you can find a keyword in the question stem, and the statements are related around the question stem

• Statement questions are time consuming so be careful not to spend too long

• Elimination is particularly useful for statement questions.


Lesson 9: Type 2 Statement Questions

• In Type 2 questions the question stem is generic, so you need to pick a different keyword for each statement. The statements are likely to be unrelated.

• Type 2 questions are even more taxing, as you have to pick 4 keywords. Yet again, be wary of spending too long.

• You have to be ruthless in eliminating, and you will not have time to double check.

�

Lesson 10: Scientific and Factual Passages

• Scientific and Factual passages can be difficult and abstract. To avoid getting confused, ignore unnecessary terms and information which is there to distract and confuse you.

• Keywords should be easier to find, as date and scientific terms are easier to find. In general the keyword approach works well for these passages, in contrast to Writer questions where you may have to read several lines to gauge the point.

• Type 2 questions are even more taxing, as you have to pick 4 keywords. Yet again, be wary of spending too long.

�

Lesson 11: Timing Strategies

Guessing and Moving On

By the 30 second mark:

• If you have eliminated 1 out of 4, just guess and move on. • If you have eliminated 2 out of 4, invest an extra 15 seconds.

First Question in a Set

• Spending extra time on the first question of a set will help you understand the passage more, so will help you later on for the next three questions. Whereas, if you are doing question four, be less willing to spend extra time.


Flagging Questions

• Never flag without putting a guess down at the very minimum

• If you were stuck on the first question, go back to it at the end of the fourth question, rather than at the end. It can be difficult to re-familiarise yourself with the passage if you get time at the end.

• Use the whiteboard to write down which answers were complete guesses (G) or answers you were unsure about (U).

�

Lesson 12: Reverse Questions

• An example of a Reverse question is “Which of the following is not true?”.

• Working by elimination is the best technique for Reverse questions

• The correct answer may be False or Can’t Tell. The incorrect answer can be True or Can’t Tell. Identify what you are looking for because this will help you choose the right approach (see the table in Lesson 11).

�

Lesson 13: Timing Contingencies

Strategy 1: Rabbit Pace (5 minutes - 15 questions)

• Use the Extreme Language technique to work quickly• Be unforgiving with knocking out - do not hesitate.• Do not check the incorrect options when you have an answer.

Strategy 2: Cheetah Pace (5 minutes - 20 questions)

• Do not even check your selected answer when you have one.• Do not leave any question unanswered in the test• Opt for quality guessing rather than random guessing. So leave 2 minutes to guess the

remaining few using Extreme Language and your gut instinct, rather than 1 minute to select A for every question.


Lesson 14: Causation vs. Correlation

• Causation is when X has caused Y.

• Correlation is when X and Y have both changed in a certain way, but they could be unrelated.

• Causation does not mean correlation.

• In the UKCAT there may be an opinion from a person in the passage on link between X and Y. This does not mean a correlation or causation exists - it is just opinion.

• They may place two sentences next to each other, and you assume there is a link whilst speed reading.

�

Lesson 15: Verbal Reasoning - Test Day

Test Day

• In the test you will have a whiteboard to use for your working

• The flag function on screen enables you to mark difficult questions

• You can take breaks between sections before you begin the instruction time

Week by Week Plan

• 4 weeks to go- consolidate techniques by reading through the course booklet and example questions

• 3 weeks to go- practice questions and adapt the theories you learnt. Timing not essential to begin with, just focus on applying the correct theory.

• 2.5 weeks to go - begin working on timing by doing mini-mocks under test conditions.

• 2 weeks to go- work on full mocks to develop your skills for the last run

• 1.5 weeks to go- revisit the theory taught using the course booklet and online videos


• 1 week to go - practice several Verbal Reasoning mocks back to back to develop your concentration skills for test day.

• 3 days to go - adapt to test conditions by replicating the conditions. Do a mock in your local library using an old computer and a whiteboard.

• 1 day to go - consolidate the techniques briefly and then relax!

• Test day - read a few passages before the test to waken up your mind. Good luck!

