Substance abuse among teens of any kind is dangerous Alcohol, Marijuana, Stimulants, Depressants, Opiates, Inhalants, Hallucinogens, PCP

8/8/2019 Substance abuse among teens of any kind is dangerous Alcohol, Marijuana, Stimulants, Depressants, Opiates, Inhal

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Opiate-related synthetic drugs, such as meperidine (Demerol), hydro-codone, oxicodone,oxicontin and methadone, were first developed to provide an analgesic that would notproduce drug dependence. Unfortunately, all opioids (including naturally occurringopiate derivatives and synthetic opiate-related drugs), while effective as analgesics, canalso produce dependence. (Note that where a drug name is capitalized, it is a registered

trade name of the manufacturer.)Modern research has led, however, to the development of other families of drugs. Thenarcotic antagonists (e.g. naloxone hydrochloride) - one of these groups - are used not aspainkillers but to reverse the effects of opiate overdose.Another group of drugs possesses both morphine-like and naloxone-like properties (e.g.pentazocine, or Talwin) and are sometimes used for pain relief because they are lesslikely to be abused and to cause addiction.

Nevertheless, abuse of pentazocine in combination with the antihistamine tripelennamine(Pyribenzamine) was widely reported in the 1980's, particularly in several large cities in

the United States. This combination became known on the street as "Ts and blues." Thereformulation of Talwin, however, with the narcotic antagonist nalaxone has reportedlyreduced the incidence of Ts and blues use.

Appearance

Opium appears either as dark brown chunks or in powder form, and is generally eaten orsmoked. Heroin usually appears as a white or brownish powder, which is dissolved inwater for injection. Most street preparations of heroin contain only a small percentage of the drug, as they are diluted with sugar, quinine, or other drugs and substances. Otheropiate analgesics appear in a variety of forms, such as capsules, tablets, syrups, clixirs,solutions, and suppositories. Street users usually inject opiate solutions under the skin("skin popping") or directly into a vein or muscle, but the drug may also be "snorted" intothe nose or taken orally or rectally.

Effects

The effects of any drug depend on several factors: the amount taken at one time the user's past drug experience the manner in which the drug is taken the circumstances under which the drug is taken (the place, the user's

psychological and emotional stability, the presence of other people, simultaneoususe of alcohol or other drugs, etc.)

Short-term effects appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours or days.Opioids briefly stimulate the higher centers of the brain but then depress activity of thecentral nervous system. Immediately after injection of an opioid into a vein, the user feelsa surge of pleasure or a "rush". This gives way to a state of gratification; hunger, pain,and sexual urges rarely intrude.


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The dose required to produce this effect may at first cause restlessness, nausea, andvomiting. With moderately high doses, however, the body feels warm, the extremitiesheavy, and the mouth dry. Soon, the users go "on the nod," an alternately wakeful anddrowsy state during which the world is forgotten.

As the dose is increased, breathing becomes gradually slower. With very large doses, theuser cannot be roused; the pupils contract to pinpoints; the skin is cold, moist, and bluish;and profound respiratory depression resulting in death may occur.

Overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount of a drug contained in a "hit"cannot be accurately gauged. In a treatment setting, the effects of a usual dose of morphine last three to four hours. Although pain may still be felt, the reaction to it isreduced, and the patient feels content because of the emotional detachment induced bythe drug.

Long-term effects appear after repeated use over a long period. Chronic opiate users maydevelop endocarditic, an infection of the heart lining and valves as a result of unsterileinjection techniques.

Drug users who share needles are also at a high risk of acquiring AIDS (acquired immunedeficiency syndrome) and HIV infection (human immune deficiency virus) and HepatitisC. Unsterile injection techniques can also cause abscesses, cellulites, liver disease, andeven brain damage. Among users with a long history of subcutaneous injection, tetanus iscommon. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may alsoresult from the unhealthy lifestyle of the user, as well as from the depressant effect of opiates on respiration.

Tolerance and Dependence

With regular use, tolerance develops too many of the desired effects of the opioids. Thismeans the user must use more of the drug to achieve the same intensity of effect. Chronicusers may also become psychologically and physically dependent on opioids.

Psychological dependence exists when a drug is so central to a person's thoughts,emotions, and activities that the need to continue its use becomes a craving orcompulsion.

With physical dependence, the body has adapted to the presence of the drug, andwithdrawal symptoms occur if use of the drug is reduced or stopped abruptly. Some userstake heroin on an occasional basis, thus avoiding physical dependence. Withdrawal fromopioids, which in regular users may occur as early as a few hours after the lastadministration, produces uneasiness, yawning, tears, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, goosebumps, and runny nose. These symptoms are accompanied by a craving for the drug.


