SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE … · edited lists of the Muslims of Makkan period but those It^ts are inadegnate. There are so imny defects in the lists Prepared by orientalists

DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF MUSLIM CONVERTS IN AND AROUND MAKKAH DURING 610-622 A. D.

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

jUagter of Î)ilos(opI)p IN

Sunni Theology

BY

ISRAR AHMAD KHAN

Under the supervision of

Dr. Iqbal Hasan Khan READER

DEPARTMENT OF SUNNI THEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

1989

DS1400

AÔ(i^-^^c>^\

C O N T E N T S

S.NO« PAGE NO.

i . INTRODUCTION 3

ii . CHAPTER I MUSLIM POPULATION IN MAKIO\H 10

iii . CHAPTER II MUSLIM POPULATION IN BEDOUINE' TRIBES 46

iv . CHAPTER III

MUSLIM POPULATION IN MEDINAH 54

V . CHAPTER IV MUSLIM POPULATION IN CHRISTIAN SOCIETY 66

v i . CONCLUSION 7 2

v i i . NOTES AND REFERENCES 76

v i i i • BIBLIOGRAPHY 87

<JA .<:i i . ' . ! < » ^ , ^ - 'V

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE BENEFICENT, THE MERCIFUL.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

A l l p r a i s e be t o A l l a h , t h e Almighty, t h e Lord of

t h e u n i v e r s e , and peace and b l e s s i n g s of A l l a h be upon *

Muhammad t h e P rophe t , t h e b e n e f a c t o r of t h e whole humanity.

The Prophe t Muhammad (S.A.V7.) announced h i s

prophethood a f t e r he was chosen by A l l a h a s His l a s t

messenger i n 610 A.D. i n Makkah, From t h e very moment

he was c o n f e r r e d t h e Prophethood, he devoted h i s whole

ene rgy , t ime and w e a l t h i n convass ing t h e t r u t h t o the

mankind. As a r e s u l t of h i s e f f o r t s a number of Arabs and

Non-Arabs e n t e r e d t h e f o l d of newly- announced c roed , I s l am,

And , on t h e o t h e r hand t h e m a j o r i t y of Makkan p o p u l a t i o n

s tood i n d e f i a n c e t o the c a l l of t h e P rophe t , Leaders of

Qura i sh l e f t no means unused i n opposing r a t h e r e r a d i c a t i n g

t h e vo i ce of t h e t r u e r e l i g i o n p ropaga ted by t h e P r o p h e t ,

Desp i t e t h e h a r s h xeslst^racfi of t h e Arabs t h e I s l a m i c c i r c l e

u did not cease to expand , Noble souls contined to

accept the t r u t h . As a matter of fac t i t was the success of the

P rophet 's c a l l on a large sca le i n Arab tha t forced

the opponents of the Prophet i s consider over the ways

to corner or mi t iga te the e f f o r t s of the Prophet and

they decided to martyre the Prophet, But they f a i l ed

i n t h e i r p lan . I t was by the grace of Allah tha t

the foes could not even touch the Prophet ( S.A.W. ) .

After long 13 years the Prophet migrated to Yathrab, '

the Medinah al-Rasool i n 622 A.D.

Generally i t i s thought tha t a t the time of

Prophet 's migrat ion to Medinah the number of Muslims

was very small, and 2slam> was in a very p i t i a b l e

condi t ion . I t i s t o t a l l y wrong. At the time of h i s t o r i c

Hejirah of the Prophet ( S.A.W. ) the I slamic

movement had emerged as the unavoidable and chal lenging

force in the Arabian peninsula . The adherents of Islam

were i n several thousand nusnbers. Makkah, Medinah ,

Yatten^ Abyssinia and the o ther b e l t s and areas of

Arabian peninsula witnessed the emerging force of

Islam on t h e i r s o i l .