�

Lesson 16: Tips from the Experts

1. Do not panic- it can be terrifying when you first do a Verbal Reasoning mock, but stay calm because you will definitely improve if you learn to apply the Medic Mind techniques.

2. Use the keyword technique- it may be against your natural instinct, but you simply cannot read the whole passage. The keyword technique is the best.

3. Don’t be afraid to guess- you cannot get held up for 2 minutes on a single question. You have to be strict with yourself, and guess if needed.

4. Have a flexible approach- do not be too narrow-minded when applying the techniques you have learnt.

5. Be ready for the start- having so much text to read in the first section, when you are naturally nervous, is difficult. So get a good rest, and do some warm up reading to make sure you are ready to go!


Verbal Reasoning Extra Questions



Elephant Sanctuaries

Elephants have been used by humans to perform a variety of tasks for around 5000 years, but while people have consistently profited, this relationship has not been greatly beneficial to the elephants. Revered throughout Thailand, elephants have greatly influenced Thai culture, myth, and religion, though the deep respect held for the species is unfortunately not often reflected in the treatment of individual elephants. Widespread abuse, poaching, deforestation, increased tourism, farming, and a vast reduction in habitat have all contributed to a rapid decline in elephant numbers, and Asian elephants are now officially an endangered species. It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand alone (and likely in the millions globally). Currently the worldwide population has decreased to around 30,000. Of these, only 2500-4000 live in Thailand, and most of those live in captivity. Unfortunately, increases in the human population tend to lead to reductions in the number of living elephants. The main reasons for this are because of poaching, habitat loss, and increased tourism. Current estimates for 1kg of ivory on the black market in China (the worlds largest market for illegal ivory sales) is around $3000 US Dollars. Due to their high intelligence, it is possible to train elephants to perform a broad array of tasks, from hauling logs to painting. This adaptability and aptitude, coupled with their immense size and strength, meant elephants were naturally seen as ideal work animals. Historically, they have been utilised by logging companies to haul lumber, but widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to officially cease throughout Thailand. Sadly, logging camp elephants were forced by humans to contribute to the destruction of their own habitat, and deforestation is now one of the major threats to elephant survival.

19. Soon elephants will go extinct.A. True B. False C. Can’t Tell

20. It can be estimated that 400kg of ivory makes over 1 million US Dollars.

A. TrueB. FalseC. Can’t Tell


21. Legal logging is now ceased throughout Thailand.


22. Deforestation is the biggest danger to elephant survival.



Khmer Rouge

Tuol Svay Pray High School sits on a dusty road on the outskirts of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. In 1976, the Khmer Rouge renamed the high school S-21 and turned it into a torture, interrogation and execution center. Of the 14,000 people known to have entered, only seven survived. Not only did the Khmer Rouge carefully transcribe the prisoners' interrogations; they also carefully photographed the vast majority of the inmates and created an astonishing photographic archive. Each of the almost 6,000 S-21 portraits that have been recovered tells a story shock, resignation, confusion, defiance and horror. Although the most gruesome images to come out of Cambodia were those of the mass graves, the most haunting were the portraits taken by the Khmer Rouge at S-21.

Today, S-21 Prison is known as the Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide. Inside the gates, it looks like any high school; five buildings face a grass courtyard with pull-up bars, green lawns and lawn-bowling pitches. The ground-floor classrooms in one building have been left to appear as they were in 1977. The spartan interrogation rooms are furnished with only a school desk-and-chair set that faces a steel bed frame with shackles at each end. On the far wall are the grisly photographs of bloated, decomposing bodies chained to bed frames with pools of wet blood underneath. These were the sights that greeted the two Vietnamese photojournalists who first discovered S-21 in January of 1979.

