IntroductionIntroduction

Systems of GovernmentSystems of Government

The government nowThe government now

Federal governmentFederal government Authoritarian regimeAuthoritarian regime The NCP is the main The NCP is the main

party in power, which party in power, which is a military juntais a military junta

Islamic foundationsIslamic foundations

The government for South SudanThe government for South Sudan Unitary Government, Unitary Government,

with proportional with proportional representationrepresentation

Judiciary branch will Judiciary branch will be separate.be separate.

The Central The Central government allows government allows the country to operate the country to operate as a whole and stay as a whole and stay unified.unified.

The government for South SudanThe government for South Sudan Will be made up of a National Will be made up of a National

Assembly, the Council of Assembly, the Council of states and the cabinet.states and the cabinet.

The national assembly will be The national assembly will be electedelected

the council of states will be the council of states will be appointed expertsappointed experts

The cabinet is run by the The cabinet is run by the prime minister and includes prime minister and includes himself, the deputy prime himself, the deputy prime minister and 22 other senior minister and 22 other senior ministersministers

Constitutional lawsConstitutional laws There will be certain laws in the constitution There will be certain laws in the constitution

which will be unable to changewhich will be unable to change 51% of the parliament must agree to a law for 51% of the parliament must agree to a law for

it to be passedit to be passed Term limit of four years, cannot be re-elected Term limit of four years, cannot be re-elected

more than three years in a rowmore than three years in a row Vote of no confidenceVote of no confidence Question time in the national assemble and Question time in the national assemble and

council of statescouncil of states

VotingVoting Proportional Proportional

representation usedrepresentation used Divided up by state, Divided up by state,

depending on the depending on the number of counties number of counties in the state they get in the state they get more MP’s more MP’s

Multi party systemMulti party system

HistoryHistory

Pre 1955Pre 1955 1821-1885: Conquered 1821-1885: Conquered

by the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Empire and ruled as a part of and ruled as a part of EgyptEgypt

1885-1890: Mahdist Rule 1885-1890: Mahdist Rule Enforced a Jihad stateEnforced a Jihad state

1896-1898: Lord 1896-1898: Lord Kitchener Leads Military Kitchener Leads Military Campaign, Sudan then Campaign, Sudan then under Egyptian Rule, under Egyptian Rule, with British Consentwith British Consent

U.S. Poster Showing British and Mahdist armies in battle

1955-19691955-1969 1955: 11955: 1stst Civil War starts Civil War starts 1956: Sudan gains independence 1956: Sudan gains independence

from Egypt Unilateral Declaration from Egypt Unilateral Declaration of Independence Muhammad of Independence Muhammad Ahmed was the current leaderAhmed was the current leader

1958: Ibrahim Abboud leads a 1958: Ibrahim Abboud leads a coup and seizes powercoup and seizes power

1964: Civilian Provisional 1964: Civilian Provisional Government under Sirr Al-Khatim Government under Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa takes power after Al-Khalifa takes power after Abboud steps downAbboud steps down

1969: Civilian Government 1969: Civilian Government brought to an end by a Military brought to an end by a Military Coup led by Gaafar NimeiryCoup led by Gaafar Nimeiry

Ahmed

Al-Khalifa

Nimeiry

1969-19851969-1985 1969: Rebels gained foreign 1969: Rebels gained foreign

support in the form of support in the form of weapons weapons

1972: 11972: 1stst Civil War ends with Civil War ends with special representation for the special representation for the South in the governmentSouth in the government

1983: South Divided into 3 1983: South Divided into 3 provinces to disperse power, provinces to disperse power, 22ndnd Civil War Starts Civil War Starts

1985: Anti-Government 1985: Anti-Government Protests in Khartoum, a Protests in Khartoum, a Coup under Abdel Rahman Coup under Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab overthrows Swar al-Dahab overthrows NimeiryNimeiry

Solider in the Civil War

1985-Present1985-Present 1985-1986: Transitional Military 1985-1986: Transitional Military

Council Under al-Dahab takes Council Under al-Dahab takes temporary powertemporary power