Original sources of the Is lamic h i s to ry such

as Ibn T&is.qye",, Ibn Sa'd, Baladhuri , Tabr i , Ibn

Hisham e t c . give ample evidences to the fac t t h a t the

M'Jisli"}., populat ion a t the time of Prophet 's migrat ion

wias more than twenty thousand. Though rw h i s t o r i a n

tes t r i e d to give t o t a l and accura te s t r eng th of the

Muslim a t t ha t time^ but the deep study of Seerah

a l -RasQol i l lah of Ibn ishaque, Tarikh of Tabari,Al-Tabaqa

Al-Kubra of Ibn Sa'd, A l - I s t e e ' a b of Ibn Abdul Barr,

Usud al-Ghabah of Ibn Athi r , Al- lsabah Fi a l -

Tarayeez al-3ahabah of Ibn Ha j a r and Ansab al-Ashraf

of Baladhuri c e r t i f y the above notion of large number

of Muslim populat ion .

No e f fo r t has been made so f a r from any quar te r

e: St or v/est to stdy extens ive ly the t o t a l s t r eng th of

Muslims i n 622 A.D. Some o r i e n t a l i s t s have t r i ed to

prepare the l i s t of those who accepted Islam during

the Makkan period of the Prophet (3.A.W.) , Leon cae tan i

and Montgomery Watt a re prominent among them. They have

edi ted l i s t s of the Muslims of Makkan period but those

I t ^ t s are inadegnate.

There are so imny defects i n the l i s t s Prepared

by o r i e n t a l i s t s , F i r s t l y , they do not give only those

iluslims who accepted Islam before Prophe t ' s migrat ion

to Medinah but they include the Muslims of Madani

period a l so i n the l i s t s . .Secondly, they do not take the

Non- Quraishi te Muslims in to cons ide ra t ion . And th i rd ly

t h e i r l i s t s do not cons i s t the names of Muslim slaves

Mawali, Women and cn i ld ren . Because of these short_comings

those l i s t s are not proper and accep tab le .

In the modern world the exper ts have evolved

and deduced the demographic p r i n c i p l e of populat ion

on the bas i s of which the approximately t o t a l s t r eng th

of the populat ion of a p a r t i c u l a r soc ie ty can be

ca l cu l a t ed . According to the said demographic p r i n c i p l e :

the known and ava i l ab le f igure of adu l t male persons

i s mul t ip l ied by 4.5 or 6 or 7. The r e s u l t w i l l be

the t o t a l number of populat ion o This p r i nc ip l e was

invented and used f i r s t o£ a l l by W.H.Moorland i n

19 20 i n h i s book " India a t the death of Akbar" .

Detailed discuss ions can be seen i n " Cambridge

Economic History of Ind ia" , ed i ted by Bipin Roy

Chaudhari & Prof. I r f an Habib . Mr.Barakat Ahmad has

a l s o applied t h i s ru le in his book"Muhammad and the Jews'

while ca l cu la t ing the Muslim popula t ion i n Medinah of

the Prophet ' s e ra .

In respect of Arabs of the 7 th century f igure 7

w i l l apply because the average Arab had more or l e s s

7 family members including severa l wives, ch i ld ren ,

s laves and Hawaii.

In the coming pages I have t r i e d to loca te the

ava i l ab le and known Muslim names i n Makkan era of the

Prophet (S .A.w.) to know the t o t a l s t r eng th of Muslim

8

popxolation - thereby . This e f f o r t i s the f i r s t of i t s kind,

I do not claim tha t I have done complete j u s t i c e to

the topic o I , however have t r i e d my bes t to study the

subject i n i t s r ea l pe r spec t ive .

F i r s t of a l l I express my innumberable

g r a t i t ude to Allah Subhanahu W Ta ' a l a . The completion

of t h i s *!ork became poss ib le only by His bounty and

grace .

And then comes the name of my Si:pervisor,

Dr. Iqbal Hasan Khan, Reader department of Sunni

Theology. I f a i l to find proper words to thank him.

liis guidance, advices and good wishes to me enabled

me to complete my job. May Allah give him s u i t a b l e

reward i n t h i s world as well as i n the hereaf te r .

I t would be sheer i n g r a t i t u t e on the pa r t of

me, if I do not thank the Chairman of the department

of Sunni Theology, Prof. Mrs. Raufa Iqba l . She always

helped me in respect of t h i s u p t i l l task of research .