In another building the walls are papered with thousands of S-21 portraits. At first glance, the photograph of a shirtless young man appears typical of the prison photos. Closer inspection reveals that the number tag on his chest has been safety pinned to his pectoral muscle. With a bruised face and a pad-locked chain around his neck, a boy stands with his arms at his sides and looks straight into the camera. A mother with her baby in her arms stares into the camera with a look of indignant resignation. The photographs and confessions were collected in order to prove to the Khmer Rouge leaders that their orders had been carried out

23. A man in one of the portraits has had a 5 digit number tag attached to his chest.


24. The S-21 Prison is also a high school



25. The Khmer Rouge contains mass graves.


26. Which of the following statements is true?

A. There were hundreds of survivors B. S-21 was first discovered in the last month of 1979C. Khmer Rouge is found in S-21D. The interrogation rooms have no furniture at all.


A Paradise to Lose

The Amazon region is home to more than one million species of animals and plants – some 60 % of the planet’s species. The rainforest is therefore an irreplaceable archive of biodiversity. But it also performs valuable services for plants and the soil, by binding considerable amounts of carbon dioxide, for instance.

Nonetheless, the latest satellite images show that the rainforest is still under threat. Clear-cutting continues, to make space for cattle ranches and soybean plantations. Climate change, moreover, is also beginning to threaten the wilderness.

In the past 40 years, a rainforest area twice the sizes of France was destroyed in the Amazon basin. Most of this devastation occurred in Brazil, which is home to more than half of the rainforest. Destructive practices continue even today, although the government of Brazil, with international support, is doing quite a bit to put an end to them. However, global demand for agrofuels is increasing, and Brazil’s model of economic development is based on commodity exports. Both the national government and most state governments focus on mass exports of raw agricultural products, such as meat, soybeans and sugarcane.

Borges Maggi is the world’s most important soybean producer and the governor of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. He says that forest romanticism has no future. He and other agro-millionaires speak of defending the “constitutional right to deforestation” for the sake of Brazil's development.

But Marina Silva, Brazil’s environment minister and a former rubber-plantation worker, disagrees. She supports a different development model. As she puts it, if trends are not sustainable, they are not about development, but only about repeating catastrophes.

27. Which of the following conclusions is most likely to be true?

A. Deforestation will cease because of the significant amount of biodiversity.B. There are people who have a lot to gain economically from deforestation in Brazil C. Climate change is the biggest threat to the forestD. Brazil benefits more from deforestation than not.

28. Deforestation should cease because:

A. It is affecting the level of tourism in the Amazon as less people are visiting the forest.B. It is not vital to economic development as there are other forms of income. C. Large amounts of the forest are being destroyed at the size which is equivalent of

countries. D. A large portion of the animal’s species are contained there and so it could lead to

species becoming extinct.


29. According to the passage, the governor of the Brazilian state said that deforestation should continue:

A. To maintain the romanticism of the forest.B. Because it is allowed to via the constitution. C. As it will help increase soybean production. D. For the development of Brazil’s economy.

30. From the information given in the passage, which of the following is not threat to the rainforest?

A. Cattle ranchesB. Soybean plantationC. TourismD. Climate change


Bread, Beer & Yeast

The history of bread and cake starts with Neolithic cooks and marches through time according to ingredient availability, advances in technology, economic conditions, socio-cultural influences, legal rights (Medieval guilds), and evolving taste. The earliest breads were unleavened. Variations in grain, thickness, shape, and texture varied from culture to culture.

Archaelogical evidence confirms yeast (both as leavening agent and for brewing ale) was used in Egypt as early as 4000 B.C. Food historians generally cite this date for the discovery of leavened bread and genesis of the brewing industry. There is an alternate theory regarding the invention of brewing. Some historians believe it is possible that brewing began when the first cereal crops were domesticated. Sources generally agree the discovery of the powers of yeast was accidental.

"No one has yet managed to date the origins of beer with any precision, and it is probably an impossible task. Indeed, there are scholars who have theorized that a taste for ale prompted the beginning of agriculture, in which case humans have been brewing for some 10,000 years...Most archaeological evidence, however, suggests that fermentation was being used in one manner or another by around 4000 to 3500 B.C. Some of this evidence-from an ancient Mesopotamian trading outpost called Godin Tepe in present-day Iran- indicates that barley was being fermented at that location around 3500 B.C. Additional evidence recovered at Hacinegi Tepe (a similar site in southern Turkey) also suggest that ancient Mesopotamians were fermenting barley at a very early date.

