SudanSudan

Berlin Conference: 1884Berlin Conference: 1884

Major European powers came together to Major European powers came together to discuss how Africa would be divided up.discuss how Africa would be divided up.

Belgium gets the Congo.Belgium gets the Congo. General Prohibition of Slave trade.General Prohibition of Slave trade. Principle of effectivity: not in name only.Principle of effectivity: not in name only.

– Treaties signedTreaties signed– Administer it on siteAdminister it on site– Fly your flagFly your flag– Use it economicallyUse it economically

Light Salmon (Kerry): Britain Lt Blue: France Yellow: Belgium Purple: Light Salmon (Kerry): Britain Lt Blue: France Yellow: Belgium Purple: Portugal Green: Italy Paler Blue: Germany. White: Independent. Pink: Spain.Portugal Green: Italy Paler Blue: Germany. White: Independent. Pink: Spain.

Nigeria

Congo

Sudan

Egypt

Ethiopia

KenyaUganda

AngolaMozambique

Tanzania

Zimbabwe

Somalia

Zambia

BotswanaNamibiaNamibia

S. Africa

Problems in AfricaProblems in Africa Generally fall into four categories:Generally fall into four categories:

– Lack of developmentLack of development Discouraged by colonialists who did not leave until the 1950s.Discouraged by colonialists who did not leave until the 1950s. Industrial nations more interested in materials and markets than Industrial nations more interested in materials and markets than

developing ex-colonies.developing ex-colonies. Previously-lived, subsistence agricultural/Malthusian life’s disrupted Previously-lived, subsistence agricultural/Malthusian life’s disrupted

by colonials who created Plantation economic systems and wage by colonials who created Plantation economic systems and wage labor.labor.

Health and dietary issues not addressed.Health and dietary issues not addressed.– Borders drawn by colonialistsBorders drawn by colonialists for there own interests. for there own interests.

(traditional enemies within).(traditional enemies within).– Despots,Despots, often placed in power and supported by the Soviet often placed in power and supported by the Soviet

Union and the U.S. during the Cold War.Union and the U.S. during the Cold War. They’ve stolen much of the wealth usually derived from raw They’ve stolen much of the wealth usually derived from raw

materialsmaterials Do little to build infrastructure or developed second level industries Do little to build infrastructure or developed second level industries

with that wealth.with that wealth. Many multinational corporation have been afraid to invest there Many multinational corporation have been afraid to invest there

because of theft, corruption an lack of infrastructure.because of theft, corruption an lack of infrastructure.

Plantation/Hacienda systems set up Plantation/Hacienda systems set up through a process of land seizures, through a process of land seizures, purchases, treaties, which purchases, treaties, which consolidated small subsistence farms consolidated small subsistence farms into economy of scale farms.into economy of scale farms.– These farms “hired” workers for a wage, These farms “hired” workers for a wage,

leaving workers. leaving workers.

SudanSudan

Population: 44 MillionPopulation: 44 Million Size: About the Size of Texas, largest Size: About the Size of Texas, largest

African country.African country. Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid

_ 65 ( 2.5%)_ 65 ( 2.5%) _______________________ 15-64(56%)_______________________ 15-64(56%) _________________ 0-14 (40.7%)_________________ 0-14 (40.7%)

Infant Mortality 20Infant Mortality 20th highestth highest out of 229. out of 229. Growth Rate 2.5% (31); Growth Rate 2.5% (31); 5 children per couple average;5 children per couple average;

FactsFacts

Life Expectancy: 54 (200Life Expectancy: 54 (200thth of 229) of 229) HIV Rate 1.4% (45HIV Rate 1.4% (45thth)) Major Diseases: Water Born, Malaria.Major Diseases: Water Born, Malaria. Population: 52% Black; 39% Arab;Population: 52% Black; 39% Arab; Religion: 70% Sunni; 25% Animist; 5% Religion: 70% Sunni; 25% Animist; 5%

Christian;Christian; Literacy Rate: 61% (F:50; M: 72%)Literacy Rate: 61% (F:50; M: 72%) Percent GDP spent on Education: 6% Percent GDP spent on Education: 6%

(higher than U.S.(higher than U.S.