All the t each ing and n o n - t e a c h i n g s t a f f of

t h e depar tment of Sunni Theology e s p e c i a l l y Dr. Abdiol

Aleem Khan, Reader and Maulana A s a d u l l a h , L e c t u r e r

de se rve a l o t of thanks from me. Maialana Asadu l l ah

always encouraged me not only by moral suppor t bu t

by f i s c a l a l s o . I can not r e t u r n i t s p r i c e t o him,

Insha A l l a h he w i l l be rewarded on t h e day of

Akhi rah .

I a l s o thank the Dean o f f i c e b e a r e r s e s p e c i a l l y

t h e sectffln Of f i ce r , Arif Bhai f o r t h e i r s i n c e r e

a s s i s t a n c e to me.

I n the end I pray t o A l l a h t o g ive me more

s t r e n g t h t o take many more t o p i c s r e g a r d i n g the Holy

l i f e of t he Prophet (S.A.W.) i n my hands and

accompl i sh them wi th f u l l j u s t i c e . Ameen *

A l i g a r h :

Da t e -20 .1 .1989 . ISRAR AHMAD KHAN

10

CHAPTER I

Muslim populat ion i n Makkah

Makkah possessing a preveledge of beincj the

b i r t h - p lace and o r ig ina l c i t y of the l a s t prophtit

Muhammad ( S.A.W. ) experienced the long awaited c a l l

to the uni ty of God by the prophet Muhammad a t the age

of 40 when hs was appointed as the l a s t messenger of

Allah, Despite the h i s t o r i c a l f ac t t h a t the formidable

r e s i s t a n c e to the Prophet 's c a l l was organized by the

same Makkans who once loved and took p r ide i n the

existerKie of young Muhammad (S.A.W.) , i t were a number

of Makkans who responded p o s i t i v e l y to the fo rgo t ten

Abrahamic messege. The prophet (S.A.W.) continued to

disseminate Islamic Dawah i n Makkah fo r long 13 years .

This per iod of time saw a number of i^ss and downs i n

the s t r e e t s of Makkah.

The f i r s t Muslims : -

Who accepted Islam f i r s t of a l l ? Over t h i s

ques t ion there a r e di f ferences of opinion among the

h i s t o r i a n s and Seerah wr i t e r s , Some says t ha t All was

the f i r s t Muslim, While the o thers a r e of t he view t h a t

11

Abu Eakr was ahead of a l l i n embracing Islam . And

some o the r put claim with proofs t h a t i t was none

but Khadijah , the beloved wife of the prophet ,

who joined her husband the Prophet a f t e r being to ld

the f i r s t ejcperience of r evea l a t i on i n the cave of

Hira by the Prophet,

But over the l i s t of f i r s t group of

Muslims the re i s consensus of opinion among the Seerah

w r i t e r s . This f i r s t grovjp of Muslims c o n s i s t s of four

names :

,-v>^4^

1. Khadijah Bint Khuwailed , the Prophet ' s

wife.

2. Zaid Bin Haritha, the P rophe t ' s Mawla and

adopted son.

3 . Abu Bakr Bin Abi Qahafa , the Prophet ' s

bossom f r iend .

Ali Bin Abi Ta l ib , The Prophe t ' s consin»

who l a t e r on i n Medineh married The

Prophet ' s daughter, Fatimah ,

12

The second group of Muslims : -

As a ma t t e r of f a c t t h e r e i s nd such second

group of Muslims i n Hakkah i n the s t r i c t e r term,

b u t t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n may be termed v a l i d on the

c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t they were those v;ho accep ted

Is lam a f t e r t h e f i r s t Muslims and t h e i r I s l am v/as

t h e r e s u l t of t h e e f f o r t s of Aba Bakr, one of the

f i r s t Muslims o

1 . Uthman Bin Affan.

2. Suber Bin Awivam

3 . Abd\il Raliman Bin Auf,

4. Sa 'ad Bin Abi ' .v;aqqas .

5. Talha Bin Obaidu l lah .

5. Abu Obaidah Bin J a r r a h .

7» Abu Salmah

8, Ai-Arqara Bin Abi Ai-Arqam <,

9 . Usman Bin Mazoon o

10. Qudam:ih Lin Mazdon .

1 1 . 4bd u l l a h Bin Maz 'oon .