31. Yeast was used in 4004 B.C


32. Some historians believe that cereal crops are responsible for the beginning of brewing.


33. Hacinegi Tepe is only found in Northern Turkey


Verbal Reasoning

Answers and Explanations


Question 1 - C

Looking for dates leads us to 17th February 2013. Counting back 6 months goes to August. However, we are not sure if this is a reference to the start of the month, end or both. Therefore the answer is Can’t Tell.

Keywords: Olympic Games, Dates

Question 2 - C

The passage says that SSPs ‘ended recommendation for two hours of PE in schools each week’. We know that the recommendation for two hours of PE has been ended, but this does not necessarily mean no schools have 2 hour sessions. The statement has used Extreme Language by saying ‘no schools’ at all.

Keywords: PE

Question 3 - A

Michael Gove is Education Secretary, and he is ‘announcing a new report for school sport’. So it is plausible to infer he has some control. If the statement was extreme and said ‘full control’ it would be Can’t Tell.

Keywords: Michael Gove

Question 4 - AThe firm advocates reverting back to the old paper straws because they biodegrade. Hence we can infer that plastic straws do not biodegrade.

Keywords: Biodegradable B - Keyword ‘Gin and Tonic’. Even though it mentions some people do have a straw for it, it doesn’t mean that it is the norm.

C - Keyword ‘Lucozade Sport’. There is no explicit mention of Lucozade Sport’s view on a plastic straw tax.

D - Keyword ’restaurants’ (synonym ‘pub’). Many restaurants may not re-use, but the statement is too extreme.

Question 5 - C

We know that the average transaction is £8.60. But this does not mean that the majority of transactions are above £8. Remember, averages can be skewed due to extreme values,


so it could be a small cohort of people paying £30 transactions, whilst most people spend below £5.

Keywords: Currency / Figures

Question 6 - B

Even though the recycling facilities are poorly used, they do exist in certain areas. The statement is extreme - if it said ‘few’ instead of ‘no’, it would be true.

Keywords: Recycling Facilities

Question 7 - C

The government had considered a plastic bottle tax. This is a Passage Adjustment. However, they may have also considered a straw tax, so the answer is not False.

Keywords: Tax

Question 8 - C

Be careful here, because the author may mention each point. His strongest point is likely to be at the end.

A- He doesn’t give a personal opinion on extending hours

B - Again, he doesn’t give an explicit opinion on returfing greens.

C - Again no reference.

NOTICE! The answer lied in the last paragraph.

Question 9 - D

Remember, the best place to look for the author’s main opinion is the last paragraph. In the last paragraph he says ‘golf is a beneficial activity in terms of exercise and social interaction’.

A - He says that is should be accessible to everyone as he advocates for cheaper prices.

B - The author does not want it to be a luxury, even if it is becoming the case.

C - The author discusses the number of women involved

NOTICE! Most the references are in the last paragraph.


Question 10 - C

The general topic of the passage is the decline in the popularity of golf. Therefore C is the best answer. In the passage it says ‘However it is a leisure activity and when finances are tight, people are choosing not to spend large sums on membership fees and even on ‘pay and play’.

A - Keyword ‘elderly’. This statement uses Extreme Language - golf is a good exercise, it does not say best.

B - Keyword price reference. Golf is cheaper now than before, but we do not know it is the cheapest it ever has been - again Extreme Language.

D - Keyword ’women’. The statement goes too far - we know that there are more women than before, but there is no comparison to businessmen.

Question 11 - A

It is difficult to find a keyword here. Scanning shows us that some clubs are moving into private hire to generate income. The passage says ‘More affluent clubs are surviving by diversifying and opening their facilities for private hire and various other functions and events.’

B - Keyword ‘affluent clubs’. The statement uses Extreme Language (‘only’). There may be 1 or 2 less affluent clubs surviving.