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Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose andsubside after a week. Some bodily functions, however, do not return to normal levels foras long as six months. Sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users who are in poorhealth has occasionally been fatal. Opioid withdrawal, however, is much less dangerousto life than alcohol and barbiturate withdrawal.

Opioids and Pregnancy

Opioid-dependent women are likely to experience complications during pregnancy andchildbirth. Among their most common medical problems are anemia, cardiac disease,diabetes, pneumonia, and hepatitis. They also have an abnormally high rate of spontaneous abortion, breech delivery, caesarian section, and premature birth. Opioidwithdrawal has also been linked to a high incidence of stillbirths.Infants born to heroin-dependent mothers are smaller than average and frequently showevidence of acute infection. Most exhibit withdrawal symptoms of varying degrees andduration. The mortality rate among these infants is higher than normal.

Who Uses Opioids

Opiates and their synthetic counterparts are used in modern medicine to relieve acutepain suffered as a result of disease, surgery, or injury; in the treatment of some forms of acute heart failure; and in the control of moderate to severe coughs or diarrhea. They arenot the desired treatment for the relief of chronic pain, because their long-term andrepeated use can result in drug dependence and side effects (such as constipation andmood swings). They are, however, of particular value in control of pain in the later stagesof terminal illness, where the possibility of dependence is not a significant issue.

A small proportion of people for whom opioids have been medically prescribed becomedependent; they are referred to as "medical addicts." Even use of non-prescriptioncodeine products, if continued inappropriately, may get out of control. Medical adviceshould be sought, since withdrawal symptoms may result from abrupt cessation of useafter physical dependence has been established. Because members of the medical andallied health professions have ready access to opioids, some become dependent. Thelargest proportion of non-medical use, however, falls into the street-use category.Currently, heroin is the most popular opiate among street users; these users are also proneto heavy use of other psychoactive drugs, such as cocaine, alcohol, certainsedative/hypnotics, and tranquillizers.

During the past few years, synthetic opioids such as hydrocodone, hydromorphone,oxycodone, and meperidine have gained prominence as drugs of dependence. Userssometimes urge physicians to write them prescriptions for the opioid of preference. Theseopioids are also frequently stolen from pharmacies and sold on the street. Today, illicituse of such opioid-based medicines as Percodan, Dilaudid, and Novahistex is common.

Opioids and the Law


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The federal Narcotic Control Act regulates the possession and distribution of all opioids.The act permits individual physicians, dentists, pharmacists, and veterinarians, as well ashospitals, to keep supplies of certain opioids. Members of the general public must obtainthese drugs for such authorized sources.

Although the act also permits the prescribing of methadone in the treatment of opioiddependence, permission is given only to specially licensed physicians, and use isgoverned by specific guidelines. If tried by summary conviction, a first offence for opioidpossession carries a maximum penalty of a $1,000 fine and six months imprisonment. Forsubsequent offences, the maximum penalty is a $2,000 fine and 12 months imprisonment.If tried by indictment, opioid possession carries a maximum penalty of seven yearsimprisonment.

Importing, exporting, trafficking, and possession for the purposes of trafficking are allinditable offences and carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. Cultivation of opium is also an indictable offence and carries a maximum penalty of seven years

imprisonment.It is illegal to obtain a prescription for opioids or any other "narcotic" from health careprofessionals without notifying them that you have obtained a similar prescriptionthrough another practitioner within the preceding 30 days.

Signs of Inhalant AbuseGLUE, VAPOR PRODUCING SOLVENTS, PROPELLANTS

Substance odor on breath and clothes. Runny nose.

Watering eyes. Drowsiness or unconsciousness. Poor muscle control. Prefers group activity to being alone. Presence of bags or rags containing dry plastic cement or other solvent at home,

in locker at school or at work. Discarded whipped cream, spray paint or similar chargers (users of nitrous oxide). Small bottles labeled "incense" (users of butyl nitrite).

Signs of Hallucinogen AbuseLSD, MESCALINE

Extremely dilated pupils. Warm skin, excessive perspiration and body odor. Distorted sense of sight, hearing, touch; distorted image of self and time

perception. Mood and behavior changes, the extent depending on emotional state of the user

and environmental conditions.


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Unpredictable flashback episodes even long after withdrawal (although these arerare).

Signs of PCP AbuseANGEL DUST

Unpredictable behavior; mood may swing from passiveness to violence for no apparentreason.