12. Oba idu l l ah Bin Harithc

1 3 . Saeed Bin Zaid BinÂmr Bin Nufa i l .

13

14. Fatimah Bint Khattab, wife of above

Saeed Bin Zaid.

15. Asma flint Abi Bakr. 2

16c Khabbab Bin Arat «

Ibn Hisham has a l s o included Aisbah Bint Abi

Bakr i n t h i s l i s t . Her name shoxild not figvire) i n

the group of Muslims who pledged t h e i r s o l i d a r i t y

with the Prophet on the hands of Abu Bakr becs-use

Âishah was an innate Muslim as she was born in the

family of Abu Bakr three or four years a f t e r Abu

Bakr entered the fold of Islam.

The migrants to Abyssinia :

When the persecut ion and high handedness of

the Makkans aga ins t the Prophet and h i s companions

crossed the l im i t and became i n t o l e r a b l e for the

persecuted Muslims, the Prophet advised them to

migrate to Abyssinia, .whogs king^ '^^q\is irS© l e n i e n t

and hosp i t ab le . In the f i f t h year of prophethood

a group of 11 Muslim men and 4 Muslim women migrated

to Abyssinia for l imited per iod.

14

1, Uthman Bin Affan.

2o His wife Ruqayyah Bint Muhammad t h e Prophe t

(S.A.W.)

3 . Abd-al -Rahman Bin Auf

4 . Zxiber Bin Awwam

5 . Abu Hudhayfah ..

6. His wife Umm Hudhayfah

. , To Mus 'ab Bin. Umer.

8o Abu Salmah

9 . His wife Umm Salmah.

10 . Uthman Bin Maz 'oon .

1 1 . Amir Bin R a b i ' a h .

12 . His w i fe .

13 . Suha i l Bin Baydha.

14 . Abu Sabra Bin Amr .

15 . Ha t ib Bin Amr" .

I n regard t o the number ofl miara te rs j iô

Abyss in i a t h e r e i s some d i f f e r e n c e of o p i n i o n ,

I b n Ha j a r A l - Asga lan i has g i v e n only 14 names 4

i n c l u d i n g four women , w h i l e I b n S a y y i d - a l Nas ' s 5

l i s t c o n s i s t s of 11 men and 5 women .

15

I n t h e next yea r a n o t h e r group of Muslim men

and women migra ted t o A b y s s i n i a . They numbered 83 .

1 . Ja ' f a r Bin Abi T a l i b .

2 . His wi fe Asma Bin t Umays • { Banu Hashim . H

3 . Usman Bin Affan . 8 0

4 . His wi fe Rugayyah Bint . {

Muhammad the Prophet «

5 . Amr B i a Saeed Bin 'As.

o. ru.5 wi fe Fat imah Bint Safwan 5

Bin Umayyah. { J

7 . Khal id Bin Saeed Bin 'As . J

8 . His wife Umaynah Bint Khalaf {

Din AS 'ad .

Banu Umayyah .

9 . Abdul lah Bin J a h a s h .

10 . O b a i d u l l a h Bin J ahash . iv-

1 1 . His wife Umm Habibah B i n t Abi

Suf i y a n .

12 . Q^%s. Bin Abdullah .

1 3 . His wife Barakah Bint Yasar 14 . Muayqab Bin Abi Fat imah ,

Banu Asad Bin Khuzayimah .

1 5 . Abu Hudhayfah Bin Utbah Bin R a b i ' a h }

1 6 . Abu Musa Abdul lah Bin Qais . J Banu Abd Shams . \

16

^

17. Utbah Bin GJBzwan Bin J a b i r \ Banu Naufal .

18 . Zuber Bin Awr am { \

19. Al-Aswad Bin Naufal g^n Khuv/aylad ! » Banu Asad

^ i " ^ ^ ^ ^ - \ AbdulUEza^S

I 20. Yazid Bin Zam'ah \ \

21c Amr Bin Umayyah Bin H a r i t h

22<, Tulayb Bin Umer Bin Wahab. I Banu Abd^Bin

Qusayy ^

23 . iMus'ab Bin Umer x

24. Suwayba/ Bin Sa 'd \

25. Juhm Bin Qais . \ ^^"'^ -odul Dar 13 \ b in Qusayy 26. l i is wife Umm Hirmaiah Bint «

Abdul Asv;ad . if \

27. Amr Bin Juhm . \ \

23. Xhuzaymah Bin Juhm . !

\ 29. Abu a l - Rum Bin Umer Bin ilashim ,\

\ \

30. F i r a s Bin Al-IIazr Bin H a r i t h \

17

*

3 1 . Abdul Rahman Bin Auf , j

I 32 . Amir B in Abi'"Wagq»s . {

I 33. Abu Waqqas Malik Bin Uhayb. J Eanu Zuhrah

34. Al- Mattalib Bin Azher . I

35. His wife Ramlah Bint Abi Auf. J

3 6. Abdullah Bin Masood J

j Banu Hudhayl- .

37. Utbah Bin Mas'ood J

38. Miqdad Bin Amr Bin Tha'labah.} Banu Bahra '.

39 . H a r i t h Bin Khalid .

40 . I-Iis w i fe Raytah Bint H a r i t h . I Banu Teem"'"^

4 1 . Amx Bin Uthman Bin Amr Bin Ka 'b .

42 . Abu Salmah Abdul lah Bin Abdul Asad I

l ^ ^ { 4 3 . His wife Umm Salmah Hand Bin t Abi I

I Banu Makhzoom , Umayyah, !

i 44o Shammas Bin Uthman Bin Al - t h a r i d I

45 . M u ' a t t a b Bin Auf I Al ly of Banu

I Makhzoom^®.

IS

46. Uthraan Bin Haz "oon.

47 . Saeb Bin Uthman

48 . Qudamah Bin Maz 'oon*

49 . Abdul l ah Bin Maz'oon.

50. Ha t ib Bin K a r i t h . . . .

5 1 . His wife Fat imah Bint A l - M u j a l l a l .

52 . Mxihammad Bin Ha t ib .

5 3 . H a r i t h Bin Ha t i b .

54. Hu t t aS Bin H a r i t h .'

55 . His wife Fukaylah Bint Yasar

56 . S u f i a n Bin Ma'mar .

57 . J a b i r Bin Suf iyan .

58 . J anadah Bin Suf iyan „

59 . Hasanah w/o Suf iyan Bin Ma'mar ,

60. S h u r a h b i l Bin Hasanah .

6 1 . Uthman Bin R a b i ' a h .

Banu J\inh 20

19

62. Khunays Bin Hudhafah.

63 . Abdul lah Bin H a r i t h .

64 . Hisham Bim 'As Bin Wael .

65 . " As Bin Wael.

66. Qais Bin Hudhafah .

67 . Abdu l l ah Bin Hudhafah .

68 . H a r i t h B in H a r i t h Bin Qais .

69. Ma'mar Bin H a r i t h Bin Q a i ' s

70 . B i s h r B in H a r i t h .

7 1 . Saeed Bin H a r i t h .

7 2. Saeb Bin H a r i t h .

7 3 . Umer Bin Riab Bin Hudhayfah , I

Banu Saliam 21

74 . Saeed Bin Amr

75<, Mahmiyah Bin Al - J aza

» „ 22 { Banu Tameerft ,

23 i Banu Zubayd .

20

7 6 . Ma 'mar Bin Abdul lah Bin Nazlah. i! i I

7 7 . Urwah Bin Abdul Uzza. | I

7 8 . 'Adi Bin Nazlah . I I {

7 9 . Numan Bin 'A d i . j

80 . Amir Bin R a b i ' a h . j

i h

8 1 . His wife L a i l a h Bint Abi Khathmah. j

J Banu 'Adi^*.

82 . Abu Sabrah Bin Abi Ruham .

Bin Amr .

i J I

8 3 . His wife Umm Kulthum Bint Suha i l I I 1 I

84. Abdul lah Bin Makhramah . I I I

8 5 . Abdu l l ah Bin Suha i l Bin Amr. {

86 . S u l a i t Bin Amr . 0

8 7 . Sakran Bin Amr • { }

88. His wife Saudah Bint Zam'ah \

89. Malik Ban Zam'ah }

900 His wife Amrah B i n t Su 'da { I

9 1 . Ha t ib Bin Amr. {

9 2 . S a ' d Bin Khaulah 26 . J

I Banu Amir

21

9 3 . Abu Obaidah Amir Bin Abdul lah Bin 5

Al - J a r r a h •

9 4 . Suha i l Bin Baydha .

9 5 . Amr Bin Abi Sarh .

9 6 . 'Ayaz Bin Z u M i r •

9 7 . Arar Bin Ha r i t h rB in Zi iba i r ,

9 8 . Uthman Bin Abd Ghanam Bin Z u h a i r .

9 9 . Sa ' d Bin Abd Qais .

lOOoHarith Bin Abd Qais .

Banu H a r i t h 27

I I n t h i s l i s t of second group of m i g r a n t s t o

Abyss in ia occur a few names a g a i n who a r e i nc luded

because they A"*!" ^^ t-he f i r s t g r o i p of m i g r a n t s

had r e t u r n e d from Abyss in ia to Makkah on h e a r i n g the

news t h a t t h e Non-Muslim Makkans having shonned t h e

h o s t i l e a t t i t u d e towards t h e P rophe t Mutfimmad(o.A.W.)

and h i s Da 'wah , had accep ted t h e f a i t h of un i ty of

God , b u t having the e x p e r i e n c e of some kind of t o r t u r e

and p e r s e e n t i o n had jo ined t h e second group of m i g r a n t s

i. ^v. . . 28 t o Abyss in ia

22

Ibn Ishaque has ind ica ted t o , a very important

f ac t i n connection with migrants to Abyssinia t ha t the

a v a i l a b l e l i s t of the migrants cons i s ted of only adu l t

male and female Muslims and i t did not con ta in the

innumerable names of those minors who were a l s o bound

to leave t h e i r homes with t h e i r pa ren t s i n the pa th of

Allah^^.

O r i e n t a l i s t s and some modern hj-storians have

f o r t h r i g h t l y re jec ted the idea of two groups of

migrants to Abyssinia. They a re of the view tloat

the re was only once tha t more than hundred M<aklcan

Muslims were forced to leave Makkah and take refuge i n

%HJi \ ^ y ^ s ^ ^ ^ • •- (if t h i s idea i s given green signaT; the re

occurs no difference over the number of migrants to

Abyssinia.

I t i s however non-controvers ia l and es tab l i shed

f a c t t h a t the migrants to Abyssinia out numbered hundred.

23

As was indica ted i n the introdxjction t h a t there i s

an accepted demographic ru le : The approximate t o t a l

s t r e n g t h of the populace i s always foxir, f i v e , s i x or

seven times of the ava i l ab l e f igure of the adul t male

members of the area or soc ie ty • The v a r i a t i o n depends 31 on the c l imate and region . In the Arabian peniusula

the men genera l ly had more than one wives . The Arabs,

t he re fo re , had , i n average seven ch i l d r en . Keeping

the above-mentioned demographic p r i n c i p l e i n view the

t o t a l s t r eng th of migrants to Abyssinia, male and female

adu l t and ninor may be reckoned as follows : -

Number of adul t male migrants = 100 Nos.-

Average of family members approx= 7 Nos.

Total s t r eng th = 100 x 7

= 700 Nos.

Thus the t o t a l migrants i n the pa th of Al l , the

Almighty were approximately 700. I t i s not mere guess

and conjecture but two th ings s i^por t t h i s grea t number.

Umar b i n Khattab ( Raz) before en te r ing the fold of Islam

was very much grieved to look a t the deser ted s t r e e t s of

Makkah on account of the Muslim migration i n la rge number

24

to Abyssinia . The deser ted look could not be effected

by the migrat ion 6f merely one hundred belonging to

d i f f e r e n t c lans of Makkah. I t was poss ib le only by

en-mass migrat ion . The s t r e e t s of Makkah which were

day and night f i l l e d with the hus t l e b u s t l e and noises

of innocent ch i ld r en and youths posed as uninliabited

p l a c e . I t was t h i s deser ted look of the Makkan s t r e e t s

t h a t melted the hardened hear t of Umar Bin Khcittab and

c rea ted a soft corner for Islam and i t s adherents .

