Successful VSA Analysis Using an Oscilloscope

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Successful VSA Analysis

Using an Oscilloscope

How to make vector signal analysis

measurements using the Agilent 89600 vectorsignal analysis software and Agilent scopes

The 89600 VSA software shown in this document

has been replaced with the new 89600B

software. To find out how you can see through

signal complexity with the new 89600B VSA

software visit www.agilent.com/find/89600B



2

Table of Contents

An Organized Approachto Making Scope/VSAMeasurements

An Organized Approach to Making Scope/VSA Measurements ............................................... 1

Step I: Set-up ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Step II: Evaluate the signal .............................................................................................................10

Step III: Optimize result accuracy .................................................................................................12

Summary .................................................................................................................................................12

Appendix 1: Aliasing and Under-, Over-, and Nyquist Sampling ...............................................13

Select ing VSA oscilloscope sampling modes for MIMO signals .........................................13

Baseband vs. IF sampling ...............................................................................................................13

Trade-of fs of baseband sampling ......................................................................................................14

Sub-sampling .....................................................................................................................................14Agilent 89600 VSA Sampling Modes ............................................................................................... 15

Appendix 2: Additional Information ................................................................................................. 16

Related Literature List ...........................................................................................................................17

Many RF engineers are reluctant to use a scope to analyze a signal’s spectrum and

modulation characteristics because of the potential that signal aliasing will corrupt the

measurements. But good quality frequency domain measurements are achievable with

a good scope, good VSA software, and an organized approach to the measurements

that account for aliasing with a selection of sampling modes. Using this approach allows

the designer to make RF-type measurements at baseband, on multi-channel designs,

or with a scope simply because it is the most convenient measurement tool available.

This application note outlines an organized approach to making spectrum and modulation

domain measurements with a scope and VSA software. This method has proven to be

successful for reducing set-up errors and increasing the quality of the measurement

results. The steps in this method are given here and explained in the following pages.

Scope/VSA software measurements

Step I: Set-up

a. Select a sampling mode

b. Check for aliased signals

c. Trigger on the signal (burst signals only)

Step II: Evaluate the signal

1. Spectrum and time2. Basic modulation analysis

3. Advanced modulation analysis

Step III: Optimize the results

This measurement approach includes techniques to check for, reduce or eliminate the

effects of signal aliasing in a measurement. Some of these techniques involve a trade-off

between measurement speed and measurement accuracy. The approach outlined here

will help you manage that trade-off to optimize your results. If you are not familiar with

aliasing, over-sampling, under-sampling and Nyquist-sampling, please refer to Appendix 1

for explanations of these key concepts.



3

Step I: Set-up

a. Select a sampling mode

The 89600 VSA software sets the scope sample rate automatically based on three

parameters the user enters: signal center frequency, signal span, and scope sampling

mode. The sampling modes the VSA software uses to control scopes are: Minimize

mode, Maximize mode, User Rate mode and Full Rate mode.

All of the following set up steps assume that you have already set the analyzer to

accept input from an Infiniium or InfiniiVision scope. This is done by clicking on

Utilities>Hardware>ADC1[tab] and then selecting either Infiniium or 6000Scope.

Minimize mode

Always start with the Minimize sample mode. Its speed, large acquisition time length,

and flexibility in parameter settings makes it ideal for verifying that the signal is at the

expected center frequency, has the expected span, and the scope’s input range is set

so the signal is at full scale without overload. If any of these parameters are wrong,

further measurements will be difficult.

The Minimize mode is also useful for the initial set-up of triggering, time domain

measurements and modulation domain analysis.

Select the 89600 VSA software Minimize sample mode by clicking on Utilities

>Hardware >ADC1[tab] >Configure >Sample Mode>Edit[button] and then selecting

Minimize.

Figure 1. Description of the various sampling modes available for use with the 89600 VSA and

supported Agilent oscilloscopes. The relative advantages for each mode are also shown.

