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sugar cane crystallization process Sugarcane is a perennial herb belonging to the grass family. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, this tropical grass is 10- 24-feet tall. bears long, pointed leaves, and has several stalks. The segmented stalks have a bud at each joint and as the plant matures, small flowers appear. PLANTING Sugarcane cuttings are planted in fields by workers or mechanical planters. In order for the cane to grow, the seeds must be planted in well-drained soil. Typical cane soil is made of a mixture of silt, sand, clay particles and organic matter. Canes are spaced at least 4-feet apart and lined in rows and covered with soil. Fertilizers are applied from the time of planting up until the beginning of the ripening period. Cane fields are also routinely weeded to provide for optimum growth of the cane. Depending on the region where the crop is planted, cane seasons last from 8-22 months. In the United States, sugarcane is grown in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana and Texas. COLLECTING THE HARVEST Mature canes are gathered by a combination of manual and mechanical methods. Canes are cut at ground level, its leaves are removed and the top is trimmed off by cutting off the last mature joint. Cane is then placed into large piles and picked up, tied, and transported to a sugar factory. CLEANSING AND GRINDING Stalks are thoroughly washed and cut when reaching the sugar mill. After the cleaning process, a machine led by a series of rotating knives, shreds the cane into pieces. This is known as "grinding." During grinding, hot water is sprayed on to the sugarcane to dissolve any remaining hard sugar. The smaller pieces of cane are then spread out on a conveyer belt. JUICING

Sugar Cane Crystallization Process

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Page 1: Sugar Cane Crystallization Process

sugar cane crystallization process

Sugarcane is a perennial herb belonging to the grass family. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, this tropical grass is 10-24-feet tall. bears long, pointed leaves, and has several stalks. The segmented stalks have a bud at each joint and as the plant matures, small flowers appear. 

PLANTING 

Sugarcane cuttings are planted in fields by workers or mechanical planters. In order for the cane to grow, the seeds must be planted in well-drained soil. Typical cane soil is made of a mixture of silt, sand, clay particles and organic matter. Canes are spaced at least 4-feet apart and lined in rows and covered with soil. Fertilizers are applied from the time of planting up until the beginning of the ripening period. Cane fields are also routinely weeded to provide for optimum growth of the cane. Depending on the region where the crop is planted, cane seasons last from 8-22 months. In the United States, sugarcane is grown in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana and Texas. 

COLLECTING THE HARVEST 

Mature canes are gathered by a combination of manual and mechanical methods. Canes are cut at ground level, its leaves are removed and the top is trimmed off by cutting off the last mature joint. Cane is then placed into large piles and picked up, tied, and transported to a sugar factory. 

CLEANSING AND GRINDING 

Stalks are thoroughly washed and cut when reaching the sugar mill. After the cleaning process, a machine led by a series of rotating knives, shreds the cane into pieces. This is known as "grinding." During grinding, hot water is sprayed on to the sugarcane to dissolve any remaining hard sugar. The smaller pieces of cane are then spread out on a conveyer belt. 

JUICING 

The shredded pieces of sugarcane travel on the conveyer belt through a series of heavy-duty rollers, which extract juice from the pulp. The pulp that remains or "bagasse" is dried and used as fuel. The raw juice moves on through the mill to be clarified. 

CLARIFYING 

Carbon dioxide and the milk of a lime are added to the liquid sugar mixture and it is heated to the boiling point, as the process of clarifying begins. As the carbon dioxide travels through the liquid it forms calcium carbonate, which attracts non-sugar debris (fats, gums, and wax) from the juice, and pulls them away from the sugar juice. The juice is then pushed through a series of filters to remove any remaining impurities. 

EVAPORATION 

The clear juice which results from the clarifying process is put under a vacuum, where the juice boils at a low temperature and begins to evaporate. It is heated until it forms into a thick, brown syrup. 

Page 2: Sugar Cane Crystallization Process

CRYSTALLIZATION 

By evaporating what little water is left in the sugar syrup, crystallization takes place. Inside a sterilized vacuum pan, pulverized sugar is fed into the pan as the liquid evaporates, causing the formation of crystals. The remaining mixture is a thick mass of large crystals, which is sent to a centrifuge to spin and dry the crystals. The dried product is raw sugar, still inedible.

REFINERY 

Raw sugar is transported to a Cane Sugar Refinery for the removal molasses, minerals and other non-sugars, which still contaminate the sugar. This is known as the purification process. Raw sugar is mixed with a solution of sugar and water to loosen the molasses from the outside of the raw sugar crystals, producing a thick matter known as "magma." Large machines then spin the magma, which separate the molasses from the crystals. Crystals are promptly washed, dissolved and filtered to remove impurities. The golden syrup which is produced is then sent through filters to remove the color and water. What's left is a concentrated, clear syrup, which is again fed into a vacuum pan. 

SEPARATION AND PACKAGING 

Once the final evaporation and drying process is done, screens separate the different sized sugar crystals. Large and small crystals are packaged and shipped, labeled as white, refined, sugar.

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Isolation of bacteria

LISHA

A number of methods are available for the isolation of bacteria. The following are a few important methods:

1. Surface plating:

It is also called as streak culture method. The specimen to be cultured is taken in a platinum loop. One lapful of the specimen is transferred on to the surface of a well dried plate. Then it is spread over a small area at the periphery. The inoculum is then distributed thinly over the plate. This is done by streaking with the loop in a series of parallel lines in different segments of the plate. The loop should be flamed and cooled between different sets of streaks. After incubating the plate, it can be seen that growth is confluent at the original site of inoculation. But it becomes progressively thinner. In the final series of streaks, well separated individual colonies of bacteria can be obtained.

2. Enrichment and selective media:

Bacteria can be isolated by growing in enrichment or selective media. In these media, substances which inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria is added. So there is a growth of only the bacteria which is wanted.

3. Aerobic and anaerobic conditions:

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be separated by cultivation under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The most widely used medium for anaerobic bacteria is Robertson's cooked meat medium. It contains fat-free minced cooked meat in broth. It is covered with a layer of sterile Vaseline.

4. Isolation by difference in temperature:

Thermophile bacteria grow at 60° C. Some bacteria like N. magnitudes grow at 22° C. By incubation at different temperatures, bacteria can be selectively isolated.

5. Separation of vegetative and spore forming bacteria:

Vegetative bacteria are killed at 80° C. But spore forming bacteria like tetanus bacilli survive at this temperature. So by heating at 80° C vegetative bacteria can be eliminated and spore forming bacteria can be isolated.

6. Separation of motile and non-motile bacteria:

This can be achieved by using Craig's tube or a U tube. In the U tube, the organisms are introduced in one limb and the motile organism can be isolated at the other limb.

7. Animal inoculation:

Pathogenic bacteria can be isolated by inoculation into appropriate animals, e.g. Anthrax bacilli can be isolated by inoculation into mice or guinea pigs.

8. Filtration:

Bacteria of different sizes may be separated by using selective filters.

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9. Micromanipulation:

By means of micromanipulation, single bacterium can be separated and cultured.

Page 5: Sugar Cane Crystallization Process

Make Suntan OilSuntan oil (not to be confused with sunscreen which protects skin from the sun's UVA and UVB

rays) helps to accelerate the tanning process. When massaged onto the skin on a warm, sunny day, it produces a deep bronze shade. Though tans are popular, keep in mind that sun exposure is very dangerous. Limit the amount of time you spend under the sun and always use sunscreen protection if you are exposed to the sun's rays for more than one or two hours.

Instructions

1. Pour 4 tbsp. of coconut oil, 2 tbsp. of sesame seed oil, 2 tsp. of walnut oil and 2 tsp. of hazelnut oil into a dark glass bottle. Coconut oil is the main active ingredient in this suntan oil. It has potent, skin-darkening properties and is a major ingredient in most professional tanning oils. The sesame seed and walnut oil both moisturize skin and provide protection against damaging UV rays.

2. Add 10 drops of lavender essential oil and 5 drops of ylang ylang essential oil to the mix. Lavender essential oil has anti-inflammatory properties and will help prevent a sunburn. The ylang ylang gives the oil a pleasant fragrance.

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3. Seal the bottle and shake it vigorously to mix the oils together. Always shake the bottle before use as the oils tend to separate when left alone.

4. Apply the suntan oil all over your skin at least 15 minutes prior to sun exposure.

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Dermatologist Improved treatment for acne scars,

dull and sagging skin

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Tips & Warnings

If you have dry skin, add 1 tsp. of moisturizing vitamin E. This product has a shelf-life of about three months. Refrigerate between uses to prevent it from going rancid. Add a few drops of vanilla essential oil for scent.

Excessive tanning can result in skin cancer and premature aging. Protect yourself properly from sun damage by using sunscreen during prolonged exposure times. Never use any lemon, orange or grapefruit essential oils. You will develop permanent brown spots on your skin from using citrus oils.

Page 7: Sugar Cane Crystallization Process

Articleit’s made to full up duty of english language

second semesterlectrure

Drs. Adi Loka S.,Mpd

Made byZainal Arifin

Triat Miarti

Jery Lius Bria

UNIVERSITAS WIDYAGAMA MALANG

TAHUN AKADEMIK 2013

Page 8: Sugar Cane Crystallization Process

Book observatiaon

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_steps_to_make_sugar_from_sugarcane

tanggal 09-maret-2013