1989: Sadiq al-Mahdi dissolved the 1989: Sadiq al-Mahdi dissolved the Civilian government, and Umar Civilian government, and Umar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir takes power Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir takes power via a coup after the government failed via a coup after the government failed to fulfill it’s promisesto fulfill it’s promises

2003: Darfur Crisis Starts as Non-2003: Darfur Crisis Starts as Non-Arab’s rights are suppressedArab’s rights are suppressed

2005: 22005: 2ndnd Civil War Ends with the Civil War Ends with the promise of a referendum in regards to promise of a referendum in regards to independenceindependence

2011: South Sudan votes with 98% in 2011: South Sudan votes with 98% in favor or independence favor or independence

al-Mahdi

Al-Bashir

Why is a Unitary Government Best Why is a Unitary Government Best for South Sudan?for South Sudan?

A Unitary government will aid in maintaining A Unitary government will aid in maintaining stabilitystability

Term Limits will make electoral dictatorships Term Limits will make electoral dictatorships unlikelyunlikely

Constitutional law will restrict the leader’s powerConstitutional law will restrict the leader’s power An Independent Judiciary Branch will ensure the An Independent Judiciary Branch will ensure the

leader can be prosecuted, should such a need ariseleader can be prosecuted, should such a need arise Proportional representation should prevent factions Proportional representation should prevent factions

from arising as everyone will have a representativefrom arising as everyone will have a representative

Current EventsCurrent Events

DARFURDARFUR One side: official Sudanese military One side: official Sudanese military

and police and the Janjaweed (a and police and the Janjaweed (a Sudanese militia group recruited Sudanese militia group recruited mostly from the Arab tribes) mostly from the Arab tribes)

Opposing side: rebel groups, the Opposing side: rebel groups, the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited SLM/A and the JEM, recruited from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit ethnic groupsZaghawa and Masalit ethnic groups

Although the Sudanese government Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supports the publicly denies that it supports the Janjaweed, it has been providing Janjaweed, it has been providing financial assistance and weapons to financial assistance and weapons to the militia and has been organizing the militia and has been organizing joint attacks targeting civiliansjoint attacks targeting civilians

RESOLUTIONSRESOLUTIONS Sudanese government and the Sudanese government and the

JEM signed a ceasefire agreement JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue further agreement to pursue further peace. The JEM had the most to peace. The JEM had the most to gain from the talks, but the talks gain from the talks, but the talks have been disrupted by have been disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese accusations that the Sudanese army launched raids and air army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating strikes against a village, violating the agreement and since then, the the agreement and since then, the JEM (the largest rebel group in JEM (the largest rebel group in Darfur) has said they will boycott Darfur) has said they will boycott further negotiationsfurther negotiations

The UN’s RelationshipThe UN’s Relationship The UN Security Council decided The UN Security Council decided

to establish the United Nations to establish the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) to Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) to support the implementation of the support the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed by the Government of signed by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Liberation Movement/Army in January of 2005January of 2005

The UN has agreed to perform The UN has agreed to perform certain functions relating to certain functions relating to humanitarian assistance and humanitarian assistance and protection and promotion of protection and promotion of human rightshuman rights

The UNThe UN UNMIS has remained on UNMIS has remained on

the ground to provide good the ground to provide good offices and political offices and political support to the parties, support to the parties, monitor and monitor and verifyverify their their security arrangements and security arrangements and offer assistance in a offer assistance in a number of areas, including number of areas, including governance, recovery and governance, recovery and developmentdevelopment

UN peacekeepers have UN peacekeepers have positioned armoured positioned armoured personnel carriers and are personnel carriers and are patrolling an area in Sudan patrolling an area in Sudan where units made up of where units made up of Northern and Southern Northern and Southern Sudanese troops clashed Sudanese troops clashed last week killing 54 soldiers last week killing 54 soldiers and wounding 85 othersand wounding 85 others

Why is a Unitary Government Best Why is a Unitary Government Best for South Sudan?for South Sudan?