Minimize mode(Signal discovery)

Maximize mode(Signal discovery - wideband)

User rate mode(Nice for Nyquist)

Full rate mode(Baseband)

Fs 2Fs 3Fs 4Fs

Fs 2Fs

Fs/2 2Fs

Fs/2 2Fs

Minimize

(Max undersample)

Full Rate

(No aliases)

Maximize

(least undersample)

User Rate(Any rate, nice for Nyquist)

Scope sample mode Measurement

speed

Signal aquire

length

EVM

(noise floor)

★★★★ ★★★★

★★★★

★★★★

★★ ★★

★★

★★★

★★★

★ ★

(Recommended)



4

This mode is susceptible to signal aliasing and has the highest noise floor of the four

sampling modes. It is not recommended for measurements requiring accuracy. Once the

signal and set-up are verified, you can switch to more accurate sample modes.

For best measurement accuracy use the User Rate or Full Rate sample modes. Because

these modes can update slowly, sometimes less than once per minute, it is best to use

them only after the signal has been verified and the measurement parameters have been

set-up using the fast update rate of the Minimize mode.

Maximize mode

If your signal bandwidth is 100 MHz or greater, select Maximize mode rather than

Minimize mode to verify your signal. It provides somewhat slower update rates and

shorter acquisition lengths than the Minimize mode, but is better suited to wider signals

and still offers good flexibility.

Select the Maximize sample mode by clicking on: Utilities >Hardware >ADC1 (tab)

>Configure >Sample Mode>Edit[button] and then select Maximize.

The Maximize mode is also susceptible to signal aliasing and has the second highest

noise floor of the four sampling modes, so it is not recommended for measurements

requiring accuracy.

Use the User Rate or Full Rate modes for best measurement accuracy.

Figure 3. Hardware configuration dialog box with Maximize sample

mode selected.

Figure 2. Hardware configuration dialog box for Minimize mode.



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User Rate mode

The User Rate sample mode has the second lowest noise floor of the four sampling modes,

and is therefore one of the most accurate modes. But this mode can update slowly, some-

times less than once per minute, so it is best to use it only after the signal and measurement

parameter set-up have been verified using the Minimize or Maximize modes.

Select the User Rate sample mode by clicking on: Utilities >Hardware >ADC1[tab]

>Configure >Sample Mode>Edit[button] and then selecting User Rate. Next, input

the desired sample rate by double-clicking on User Sample Rate in the HardwareConfiguration menu and entering the rate in Hz.

Use the User Rate mode to set specific sampling rates, for example, the Nyquist

sampling rate, in order to meet specific measurement needs.

Most scopes support only a specific set of sample rates. Many use a 5, 4, 2, 1 sequence

(i.e. 500MSa/s, 400MSa/s, 200MSa/s, 100 MSa/s, 50MSa/s, etc). In the User Rate mode,

the VSA software selects the rate that is closest to the frequency the user enters in the

User Sample Rate menu.

In Figure 5, the VSA software will select the 500MHz sample rate because it is the rate

closest to the requested rate.

Figure 4. Hardware configuration dialog box with User Sample Rate mode

selected. Note that you must also set the specific sample rate desired.

Figure 5. User Sample Rate configuration. Although the dialog box shows

that the user set this to 512 MHz, the analyzer software will automatically

set the scope sample rate to 500 MHz, the closest supported sample rate.



6

The User Rate mode is susceptible to signal aliasing. Using a low pass accessory filter

and the alias checker macro (see the following section) is recommended to achieve the

best results. Refer to Appendix 2 for help finding an accessory filter vendor.

Full Rate mode

This mode offers the lowest noise floor and therefore the most accurate measurements. It

is also the least susceptible to signal aliasing. However, it has the slowest update rate and

the least flexibility in parameter setting ranges. It is best used when the signal of interest

is exceptionally wide, aliasing is a severe problem, or the very best EVM accuracy isrequired. Using a low pass accessory filter is recommended to achieve the best results.

Whether or not the measurement requires use of a low pass accessory filter depends on

the model and measurement configuration. See the scope performance guides mentioned

in Appendix 2 for more information.

Select the Full Rate sample mode by clicking on: Utilities > Hardware > ADC1(tab) >

Configure > Sample Mode. Click the Edit button and then select Full Rate.

Some settings in this mode, particularly modulation analysis measurements, can take

several minutes to show results. If you are going to do modulation analysis in the Full

Rate mode, it is best to use the Minimize mode first to test the set-up parameters, then

switch to Full Rate when all parameters are properly set.