C - Keyword ‘conditions’. Again, just because some stay open it doesn’t mean ‘all’ do - Extreme Language.

D - Keyword ‘loneliness and depression’. Not stated in passage.

Question 12 - C

Mark Hall says that ‘Only kids need a straw with their fizzy pop’. This is not ‘no one’, so C is false.

A - Mr. Hall’s general tone suggests that he agrees with this.

B - Mr. Hall’s firm wants to follow in the footsteps of the plastic bag tax, so we can infer that Mr. Hall views the scheme as successful.

D - Mr Hall describes plastic straws as the ‘ultimate’ in human waste.

Question 13 - D

The passage refers to the ‘common use of contactless by commuters on the capital's transport system.’Common Use’ proves that it is often used for purchasing transport.


Keywords: Transport

A - Keyword ‘Cash’. Cash is still more common - knock out A.

B - Keyword ‘London’. Use is high, but the statement is using Extreme Language.It has gone too far.

C - Keyword ’60’. They may have taken to it quickly, but we do not know how many over 60s there are. It is likely they make up less than 30% of the population.

Question 14 - C

The limit rose from £20 to £30. At first this might seem like 1/3 more, but it definitely isn’t (50% more).

Keyword: Currency Values

A - No Keyword. Many prefer contactless, so this is true.

B - Keyword ‘Transport’. This is not mentioned (Can’t Tell), but not false.

C - Keyword ’food and drink’. Commonly used for this.

Question 15 - D

First of all notice that this is a reverse question. It is asking you which of the statements is False, so if any statements are True or Can’t Tell they are not the answer option.

For D we will use the keyword ‘Essex’, because it is a capitalised noun. We find it in the second paragraph, where it mentions that ‘councils and schools in West Midlands, Hampshire and Essex are among those’ with the penalty. ‘Among those’ indicates that there are more than just these 3, so the statement is false in saying the fine only exists in 3 UK districts.

A - there is no discussion of the impact of the fines on lateness - Can’t Tell.

B - South Korea is referred to as being a ‘leader in academic league tables’, so this is not False (either True or Can’t Tell).

C - one scheme has a fine of £60, but we do not know that this is the maximum - Can’t Tell.

Question 16 - B

Again notice that this is a Reverse Question, they are asking for the solution not mentioned. Statement B involves a Passage Adjustment, which we looked at in Lesson 5. The passage does mention making children ‘mop classroom floors’ and ‘collect litter’, but there is no mention of making them come in on weekends. This is a drastic change from


after-school chores, so it is too big an adjustment for this statement to be true based on the passage.

A - Tom Bennet suggests that ‘parents whose teenage children were regularly late should walk with them’. Notice that some solutions are from individuals, like Mr. Bennet, whilst others are government initiatives already in use (such as the fines).

C - this is the main topic of the passage, and they mention the £60 fine regularly.

D - this is mentioned by the government’s tsar in paragraph 4.

Question 17 - C

In the last paragraph Tom Bennet says that “Most pupils would rather lose an arm than be seen walking up to school with their parents”. However, this statement is used as an exaggeration to get across the point that students do not want to walk with their parents, instead of being said as actual fact. This is fine to use in the passage, but in the question you have to look at the words literally. From a literal sense, this statement seems quite ridiculous, but without using external knowledge we still cannot put down false.

Question 18 - C

The keyword ‘technology’ appears in the final line of the passage, where it says that Tom ‘Bennet believes that the increase in technology has had a role in increasing the number of students being late for school, because many are staying up late on their phones’. However, this is an opinion of Mr. Bennet, and not a fact. Therefore the statement is Can’t Tell. Look at tutorial 15, Correlations vs. Causation, where there is a discussion of the difference between opinion and fact.

Question 19 - C

Can’t Tell. Looking through the passage there is no reference to the keyword ‘extinct’, which is already a hint that perhaps the answer is not True. We find in the last paragraph that there are threats to ‘elephant survival’. We know that elephants are an endangered species and that the number of elephants is declining, but we do not know for sure that they will go extinct. This is an example of Extreme Language, because if the statement said ‘elephants could go extinct’ then the answer would be True.