A Unitary government will aid in maintaining A Unitary government will aid in maintaining stabilitystability

Term Limits will make electoral dictatorships Term Limits will make electoral dictatorships unlikelyunlikely

Constitutional law will restrict the leader’s powerConstitutional law will restrict the leader’s power An Independent Judiciary Branch will ensure the An Independent Judiciary Branch will ensure the

leader can be prosecuted, should such a need ariseleader can be prosecuted, should such a need arise Proportional representation should prevent factions Proportional representation should prevent factions

from arising as everyone will have a representativefrom arising as everyone will have a representative

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups

How will a Democratic Unitary How will a Democratic Unitary Government with Proportional Government with Proportional Representation Benefit Ethnic Representation Benefit Ethnic Cultures in Southern Sudan?Cultures in Southern Sudan?

Let’s take a look…Let’s take a look… Southern Sudan is a very culturally diverse area

consisting of ethnic groups like:

Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk as well as 6% of the Christian

population.

Just to learn a little more about them:

The Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk make up 52% of the population of Sudan

inhabiting the southern regions.

Proportional RepresentationProportional Representation

With Proportional With Proportional Representation put in place Representation put in place the different ethnic groups the different ethnic groups located in Southern Sudan located in Southern Sudan will be given a voice in will be given a voice in political affairs therefore political affairs therefore allowing them to become allowing them to become more united with the nation more united with the nation while also being run by one while also being run by one ultimate central ultimate central government.government.

Finally…Finally…

A Democratic Unitary A Democratic Unitary Government can create a Government can create a strong mosaic environment strong mosaic environment throughout the Southern throughout the Southern State of Sudan and State of Sudan and proportional representation proportional representation can make a united can make a united foundation.foundation.

Demographics and Geography Demographics and Geography

Sudan

Northern Sudan SimplifiedNorthern Sudan Simplified Sudan is located in Northeastern Africa Sudan is located in Northeastern Africa

Sudan is Africa's largest country, with 2,505,813 Sudan is Africa's largest country, with 2,505,813 square kilometers of northeast and Central Africa.square kilometers of northeast and Central Africa.

About one-third of the total area of Africa's largest About one-third of the total area of Africa's largest

country is suitable for agricultural developmentcountry is suitable for agricultural development

Approximately 26% of Sudan is covered by Approximately 26% of Sudan is covered by forests. forests.

About 152.2 million acres of Sudan are covered by About 152.2 million acres of Sudan are covered by forests, half of which are dense stands of trees forests, half of which are dense stands of trees found mostly in the south.found mostly in the south.

Sudan suffers from inadequate supplies of potable Sudan suffers from inadequate supplies of potable water, declining wildlife populations due to water, declining wildlife populations due to warfare, excessive hunting, soil erosion, warfare, excessive hunting, soil erosion, desertification, and periodic droughts (mainly in desertification, and periodic droughts (mainly in the south).the south).

SudanSudanLeader: Omar al-Bashir

Capital: Khartoum

Main States: Blue Nile, Darfur, Kassala, Kurdufan

Main Cities: Atbara, Dongola, Ed Damer, Halaib, Port Sudan, Shendi, Suakin, Wadi Halfa, Shalateen

Land mass: 1,865,813 square kilometers

Population: 34.3 to 36.5 million

Religion: Muslim Majority

Gross National Income Per Capita: 1,220 dollars North Sudan trades cotton, grains, fruit, and livestock

KhartoumKhartoum• Over 1 million people live in

Khartoum 

• Most urbanized area in Sudan

• Food, beverages, cotton, gum, and oilseeds are processed here

• The ideal place for tourism, just not currently due to warfare.

Northern Sudan FactsNorthern Sudan Facts In the northern plains and desert region, In the northern plains and desert region,

average temperatures range from 32° C in average temperatures range from 32° C in winter (November to February) to 42° C in winter (November to February) to 42° C in summer (March to June); the hottest months summer (March to June); the hottest months are May and June. are May and June.

Climatic hazards: sandstorms in the northern Climatic hazards: sandstorms in the northern deserts and flooding rains in the central belt deserts and flooding rains in the central belt and often interfere with railroad traffic. and often interfere with railroad traffic.

Southern SudanSouthern SudanLeader: Salva Kiir

Capital: Juba

Main States: Jonglei, Bor Western Equatoria, Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria

Main Cities: Juba, Aweil, Bentiu, Bor, Malakal, Nimule, Rumbek, Torit, Yambio

Economy: Oil (98% of revenue)

Land mass: 640,000 square kilometers

Population: 7.5 to 9.7 million

Religion: Mainly Christian and Animist

JubaJubaJuba:Juba:The capital of Bahr El The capital of Bahr El Jebel State is the largest Jebel State is the largest town in southern Sudan. town in southern Sudan. It is connected to the It is connected to the northern states by northern states by means of river transport means of river transport and land routes passable and land routes passable only during the dry only during the dry season.season.  

Southern Sudan FactsSouthern Sudan Facts More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a

day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 Southern Sudan produces 85% of Sudanese oil output.Southern Sudan produces 85% of Sudanese oil output. Agricultural produce include cotton, groundnuts Agricultural produce include cotton, groundnuts

(peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugar-(peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugar-cane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, cane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, and sesame.and sesame.

The region also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron The region also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, and hydropower.and hydropower.

wildlife species include the: exotic white-eared kob, and the Nile Lechwe. wildlife species include the: exotic white-eared kob, and the Nile Lechwe. Southern Sudan is also home to elephants, giraffes, Common Eland, Giant Southern Sudan is also home to elephants, giraffes, Common Eland, Giant Eland, oryx, lions, African Wild Dogs, Cape Buffalo, and topiEland, oryx, lions, African Wild Dogs, Cape Buffalo, and topi

In the southern provinces and towns, fish, particularly the Nile perch, is In the southern provinces and towns, fish, particularly the Nile perch, is very popular. The river yields some 110 varieties of fish. very popular. The river yields some 110 varieties of fish.

Average temperatures are 27°c to 29°cAverage temperatures are 27°c to 29°c

South Sudan: Population PyramidSouth Sudan: Population Pyramid(Thousands)

PopulationsPopulations Lakes, Population: 880,000,Lakes, Population: 880,000, Capital: Rumbek | Jonglei (Junqali), Capital: Rumbek | Jonglei (Junqali),

Population: 1,230,000Population: 1,230,000 Capital: Bor Western Equatoria, Population: Capital: Bor Western Equatoria, Population:

740,000 740,000 Capital: Yambio | Central Equatoria, Capital: Yambio | Central Equatoria,

Population: 560,000Population: 560,000 Capital: Juba | Eastern Equatoria, Population: Capital: Juba | Eastern Equatoria, Population:

730,000730,000

Geography: Unitary Government Geography: Unitary Government Benefits South SudanBenefits South Sudan

A Unitary Government is A Unitary Government is beneficial to South Sudan’s beneficial to South Sudan’s economy because the wealth economy because the wealth brought in from oil will be brought in from oil will be distributed equally distributed equally throughout the nation as throughout the nation as opposed to Northern Sudan. opposed to Northern Sudan. This will lower disparity in This will lower disparity in South Sudan.South Sudan.

Economy of SudanEconomy of Sudan

Economic Indicator Value

GDP - per capita $2,300

Unemployment Rate 10.0%

Inflation (CPI) 11.8%

Population below poverty line:

40% (2004 est.) 40% (2004 est.)

OverviewOverview•Dramatic increases in oil production and prices•International Monetary Fund •Main agricultural exports are: cotton, peanuts, wheat, and sugarcane •Restricting factors to sustained growth

Central Bank’s main policy concernsCentral Bank’s main policy concerns

Maintaining monetary and financial stability Maintaining monetary and financial stability by achieving a one-digit inflation rate, by by achieving a one-digit inflation rate, by targeting a balanced growth in money supply.targeting a balanced growth in money supply.

Achieving durable stability of the exchange Achieving durable stability of the exchange rate by enhancing its flexibility within the rate by enhancing its flexibility within the framework framework

Improvement of the efficiency and Improvement of the efficiency and reinforcement of the soundness of the dual reinforcement of the soundness of the dual banking systembanking system

Southern Sudan produces Southern Sudan produces 85% of Sudanese oil 85% of Sudanese oil output. (Is the revenue of output. (Is the revenue of the nation going to be the nation going to be split?)split?)

Scandal and corruption is Scandal and corruption is not likely to be effectively not likely to be effectively policed under unified policed under unified government because of an government because of an incentive to protect incentive to protect political power. (Greed)political power. (Greed)

Unified VoiceUnified Voice Easier policy and Easier policy and

legislation legislation implementationimplementation

Simpler Management Simpler Management of the economy of the economy

Spreads the wealth Spreads the wealth and lowers class and lowers class distinctiondistinction

Central Bank of Sudan

Three basic functions to economic Three basic functions to economic policy include: allocative, stabilization, policy include: allocative, stabilization, and distribution methods. and distribution methods.

Allocative: how much of the Allocative: how much of the government’s budget will be allocated government’s budget will be allocated to certain projects.to certain projects.

Stabilization: controlling interest rates Stabilization: controlling interest rates or inflation, and by pushing the or inflation, and by pushing the employment rate towards full employment rate towards full employment. employment.

Distribution: different levels of Distribution: different levels of taxation and the economic burden that taxation and the economic burden that each economic level must bear.each economic level must bear.

Industry and avoidance of monopoliesIndustry and avoidance of monopoliesThe Sudanese finance and economy minister Awad Al-Jaz

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

AlliesAllies IranIran United StatesUnited States United KingdomUnited Kingdom EgyptEgypt Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia KenyaKenya JordanJordan IndiaIndia

United StatesUnited States

*Critical of Sudan’s *Critical of Sudan’s human rights recordhuman rights record*Broke diplomatic *Broke diplomatic relationship (1976)relationship (1976)*“State sponsor of *“State sponsor of terrorism”terrorism”*Imposed economic *Imposed economic sanctions in May sanctions in May 20072007*“Operation Life *“Operation Life Line”Line”

Iraq*Hamas-Fatah training base in Khartoum *Weakened relations after 9/11

Iran*Taught Sudanese government about nuclear weapons *Provided weapons, military and information to the Sudanese government during the Darfur crisis (2003)

Trading Partners of SudanTrading Partners of Sudan

DifferencesDifferences North SudanNorth Sudan: more : more

developed and developed and prosperous; influenced prosperous; influenced by Egypt and under by Egypt and under Muslim belief.Muslim belief.

South SudanSouth Sudan: : impoverished, home to impoverished, home to a rebel movement and a rebel movement and untapped natural untapped natural resources; under resources; under Christian belief. Christian belief.

Due to the conflict in Due to the conflict in beliefs and religious beliefs and religious power, alliances with power, alliances with certain countries have certain countries have been made quite been made quite difficult.difficult.

TradeTrade Major exports:Major exports: - oil seeds (sesame)- oil seeds (sesame) - cotton- cotton - sheep- sheep Secondary exports:Secondary exports: - gold- gold - vegetable oil- vegetable oil - sugar- sugar

Trading Partners:Trading Partners: - Iran - Iran - Saudi Arabia- Saudi Arabia - UK- UK - Egypt- Egypt - Italy- Italy - India- India - China- China - Korea- Korea - Japan- Japan

InconsistencyInconsistency Sudan’s inconsistency and lack of Sudan’s inconsistency and lack of

structure in their government is structure in their government is diminishing ties with some allies. diminishing ties with some allies.

The situation in Darfur has caused The situation in Darfur has caused destruction to many people due to destruction to many people due to fighting and tension between African fighting and tension between African rebels and Arab militia in the area.rebels and Arab militia in the area.

Sudan’s ties with Iran are making its Sudan’s ties with Iran are making its relationship with the U.S tense.relationship with the U.S tense.

ResolutionResolution A Unitary government A Unitary government

system with proportional system with proportional representation would representation would positively benefit the positively benefit the trading aspect of Sudan’s trading aspect of Sudan’s overall situation.overall situation.

A central power would A central power would allow for less argument and allow for less argument and be able to mend some be able to mend some broken ties with allies that broken ties with allies that were broken due to were broken due to difference in belief of the difference in belief of the two regions of Sudan.two regions of Sudan.

ConclusionConclusion