Signal aliasing will occur in the Minimize, Maximize and User Rate modes. Aliased

signals can reduce accuracy and interfere with measurements if they are large enough.

The 89600 VSA software includes an Alias Checker macro that searches the analysis

span for potential signal aliasing, highlights the potential locations, and indicates how

they could impact a measurement. Be sure to use this checker with the three vulnerable

modes.

To install the Alias Exposure Zone Checker:

• In the 89600 VSA software tool bar click on Utilities>Macros>Recall.

• Navigate to the Sample Macros subdirectory in the directory where you installed

the VSA application (for example, C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600

VSA\Examples\Macros). Select RecallSetupAfterAliasCheck.vbs and

AliasChecker.vbs, and click OK.

• Right click in the VSA application’s tool bar. You will see a popup menu showing

the various toolbars.

• Select the Macros toolbar. This will make the Alias Checker icons appear on your

VSA application toolbar.

b. Check for aliased signals

Figure 6. Full Rate sample mode selected in Hardware Configuration

dialog box.



7

To use the Alias Checker click on the icon. The macro will

check the entire span to determine if alias products are possibly present.

The Alias Checker calculates the frequencies of the alias exposure zones for any

combination of center frequency, span, and oscilloscope sample rate. It then measures

the power in each zone and compares it to the power of the desired signal in the span of

the measurement setup at the time the checker was started. An unwanted signal in an

exposure zone is a source of interference if it is larger than the desired signal’s amplitude

minus 40 dB. This –40 dBc threshold is sufficient for 1 to 2 percent EVM measurements.

When the macro stops, a full-span spectrum trace will appear within the trace. It shows

the desired signal plus any unwanted signals. Superimposed is an orange trace showing

boxes for each exposure zone frequency range. Any unwanted signal falling inside the

zone box is a source of alias interference. If the height of any box is higher than theorange reference line, the power in that zone is greater than the –40 dBc threshold of

interference.

When you are through with the checker, click on the icon to return to your

measurement.

It is also recommended that you use an external low pass filter to reduce the effects

of out-of-band signal aliasing. See the Infiniium and InfiniiVision app notes listed in

Appendix 2 for more information on the suggested stop band frequencies for various

scope models.

Figure 7. Full span spectrum trace after running the Alias Checker macro.

Although the Alias Checker macro

found an alias exposure zone(orange box), the total power in

the alias zone is below the orange

threshold, indicating that any

aliased signals will be more than

40 dB below the signal of interest.



8

The VSA software offers two triggering modes:

• Burst Hi Duty Cycle for signals like those used in wireless communication that have

off times that are relatively short compared to their on time

• Low Duty Cycle for signals like radar signals that have relatively long off times

compared to their on time

These modes are set by clicking on: Utilities >Hardware >ADC1[tab] >Configure[button]

>Hold-off Type>Edit[button] and then selecting the mode.

Once the Hold-off mode is selected, the trigger level can be set using the VSA sof tware’s

trigger controls located at: Input>Trigger.

Version 10.0 of the 89600 VSA software adds decimation and resampling capabilities to the

scope driver contained in the Hardware Connectivity option (Option 300). These

capabilities process the signal data passed from the scope in small segments rather than as

one large data block. This increases the maximum raw data block size the VSA software

can handle and increases the measurement speed on large data blocks required for modula-

tion quality measurements on many wireless communication standards. However,

this processing can make trigger level setting with the VSA software more difficult, as

the trigger may occur within a segment of data not passed on to the software. Because of

this, set up your triggering with the resampling done in the measurement as follows:

To set up a reliable trigger level:

1. Disable decimation and resampling in the scope driver and enable it in the measurement

by clicking: Utilities >Hardware >ADC1[tab] >Configure[button] >Resample Location>

Edit[button] and selecting Measurement in the drop down box.

c. Trigger on the signal(burst signals only)

Figure 8: Choose the trigger Holdoff Type which best suits your signal.



9

2. Select Raw Main Time trace format to display the signal by double clicking the trace title

(title above upper left corner of the trace) and selecting Channel 1 from left-hand column

and then Raw Main Time from the alphabetical list of data.

3. In the same trace, set the units for the vertical axis to volts by double clickingon the label for that axis and selecting Linear Mag.

These settings disable the VSA software frequency domain processing of the data

coming from the scope, making it easier to set the trigger point in the time domain.

Note: Make sure to change the Resample Location setting to Driver for best measurement

speed and longest time capture after the trigger level is set up and working reliably.



10

Once the scope and VSA software are set up, signal evaluation can star t. When

measuring and troubleshooting digitally modulated signals, it is usually best to follow

this sequence:

Signal troubleshooting steps:

1. Basic spectrum and vector (combined frequency and time) measurements

2. Basic digital modulation analysis (constellation and basic I/Q parameters)

3. Advanced and/or standard specific analysis

This sequence of measurements is useful because it reduces the chance that important

signal problems will be missed and because getting parameters like center frequency

and span wrong make it much harder, sometimes impossible, to demodulate the signal

for evaluation.

These measurements give the basic parameters of the signal in frequency and time

domain so that correct demodulation can take place in the next step. Along with verifying

the center frequency, bandwidth, and power of the signal, this step is the place to

evaluate symbol timing, adjacent channel power, and other spectral characteristics

of the signal.

Step II: Evaluate the signal

1. Spectrum and time domain

measurements

Figure 9. Beginning with a correctly set up signal in the time and

frequency domain will help ensure good measurements later.



11

These measurements evaluate the quality of the constellation. Along with a display of

the constellation, they include parameters such as overall EVM, I/Q offset , I/Q gain

imbalance, frequency error, and symbol clock error.

These measurements are used to investigate the causes of errors uncovered in the

basic modulation parameters, particularly EVM errors. These include dynamic parameters

such as error vector frequency, error vector time, and pilot phase error.

2. Basic digital demodulation

3. Advanced digital demodulation

Figure 10. Up to 6 simultaneous displays (4 shown here) of user-selected

information lets you see a wide range of basic digital demodulation info,

especially useful for multi-channel analysis.

Figure 11. Advanced demodulation measurements and displays let you

closely investigate the signal and allow you to set special measurement

troubleshooting parameters.



12

In general the higher the scope sample rate you use making spectrum and modulation

measurements, the lower the noise floor for the measurement and the better the EVM

performance. Figure 12 illustrates this point.

As indicated earlier in this document, this improved accuracy comes at the price of

slower update rates and shorter acquisition time length, sometimes much slower and

much shorter. The best way to handle this trade-off is to verify the signal parameters

and measurement set-up using the higher speed Minimize or Maximize sampling modes.

After signal and measurement parameter set-up is verified, switch to the Full Rate mode

to get your most accurate reading.

Using a scope as a measurement front end to the 89600 VSA software is especially useful

for multi-channel analysis, such as MIMO measurements, or when super-wideband signal

analysis is needed, as with UWB measurements made for Wireless USB and

other formats. Also, sometimes a scope may be the most easily available instrument,

or you may be making other measurements with it, particularly in the baseband section

of your designs. This note provides some helpful hints for setting up triggering and can

help you determine which sample mode to use out of the several modes provided by the

VSA software for use with Agilent oscilloscopes.

Figure 12. Higher scope sample rates allow you to use processing gain to

improve measurement performance.

Statistic Results of Under Sampling Experiments

Sampling Rate (GHz)

d B

-(Worst SNR)

-(Average SNR)

-(Best SNR)

Worst EVMAverage EVM

Best EVM

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50

Step III: Optimize resultaccuracy

Summary



13

Oscilloscopes offer a number of important advantages for MIMO signal analysis.

Optimizing their performance to match your measurement needs is straightforward

with the intelligent driver provided in the 89600 VSA software, especially if somesignal analysis sampling basics are kept in mind. Using an oscilloscope for measuring

MIMO signals offers several advantages including synchronized coherent sampling

of 2-4 channels and a more cost effective solution for 3-4 channel measurement. The

Agilent 89600 VSA software, when combined with high-performance deep-memory

oscilloscopes, provides the best optimization of choices for MIMO signal analysis.

The information which follows applies to all applications, not just MIMO analysis.