Question 20 - A

True. Figures are great keywords, and we find a reference to kg and dollars in the fourth paragraph. 1kg is 3000 dollars, so 40kg = 3000 x 40 = $1200000 = $1.2m

Question 21 - A

True. We know that widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to official cease throughout Thailand. We use the keywords ‘legal logging’, and there is a pretty exact match in the passage - ‘widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to officially cease throughout Thailand’. ‘Thailand’ can also be a possible keyword.


Question 22 - C

Can’t Tell. We use the keyword ‘deforestation’, which takes us to the final line, which says deforestation is one of the ‘major threats’ to elephant survival. We know that it is one of the major threats, but not the biggest danger. This is Extreme Language. It is still possible that deforestation is the biggest danger, we just haven’t been told, so the answer is Can’t Tell.

Question 23 - C

Can’t Tell. Looking for the keyword ‘number tag’, we find it in the last paragraph where it says that the man had a ‘number tag’ on his pectoral muscle. However, we do not know how many digits it is, so the answer is Can’t Tell.

Question 24 - B

False. We use the keywords ’S-21 Prison’ to guide us to the first line of the second paragraph. The prison looked ‘like a high school’, but it isn’t one.

Question 25 - A

True. A good keyword here is ‘mass graves’. Using the keyword ‘Khmer Rouge’ will not help us too much as it doesn’t narrow down the passage for us much as the words are present throughout the passage. We are told that the most gruesome images to come out of Cambodia were those of the mass graves, the most haunting were the portraits taken by the Khmer Rouge at S-21.

Question 26 - C

A - This is not true. We know that there were only 7 survivors.

B - This is not true. Using the keyword ‘1979’ guides us to the last line of the second paragraph, where it tells us that S-21 was discovered in January 1979, not the last month (December).

C - This is true. The Khmer Rouge renamed the school and turned it into their base for torture and interrogation.

D - This is not true. We know that the spartan interrogation rooms are furnished with only a school desk-and-chair set.

Question 27 - B

B is likely to be true as Borges Matti is a soybean producer, and we are told that clear-cutting occurs to make space for soybean production.


A is unlikely to be true as although there is a large amount of biodiversity, one of the governors of Brazil believes that there should be a constitutional right to deforestation. There is also no evidence that deforestation will cease or has ceased.

C we do not know for sure. We know that it is a threat but whether it is the biggest is debatable.

D there is no evidence for.

Question 28 - D

D - We are told this in the passage and does support a reason as to why deforestation should stop occurring. The answer is therefore D.

A - We are not told anything about tourism in the passage at all. We can therefore rule this out immediately.

B - We know that deforestation helps the economy therefore this is contradicting what is being said in the passage.

C - This is true and is told in the passage, however it does not provide an explanation as to why deforestation should cease.

Question 29 - B

A - This is a counter-argument used to support why deforestation should occur.

B - This is correct. We are told that there is a constitutional right to deforestation

C - We know that he is a soybean producer, but he does not explicitly say this is the reason he wants deforestation to continue.

D - He mentions the development of Brazil - this is not necessarily Brazil’s economy.

Question 30 - C

We are told that cattle ranches and soybean plantation are two reasons why deforestation is occurring, which is a threat to the rainforest. We are also told that climate change is beginning to threaten the wilderness.

Question 31 - C

Can’t Tell. We know that it was used was early as 4000 B.C, but we do not know anything about the production of yeast in 4004 B.C. What if there was a shortage of yeast that year?


Question 32 - A

A - We are told that some historians believe it is possible that brewing began when the first cereal crops were domesticated.

Question 33 - B

B - We are told that a Hacinegi Type is found in Southern Turkey. The use of ‘only’ makes this Extreme Language.

Question 34 - A

A - True. We are told that many sources agree that the discovery of the powers of yeast were accidental.


Documents

Summary and Overview - Amazon S3 · Summary and Overview Lesson 17. ... It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand