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Iowa State University
Sulfur Application to Corn and Soybean Crops in Iowa
John E. SawyerDaniel W. Barker
Department of AgronomyIowa State University
Iowa State University
Iowa State University
Sulfur (S)
Movement in PlantNon-mobile
FunctionsProteins, chlorophyll and photosynthesis
Deficiency SymptomsGeneral yellowing, chlorosis stripping of foliageYellowing of younger leavesPlant stunting and spindly plants with severe deficiency
Plant Available Form: Sulfate (SO4-2)
Iowa State University
Slide from G. Rehm, Univ. MN
Iowa State University
Plant Nutrients in Harvested Crops
Crop N P2O5 K2O Ca Mg S
Corn Grain, 150 bu 135 54 39 1.5 7.5 10.5
Soybean Grain, 50 bu 178 41 50 9 9 5
Alfalfa Hay, 5 ton 250 55 225 140 25 25
(lb per unit of indicated yield)
Adapted from Modern Corn and Soybean Production, 2000
Iowa State University
Sulfur Deficiencies
Soil Situations and Climatic Conditions Aggravating Deficiency Symptoms
Coarse textured soils (sandy soils)Low organic matter soilsEroded soilsLow profile sulfateCold
• Slow release of S from organic matterLow atmospheric depositionNo application from
• Manure• Other fertilizers
Iowa State University10 kg SO4/ha = 3.3 lb S/acre
Iowa State University
Concentration of Secondary Plant Nutrients in Animal Manures
Element Poultry Layer Swine Slurrylb/ton lb/1,000 gal
Calcium 179 7.8Magnesium 5.7 2.7Sulfur 8.8 2.3
Iowa State University
Annual Sulfur Fertilizer Distribution In Iowa
0
10
20
30
40
1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001Year
Dis
tribu
tion
(1,0
00 to
n S)
SulfurGypsumAm. SulfateAm. ThiosulfateTotal
Data Source: Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa Fertilizer Distribution Report
Iowa State University
Year Control KCl KMgSO4
1967 146 160 1611968 148 161 1601969 144 139 1441970 108 130 1241971 147 157 1601972 129 150 1521973 115 129 1291974 120 133 130
8-yr avg. 132 145 145
J. Webb, 1978.
bu/acre
Effect of broadcast potash and sulpomag on corn yield, Webster soil.
Fertilizers applied at 160 lb K/acre annuallySul-po-mag supplied 199 lb S/acre annually
Iowa State University
Location Control ES ATS ES ATS
CornCastana 113 110 113 112 112Kanawha 168 164 166 163 163Doon 126 126 125 126 125Nashua 177 175 175 175 174Sutherland 145 143 145 143 142
Mean 148 146 147 146 143
SoybeanCastana 26.5 26.7 27.1 26.1 26.1Kanawha 40.9 38.9 40.8 40.0 39.8Doon 44.5 43.7 43.7 42.9 43.9Nashua 45.1 44.1 45.2 44.9 45.5Sutherland 40.7 41.9 41.1 40.4 40.4
Mean 40.0 39.4 39.9 39.2 39.4
60 lb S/acre
Research by J. Webb, summarized by Pierce et al., 1997.ES = Elemental S, ATS = Ammonium Thiosulfate. Broadcast applied.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Corn and soybean response to S rate and source, 1977 to 1990.30 lb S/acre
Iowa State University
Treatment Corn Yieldbu/acre
Control 148+ S 146
*
Corn yield response to S application, 28 site-years across Iowa.
StatisticsAverage of all sites, S applied at 30 and 60 lb S/acre as elemental S and ammonium thiosulfate.Research by J. Webb, summarized by Pierce et al., 1997.
Iowa State University
Corn Grain Yieldlb S/acre Ton lime/acre bu/acre
0 0 62.80 2 62.5
24 0 68.424 2 71.6
4.6
Treatments
LSD (0.05)
Corn yield response to sulfur application, 1974.
From Thorup and Leitch, 1975. Site near Fort Madison, IA. Sulfur fertilizer source was ammonium sulfate.
Iowa State University
5-yearMaterial S Rate 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 mean
lb S/acreSulpomag 60 140 153 133 144 122 138KCl + S 60 140 159 130 135 127 138Elemental S 60 137 158 129 140 125 138KCl 0 133 154 125 133 132 135
* NS NS NS NS NS
* Significant response to S (P ≤ 0.05).
† Potassium was applied at an equal rate of 60 lb K2O per acre to all treatments. The treatmetns were applied each year before corn, and the study area was alternated back-and-forth each year with soybean. Soil test S (surface 6-inch layer) was 5 to 8 pm in the non-S treated plots and 30 to 46 ppm in the S treated plots after the 1999 season.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - bu/acre - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Treatment†
Statistics
Corn yield response to S fertilization on a Moody soil at the Northwest Research Farm, Sutherland, IA.
From Mallarino et al. (2000).
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
Two Sulfur Sources Broadcast Applied Spring 2000
Calcium Sulfate - Gypsum (CaSO4)Elemental S (S)
Four S Rates0, 10, 20, 40 lb S/acre
Soil sulfate-S measured to 3 feetSix Iowa Locations
Ames, Atlantic, Crawfordsville, Doon, Kanawha, Castana
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
General Soil OrganicSite Location Soil Name Matter Tillage System
%Ames Central Clarion; Nicollet 4.0 Chisel/Disk/F.C.Atlantic Southwest Marshall 3.7 No-TillCrawfordsville Southeast Taintor; Mahaska 5.0 Chisel/Disk/F.C.Doon Northwest Moody 4.1 Chisel/Disk/F.C.Kanawha North Central Canisteo; Nicollet 6.7 Chisel/Disk/F.C.Castana Western Monona 3.3 No-Till
Site characteristics
Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
S Rate CaS S CaS S CaS Slb S/acre
0 0.18 0.18 60 60 162 15910 0.19 0.18 60 60 158 16020 0.19 0.18 60 60 158 15940 0.20 0.20 60 60 158 159
% bu/acre
* NS NS
Ear Leaf S Leaf SPAD YieldCorn - Average Across All Sites, 2000
Calcium Sulfate; Elemental Sulfur; App. spring 2000Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
S Rate CaS S CaS S CaS Slb S/acre
0 0.26 0.27 50.0 50.1 35.5 35.710 0.27 0.26 49.3 49.6 35.6 35.420 0.28 0.28 48.9 49.7 35.5 35.640 0.29 0.27 49.0 49.6 35.4 35.5
Soybean - Average Across All Sites, 2000
Calcium Sulfate; Elemental Sulfur; App. spring 2000Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
%
Grain Protein
NS
Yield
*
bu/acre %
NS
Leaf S
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
SampleDepth Corn Soybean Corn Soybean Corn Soybeaninches
20000-6 9 5 8 11 6 76-12 6 6 11 5 2 412-24 9 5 7 7 2 524-36 13 11 7 10 3 2
20010-6 10 10 8 12 3 86-12 5 9 1 4 6 3
Soil samples collected spring 2000 and 2001, no S appliedSawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
Extractable Soil Sulfate-S concentrationAmes Atlantic Crawfordsville
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ppm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
SampleDepth Corn Soybean Corn Soybean Corn Soybeaninches
20000-6 2 4 7 7 4 --6-12 2 4 4 7 5 --12-24 8 7 10 15 2 --24-36 -- -- 9 10 4 --
20010-6 2 3 8 6 -- 66-12 2 3 12 7 -- 6
Extractable Soil Sulfate-S concentration
Soil samples collected spring 2000 and 2001, no S appliedSawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
Doon
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ppm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Kanawha Castana
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
S Rate CaS S CaS S CaS Slb S/acre
0 0.15 0.15 62 62 147 14610 0.16 0.15 62 62 143 14720 0.17 0.17 61 62 147 14940 0.17 0.17 62 61 149 144
% bu/acre
Calcium Sulfate; Elemental Sulfur; App. spring 2000Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
* NS NS
Ear Leaf S Leaf SPAD YieldCorn - Average Across All Sites, 2001
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
S Rate CaS S CaS S CaS Slb S/acre
0 0.25 0.25 48.0 47.8 35.4 35.310 0.25 0.25 48.1 47.6 35.3 35.320 0.24 0.25 47.0 48.5 35.2 35.540 0.24 0.26 46.6 46.9 35.1 35.2
% bu/acre %
Yield Grain Protein
NS NS NS
Leaf S
Calcium Sulfate; Elemental Sulfur; App. spring 2000Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
Soybean - Average Across All Sites, 2001
Iowa State University
Ames, 2001
Iowa State University
Iowa State University
Ames, 2001
Iowa State University
Iowa State University
Corn and Soybean Sulfur Study 2000-2001
S Rate CaS S CaS S CaS Slb S/acre
0 0.13 0.14 62 62 159 15910 0.12 0.14 63 62 154 15620 0.16 0.15 64 62 158 16440 0.16 0.15 63 61 155 153
bu/acre
* NS NSCalcium Sulfate; Elemental Sulfur; App. spring 2000Iowa State University
Corn - Ames 2001 SiteLeaf S Leaf SPAD Yield
%
Iowa State University
Corn Response to Sulfur, Southwest IA, 2000
S Rate Cass Co. Adams Co.
12 170 196
Soil S, ppm 7 8
Elemental S broadcast & incorporated, spring 2000.Olsen and McGrath, 2000
lb S/acre - - - bu/acre - - -
0 170 194
FLSD (0.10) NS NS
Iowa State University
Soybean Response to Sulfur, Southwest IA, 2000
S Rate Cass Co. Adams Co.
12 50.9 50.2
Soil S, ppm 5 4
Elemental S broadcast & incorporated, spring 2000.Olsen and McGrath, 2000
lb S/acre - - - bu/acre - - -
0 50.4 49.9
FLSD (0.10) NS NS
Iowa State University
Corn Response to Sulfur, Southwest IA, 2002
S Rate Harrison Co. Adair Co.
12 163 141
Soil S, ppm 6 9-18
Elemental S (12 lb S/acre) broadcast & incorporated, spring 2002.McGrath, 2002
lb S/acre - - - bu/acre - - -
0 161 142
FLSD (0.10) NS NS
Iowa State University
Summary
Past 30+ years research across IowaTwo site-years with yield increaseOne study with multi-year average yield decrease
Recent research across IowaNo yield response to S application
Iowa State University
Gypsum Application
Calcium SulfateCaSO4 • 2H2O
• 16% S• 22% Ca
Iowa State University
Gypsum Used to Aid in Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils
Saline-Sodic SoilsNot dispersed soil structureConductivity > 4 mmhos/cm> 15% exchangeable sodiumpH < 8.5
Sodic soilsDispersed soil structureConductivity < 4 mmhos/cm> 15% exchangeable sodiumpH > 8.5
Iowa State University
Why Apply Gypsum to Iowa Soils?
Soil Structure (soil aggregation) is influenced by:
Organic matterMultivalent positively charged cations
• Ca+2, Mg+2, Al+3
Monovalent charged cations• Notably Na+
ClayWeatheringTraffic / Compaction
Iowa State University
Why Apply Gypsum to Iowa Soils?
Soil Structure (soil aggregation) is influenced by:
Soil ColloidsClay & Humus
-
--
--
--
--
-
-
K+
Ca++H+ Zn++
H+
K+ Mg++Ca++ ---
Mg++H+
Mg++
NH4+Al+++--
H+
-Mg++ Mg++
Ca++
H+K+
K+
Ca++
H+Ca++Ca++
Ca++
-
-
- - - - - -- - - - - --
-- - - - ---- - - -- Na+
-- -
-
Ca++
K+
Ca++
Iowa State University
Why Apply Gypsum to Iowa Soils?
Iowa Soils have:High organic matterHigh (adequate) calcium and magnesium contentLow sodiumCa:Mg ratios within a range that will not influence plant growthCalcareous soils have soil exchange complex saturated with calcium/magnesium and have free lime and sometimes free gypsum
Iowa State University
Exchangeable Cations of SeveralIowa Surface Soils
Soil Type
pH
CEC
Ca
Mg
K
- - - - - meq/100g - - - - - Kenyon 5.9 14.0 8.5 2.6 0.2
Readlyn 6.3 19.5 14.5 4.2 0.2 Klinger 5.8 26.2 20.0 5.2 0.2 Dinsdale 5.9 20.5 14.6 4.2 0.4 Tama 5.7 20.6 13.9 3.4 0.5 Muscatine 6.1 28.3 20.4 7.1 0.4
Iowa State University
Exchangeable Cations of SeveralIowa Surface Soils
Soil Type
pH
CEC
Ca
Mg
K
meq/100g lb exchangeable/acre Kenyon 5.9 14.0 3400 624 156
Readlyn 6.3 19.5 5800 1008 156 Klinger 5.8 26.2 8000 1248 156 Dinsdale 5.9 20.5 5840 1008 312 Tama 5.7 20.6 5560 816 390 Muscatine 6.1 28.3 8160 1704 312
Iowa State University
Base Saturation
DefinitionPercentage of total Cation Exchange Complex (CEC) occupied by basic cations
• Ca+2; Mg+2; K+; NH4+; Zn+2, etc.
Soil ColloidsClay & Humus
-
--
--
--
--
-
-
Ca++
K+
Ca++H+ Zn++
H+
K+ Mg++Ca++ ---
Mg++H+
Mg++
NH4+Al+++--
H+
-Mg++
Mg++Ca++
H+K+
K+
Ca++
H+Ca++Ca++
Ca++
-
-
- - - - - -- - - - - --
-- - - - ---- - - -- Na+
-- -
-
Iowa State University
Relationship Between Soil pH and Base Saturation
0 25 50 75 1004.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Percent Base Saturation
Soil
pH
Iowa State University
Relationship Between Soil Ca:Mg Ratio and Yield
Ca:Mg ratio range where greenhouse and field research has shown yield is optimal
0.5 Ca : 1 Mg to 50 Ca : 1 Mg
(2 times more Mg to 50 times more Ca)(on a meq basis)
Iowa State University
Exchangeable Cations of SeveralIowa Surface Soils
Soil Type
pH
CEC
Ca
Mg
K
Ca:Mg Ratio
- - - - - meq/100g - - - - - Primghar 5.8 32.7 22.4 7.4 0.5 3.0
Sac 6.0 29.8 20.6 5.5 0.6 3.7 Kenyon 5.9 14.0 8.5 2.6 0.2 3.3 Dinsdale 5.9 20.5 14.6 4.2 0.4 3.5 Muscatine 6.1 28.3 20.4 7.1 0.4 2.9 Napier 6.6 27.6 23.5 3.2 0.6 7.3
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Ca:Mg RatioCrops Grown In Greenhouse
Ca:Mg Ratio Soybean Corn
Yield, g 50:1 5.8 9.2 5:1 6.0 9.4 1:1 6.1 8.6
0.2:1 4.8 5.4 0.02:1 1.6 1.2
Key, 1960. Greenhouse – Sand Resin Culture
Iowa State University
Effect of Varying the Ca:Mg Ratios on Yield of Alfalfa
Ca:Mg Ratio Saturation Yield
Silt loam soil % Ca % Mg ton/acre2.28 34 35 3.313.40 45 22 3.314.06 46 19 3.404.76 49 17 3.405.25 52 16 3.508.44 62 12 3.22
Soil pH 6.8. Ratio varied by addition of CaSO4 and MgSO4.
Iowa State University
Ranges in Soil Basic Cation Ratios for Five Highest and Lowest Yields
Ranges in Basic Cation Ratios
Ratio Yield Level Corn (75) Corn (75) Soybean (77) Soybean (78)
Ca:Mg Highest Five 5.7 - 26.8 5.7 - 14.3 5.7 - 14.0 5.7 - 26.8
Ca:Mg Lowest Five 5.8 - 21.5 5.0 - 16.1 2.3 - 16.1 6.8 - 21.5
McLean et al., 1983; Ohio State Univ.
Iowa State University
Ca and Mg Crop Uptake
Amount of uptake is selected by roots, not soil ratioWith water use by crops (transpiration)
Amount of Ca and Mg supplied to root surface is greater than the amount taken up by crops
• 250 to 400 lb Ca and 100 to 160 lb Mg moves to root surface
• 150 bu/acre corn uptake of 26 to 40 lb Ca/acre and 15 to 30 lb Mg/acre
Iowa State University
Dolomitic vs. Calcitic Limestone
Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]21.7% Ca and 13.1% Mg
Classification of calcitic vs. dolomitic lime is not clear – Pettyjohn (1957) proposed:
Dolomite: 11.7 – 13.1 % MgDolomitic limestone: 1.3 – 6.5% MgMg limestone: 0.6 – 1.3 % MgHigh Ca limestone: 0 – 0.6% Mg
Iowa State University
Limestone Application
Per Ton “Dolomite” Limestone Product434 lb Ca262 lb Mg
Dolomitic Limestone> 434 lb Ca26 - 130 lb Mg
Iowa State University
Gypsum Application to Iowa Soils
S Rate Product Calcium CaS S CaS Slb S/acre lb/acre lb Ca/acre
0 0 0 162 159 50.0 50.110 62.5 14 158 160 49.3 49.620 125 28 158 159 48.9 49.740 250 56 158 159 49.0 49.6
Gypsum Application
NS
Corn and Soybean Yield - Average Across Six Sites in Iowa, 2000Corn Soybean
CaS = Calcium Sulfate; S = Elemental Sulfur. Applied Spring 2000.Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
- - - - - - - - bu/acre - - - - - - - -
Significance (0.05) NS
Iowa State University
Gypsum Application to Iowa Soils
S Rate Product Calcium CaS S CaS Slb S/acre lb/acre lb Ca/acre
0 0 0 147 146 48.0 47.810 62.5 14 143 147 48.1 47.620 125 28 147 149 47.0 48.540 250 56 149 144 46.6 46.9
Gypsum Application
Sawyer and Barker, Iowa State University
Significance (0.05) NS NSCaS = Calcium Sulfate; S = Elemental Sulfur. Applied Spring 2000.
- - - - - - - - bu/acre - - - - - - - -
Corn and Soybean Yield - Average Across Six Sites in Iowa, 2001Corn Soybean
Iowa State University
Gypsum Application to Iowa SoilsEffect of Sulfur & Calcium on Kenwood 94 Soybean at Western Research Farm, 1996
S Rate Gypsum Ca Applied Yieldlb S/acre lb/acre lb Ca/acre
013265278
bu/acre0 0 6210 59 5820 118 5840 236 6160 354 56
Sign (0.05) NSGypsum preplant broadcast and incorporated.Soil S = 3 ppm. Shibles et al., ISRF96-10,1996.
Iowa State University
Corn Yield Response to Sulfur & Magnesium Fertilization, Northwest Research Farm, 1995 – 1999Treatment S K2O MgO 5-year Mean
lb/acre bu/acreSulpomag 60 60 30 138
KCl + S 60 60 -- 138
Elemental S 60 -- -- 138
KCl -- 60 -- 135
FLSD(0.05) NSA.P. Mallarino et al., 1999 ISRF99-29.31.Fertilizers spring incorporated each year before corn.1999 0-6 inch SO4-S: 5-8 ppm with K only; 30-46 ppm average with applied S.
Iowa State UniversitySul-po-mag supplied 98 lb Mg/acre annually
Year Control KCl KMgSO4
1967 146 160 1611968 148 161 1601969 144 139 1441970 108 130 1241971 147 157 1601972 129 150 1521973 115 129 1291974 120 133 130
8-yr avg. 132 145 145
J. Webb, 1978.
- - - - - - bu/acre - - - - - -
Effect of Broadcast Potash and Sulpomag on Corn Yield, Webster Soil
Fertilizers applied at 160 lb K/acre annuallySul-po-mag supplied 199 lb S/acre annually
Iowa State University
Managing Ca and Mg
Critical soil test level (sufficiency)Ca and Mg managed by limestone application from local quarry to acidic soilsNeither generally deficiency in Iowa soils
May be Mg – K – NH4 grass tetany concern in some soils
No Ca or Mg soil test interpretation for Iowa soils
Iowa State University
NCR Publication 533Soil Cation Ratios for Crop Production
County Extension Offices
ISU Extension Distribution [email protected]
Iowa State University