Most modern spectrum and signal analyzers and vector signal analyzers digitize a

bandlimited version of the signal under test at a down-converted intermediate frequency

(IF) and at a sampling rate related to the signal bandwidth itself rather than i ts center

frequency. The down-conversion, filtering, and sampling are shown in a simplified formin Figure 13, where several frequency conversion and filtering stages are represented

as a single one, ahead of the ADC block.

This heterodyne down-conversion scheme uses low distortion RF circuits to preserve

the signal quality while mixing down in frequency the selected signal analysis band and

filtering it so that the signal can be digitized at a comparatively low frequency. The lower

sampling rate and limited signal bandwidth provides the best measurement accuracy and

dynamic range. The low sample rate also has the benefit of reducing the amount of data

(the number of samples/second and thus the number of samples/measurement) that

must be processed for a measurement result , and allows for longer measurement time

lengths for a given amount of acquisition memory.

With an oscilloscope as the acquisition device, the RF signal is sampled directly, without

frequency conversion or bandpass filtering. Instead of IF sampling by the ADC, the

signal is thus sampled at baseband. Subsequent filtering and frequency conversion

are performed digitally, through digital filtering and resampling algorithms.

Appendix 1: Aliasingand Under-, Over-, andNyquist Sampling

Selecting VSA oscilloscope

sampling modes for MIMOsignals

Baseband vs. IF sampling

Figure 13. Block diagram of RF spectrum/signal analyzer with digital IF section.

RF inputattenuator

Inputsignal

Pre-selector, orlow-pass filter

IF filterMixer

Localoscillator

Referenceoscillator

Display

ADC DSP

Sweepgenerator



14

This baseband sampling approach places much higher sample rate and sample memory

demands on the oscilloscope. For example, measuring a 2.5 GHz signal with a 10 MHz

bandwidth with a signal analyzer requires an IF sample rate of approximately 25 MHz

(twice the signal bandwidth [Nyquist] + a guard band for anti-alias filter roll off ),

regardless of the center frequency of the signal. Measuring the same signal using

baseband sampling with a scope requires a sample rate of approximately 6.25 GHz,

a rate 250 times higher than IF sampling. The sample memory required is similarly large

when compared to IF sampling.

Fortunately these sampling and memory requirements are readily handled by modernoscilloscopes and measurement software. Oscilloscopes such as the Agilent Infiniium

Series can be equipped with the high sample rates and large memories required for

baseband sampling at Nyquist rates.

A second approach to measuring RF signals involves a technique referred to as

undersampling, sub-sampling, sub-Nyquist, or harmonic sampling. For the RF engineer,

sampling can be understood as a frequency mixing process and sub-sampling is

therefore equivalent to harmonic mixing. Just as with harmonic mixing, the benefits of

operation at much lower sampling/local oscillator frequencies (lower sample rate, smaller

memory) come with the drawback of possible signal “aliasing.” Aliasing is most frequently

understood as a sampling phenomenon where signals at a high frequency (greater than

twice the sampling frequency) fold over or mix into the sampled frequency range,appearing as lower frequencies called aliases. A graphic example is shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14 shows aliasing in the form of a discrete signal, but in sampled systems it is

important to understand that aliasing also applies to noise. Therefore, the drawbacks of

under-sampling for RF signal analysis include both the possibility of false signals in the

measurement and the inclusion of noise from outside the band of interest. The greater

the degree of under-sampling, the higher the number of possible aliases and the greater

the amount of apparent noise added to the analysis band. This is directly analogous to

a higher multiple of harmonic mixing in microwave analysis, and the consequences

(absent an analog filter such as a preselector) are the same.

Trade-offs of basebandsampling

Sub-sampling

Figure 14. Graphic illustration of aliasing.

Actual signal Reconstructed “alias” signal

ADC sample points



15

A sophisticated oscilloscope driver in the VSA offers the user the choice of intelligent

under-sampling, user-rate sampling, and full-rate sampling. The benefits and limitations

of the sampling modes are described in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of VSA sampling modes

The benefits and limitations described in Table 1 illustrate the reasoning behind the

suggested sequence of sampling modes described earlier in this note. For more detailedinformation on signal analysis and sampling techniques please consult the additional

information sources listed below.

Agilent 89600 VSASampling Modes

Sampling mode Benefits Limitations

Minimize • Fastest measurementupdate rate

• Longest maximum time

record length (demodulation

result length and main time

length)

• Lowest signal/noise ratio,dynamic range

• Greatest possibility for

aliases in the measurement

Maximize • No aliases in the selected

center frequency/span region

• Provides performance,

measurement speed, and

time/demod length choices

between Minimize and Full

Rate modes

• EVM, dynamic range

performance not as good

as Full Rate mode

• Maximum time record and

demod result length not as

long as minimize mode

Full Rate • Best EVM, dynamic rangeperformance

• Maximum sample processing

in oscilloscope to improve

accuracy, dynamic range

• Shortest maximum timerecord length (demodulation

result length and main time

length)

• Slowest measurement

update rate

User Rate • Optimize performance,

time/demod length, and

update rate to user

requirements

• VSA software does not

attempt to avoid alias

exposure regions



16

• For information on sampling, aliasing, and signal analysis in general see section 2 of

Agilent application note 243 The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis, starting on page

29, available at www.agilent.com by searching for literature number 5952-8898E.

• For information specific to the use of the Agilent 89600 VSA software and Infiniium

oscilloscopes see the sampling modes section of the Agilent application note titled

Agilent Infiniium Oscilloscopes Performance Guide Using 89600 Vector Signal

Analyzer Software. The application note is available at www.agilent.com by

searching for literature number 5988-4096EN. Similar information is available

in the 89600 VSA online help facility by searching “hardware configuration

parameters (Infiniium)”• For information specific to the use of the Agilent 89600 VSA software and

InfiniiVision scopes, see the sampling modes section of the Agilent application note

titled Agilent InfiniiVision 6000 and 7000 Series Oscilloscopes Performance Guide

Using 89600 Vector Signal Analyzer Software, literature number 5989-4523EN.

• For information on RF signal analysis and the signal processing of spectrum/signal

analyzers see chapter 2 of Agilent application note 150 Spectrum Analyzer Basics,

available at www.agilent.com by searching for literature number 5952-0292.

• More information on the scopes used in the examples in this application note is

available at www.agilent.com/find/scope. This note requires the 8000, 80000 or

90000 Series Infiniium scopes.

• Complete information on the Agilent 89600 VSA software is available at

www.agilent.com/find/89600. This note requires VSA software v10.0 or greater.

• For information on accessory low pass filters that can be used to reduce aliasing go

to: Mini-Circuits, Inc., www.minicircuits.com. There is also more information onthe specific stopband frequencies for each scope model suggested in the Infiniium

application note, 5988-4096EN and the InfiniiVision application note, 5989-4523EN.

Appendix 2: AdditionalInformation



17

Related Literature List 89600 Vector Signal Analyzer CD, literature number 5980-1989E

89600 Vector Signal Analysis Software 89601A/89601AN/ 89601N12,Technical Overview,

literature number 5989-1679EN

89600 Vector Signal Analysis Software 89601A/89601AN/ 89601N12, Data Sheet,

literature number 5989-1786EN

Agilent Infiniivision Series Oscilloscopes Performance Guide Using 89600 Vector Signal

Analyzer Software, literature number 5989-4523EN

Hardware Measurement Platforms for the Agilent 89600 Series Vector Signal Analysis

Software, Data Sheet, literature number 5989-1753EN

89600S Vector Signal Analyzers, VXI Configuration Guide, literature number 5968-9350E

89650S Wideband Vector Signal Analyzer System with High Performance Spectrum

Analysis, Technical Overview, literature number 5989-0871EN

89650S Wideband Vector Signal Analyzer System with High Performance Spectrum

Analysis, Configuration Guide, literature number 5989-1435EN

Understanding Time and Frequency Domain Interactions in the Agilent Technologies

89400 Series Vector Signal Analyzers, literature number 5962-9217EN

89607A WLAN Test Suite Software, Technical Overview, literature number 5988-9574EN

89604A Distortion Test Suite Software, Technical Overview, literature number 5988-7812EN



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Successful VSA Analysis Using an Oscilloscope