EconomyEconomy

GDP Per Capita: 2200 (187 out of GDP Per Capita: 2200 (187 out of 229)229)

Inflation: 11%Inflation: 11% National Debt: 110% of GDP (US National Debt: 110% of GDP (US

about 80%)about 80%) 40% live below poverty line40% live below poverty line

GovernmentGovernment Military dictatorship.Military dictatorship. Omar al Bashir seized power in 1989, trying Omar al Bashir seized power in 1989, trying

to establish Islamic State with Sharia law.to establish Islamic State with Sharia law. Country had been in civil war between Arabs Country had been in civil war between Arabs

of North with “black” African/animist of of North with “black” African/animist of South, South, since freedom from Britain in since freedom from Britain in 19561956

In 2008, the International Criminal Court (no In 2008, the International Criminal Court (no U.S.), indicted Bashir U.S.), indicted Bashir for crimes against for crimes against humanity. In 2010, Genocide was added humanity. In 2010, Genocide was added to the chargesto the charges, for actions of , for actions of Janjaweed Janjaweed militiasmilitias, trained, funded and ordered by , trained, funded and ordered by government.government.

Ahmad al BashirAhmad al Bashir

HistoryHistory Mohammed Ali of Egypt conquered Mohammed Ali of Egypt conquered northern northern

Sudan in 1821Sudan in 1821, for the Ottoman’s. (same guy , for the Ottoman’s. (same guy who defeated the Wahhabi uprising at the turn who defeated the Wahhabi uprising at the turn of the century.)of the century.)

In In 18821882, after the building of the Suez Canal, , after the building of the Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt/SudanBritain occupied Egypt/Sudan (Capitulations) (Capitulations) and administered Sudan and administered Sudan until 1952until 1952..

They administered They administered Southern Sudan Southern Sudan separately from the northseparately from the north, believing the , believing the southerners were incapable of development. southerners were incapable of development. (Some born to rule, others to be ruled.) Kept (Some born to rule, others to be ruled.) Kept North South apart.North South apart.

HistoryHistory The existence of a The existence of a slave tradeslave trade in in

northern Sudan, with the northern Sudan, with the southerners southerners being victimsbeing victims, has gone on for , has gone on for thousands of years, up to thousands of years, up to present daypresent day..

The British tried to stop it.The British tried to stop it. There was an uprising by the Mahdi in There was an uprising by the Mahdi in

1885 and Britain removed troops until 1885 and Britain removed troops until 1899, when they reoccupied it1899, when they reoccupied it

Britain Wanted control of the Nile in Britain Wanted control of the Nile in Sudan going to build Aswan Dam on Nile.Sudan going to build Aswan Dam on Nile.

HistoryHistory Sudan achieved independenceSudan achieved independence after the after the

British gave up control of Egypt British gave up control of Egypt in 1952.in 1952.((Nasser)Nasser)

Civil War started almost immediately as the Civil War started almost immediately as the south feared domination by the north. south feared domination by the north. Current conflict going on basically for Current conflict going on basically for fifty fifty years.years.

Britain had thought about uniting the South Britain had thought about uniting the South with Uganda and Kenya, other British with Uganda and Kenya, other British colonies, but did not. This division would have colonies, but did not. This division would have made more ethnic sense.made more ethnic sense.

Bashir and Bin Ladin and the U.S.Bashir and Bin Ladin and the U.S.

Bashir (encouraged?) allowed Osama Bin Bashir (encouraged?) allowed Osama Bin Ladin and Hezbollah to set up camps in Ladin and Hezbollah to set up camps in Sudan in the 1990s that Sudan in the 1990s that led to them led to them being listed as a terrorist state.being listed as a terrorist state.

It was from there, with pressure from U.S., It was from there, with pressure from U.S., after the bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, after the bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, that Bin Ladin was expelled and went to that Bin Ladin was expelled and went to Afghanistan.Afghanistan.

Lost boysLost boys were children who fled the were children who fled the South during the civil war, settled in South during the civil war, settled in Ethiopia and Kenya, and finally the U.S.Ethiopia and Kenya, and finally the U.S.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/jan/10/southern-sudan-video/2011/jan/10/southern-sudan-votes-referendum-video?intcmp=239votes-referendum-video?intcmp=239