Symptoms of intoxication.

Disorientation; agitation and violence if exposed to excessive sensory stimulation. Fear, terror. Rigid muscles. Strange gait. Deadened sensory perception (may experience severe injuries while appearing not

to notice). Pupils may appear dilated. Mask like facial appearance. Floating pupils, appear to follow a moving object. Comatose (unresponsive) if large amount consumed. Eyes may be open or closed.

PCP has stimulant, depressant, hallucinogenic and analgesic effects. Which of these willbe most pronounced is unpredictable and depends on users personality, psychologicalstate and the setting at time of use.

Drug Categories for Substances of Abuse Narcotics Alfentanil Stimulants/

Inhalants Amphetamine

Cocaine* BenzedrineCodeine BenzphetamineCrack Cocaine* Butyl NitriteFentanyl DextroamphetamineHeroin MethamphetamineHydromorphone MethylphenidateIce PhenmetrazineMeperidineMethadone Hallucinogens BufotenineMorphine LSDNalorphine MDAOpium MDEAOxycodone MDMAPropoxyphene Mescaline
http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Narchttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Narchttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Stimhttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Inhahttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Inhahttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Cocahttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Cocahttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Crachttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Crachttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Icehttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Icehttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Hallhttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Hallhttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Icehttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Crachttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Cocahttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Inhahttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Stimhttp://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/rpo926/#Narc


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MMDA Depressants Benzodiazepine Phencyclidine

Chloral Hydrate PsilocybinChlordiazepoxide

Diazepam Cannabis Marijuana

Glutethimide TetrahydrocannabinolMeprobamateMethaqualoneNitrous Oxide Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol

Pentobarbital Steroids DianabolSecobarbital Nandrolone

Bibliografia and References.

The OAS Report presents facts about adolescent substance use, including information on the

initiation of substance use, past year substance use, and receipt of substance use treatment.The data presented in this report are from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health(NSDUH), the 2005 Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), and the 2005 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS). October 18, 2007.

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4 Zoccolillo M, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE. Problem drug and alcohol use in a community sample of adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:900 7.5 Farrell M, Howes S, Bebbington P, et al. Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence and psychiatriccomorbidity. Results of a national household survey. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:432 7.6 Parker H, Aldridge J Measham F. Illegal leisure: the normalisation of adolescent recreational druguse. London: Routledge, 1998.7 Gilvarry E, Christian J, Crome I, et al. The substance of young needs review. London: HealthAdvisory Service, 2001.8 Ashton H. Cannabis or health? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2002;15:247 53.9 Fergusson D, Horwood L. Cannabis use and dependence in a New Zealand birth cohort. N Z Med J2000;113:56 8.10 Fergusson D, Horwood L. Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use?Addiction 2000;95:505 20.11 Taylor D, Poulton R, Moffitt T, et al. The respiratory effects of cannabis dependence inyoung adults. Addiction 2000;95:1669 77.12 Bolla K, Brown K, Eldreth D, et al. Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use.Neurology 2002;59:1337 43.13 Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, et al. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor forschizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. BMJ 2002;325:1199.14 Ramrakha S, Caspi A, Dickson N, et al. Psychiatric disorders and risky sex in youngadulthood: a cross sectional study in a birth cohort. BMJ 2002;321:263 6.15 Hawton K, Rodham K, Evans E. Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schoolsin England. BMJ 2002;325:1207 11.
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16 Schifano F, Oyefeso A, Webb L, et al. Review of deaths related to taking ecstasy, England andWales, 1997 2000. BMJ 2003;326:80 1.17 Gould M, Fisher P, Parides M, et al. Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescentcompleted suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1155 62.18 Kalland M, Pensola T, Merilainen J, et al. Mortality in children registered in the Finnish childwelfare registry: population based study. BMJ 2001;323:207 8.19 Bennett D, Bauman A. Adolescent mental health and risky sexual behaviour: young people needhealth care that covers psychological, sexual, and social areas. BMJ 2000;321:251 2.

20. ADASK Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Statistics, Trends, and Costs. 2004. 30 May 2005http://www.ni-cor.com/statisticandtrends.html

21. Teen Substance Abuse GDCADA. 9 M arch 2005. 28 May 2005.http://www.gdcada.org/statistics/teens.htm22. The Teen Drug Scene Diabetes Forecast: The Teen Drug Scene. 2003. 30 May 2005.

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Substance abuse among teens of any kind is dangerous Alcohol, Marijuana, Stimulants, Depressants, Opiates, Inhalants, Hallucinogens, PCP