The second thing to s tppor t t h i s idea i s the

de lega t ion of Non-Muslim Qurashites to Negus of

Abyssinia tc demand the r e p a t r i a t i o n of Muslim migrants

to Makkah. Merely 100 Muslims were of no importance in

t h e i r eyes. Actually the several hundred migrants had

compelled the enemies of the Prophet to think the gravi ty

of the event . Thev might have thought t h a t migrat ion of

Makkan Muslims in such great numbers could have turned

the holy c i t y in to a small l o c a l i t y .

Muslims among the Mawali and s laves of Makkah :

The Arab soc ie ty was divided i n t o four major

sec t ions : Upper c l a s s . Free male and female, Mawali

and s l aves . The c a l l of the Prophet was meant not only

25

for the shuyukh and f ree masses but for the Hawaii

and s laves a l s o . From every sec t ion of the socie ty a

niimber of men and women l i s t e n e d to the messacje of

i s l a m , and a t l a s t decided to adhere to i t s t each ings .

Islam i s the only r e l i g i o n which has an universal

appeal and i t s fa i ths^ b e l i e f s and i n s t r u c t i o n s a re for

a l l . I t -^ ' - the re fo re impressed the r i c h as well as the

weaks and s laves . At the time of Prophe t ' s propagation

i n Makkah there were many a s laves whose hear t s and

minds were il lumined by the l i g h t of Is lamic f a i t h .

Their names a r e preserved i n the annals of Islam.

32

1. B i l a l Bin , Ribah : His mother was a s lave wom an of

Banu Jumh. He accepted ' Islam while he was i n service

of h i s non Muslim master , Umayyah Bin Khalaf. 33 2o Amir Bin Fuhayrah : He was freed by Abu Bakr a f t e r

he accepted Islam and experienced t o r t u r e mental and

phys ica l a t the hands of h i s master .

34 t_r

3. Yas i r Bin 'Amir : His masters v;ere Banu Makhzoom. 35 4o Sumayyah : She was a s lave i n Banu Makhzoom and

wife of the above Yas i r Bin 'Amer. She was the f i r s t

lady who was martyred i n the pa th of Al lah. She was

k i l l e d meTOllessly by Abu J a h l .

26

3 fi 5. Ammar Bin Y a s i r : Y a s i r and sijmayyah were h i s

p a r e n t s , Like h i s p a r e n t s he was a l s o p u t t o i n t o t e r a b l e

ways of t o r t u r e .

6. Abdul lah Bin Y a s i r : Younger b r o t h e r of above Ammar.

He embraced I s lam w i t h h i s e l d e r b r o t h e r .

38

7 . Mihja • Bin Swaleh : He was mawla of Umar Bin Khat tab ,

He was yamainte by o r i g i n . He was i n t h e f i r s t grotjp of

m i g r a n t s to >5edi]:»h.

39 8 . Umer Bin Auf : One of t h e Hawaii of sxihail Bin Amr.

40 9 . S a ' d Bin Khaula Bin Sabrah : He was a f r e e d s l a v e of one H a t i b Bin Abi Bal ta 'h ,

10 . Khabbab Maula Utbah Bin Rabi 'ah^-^.

42 1 1 . Sal im : H e was Maula of Abu Hudhayfah Ein Utbah Bin Rabiah.

12 . Suhaib Bin Sinan : O r i y i n a l l y he belonged to Rome .

He was a Maula of Abdul lah Bin J tad'an of Banu Teem Bin

Murrah.

44 1 3 . Abu Kabshah ^^: The P r o p h e t ' s Maula.

14 . Anasah Abu Masrooh. : 0 ne of the P r o p h e t ' s Mawali.

1 5 . Abu Abdul lah Tteuban^^: Freed s l a v e of the Prophet

(S .A .W. ) .

27

47

16 . S h u q r a n S a l e h I He was a s l a v e of Abdul Rahman Bin AU

Auf and was l a t e r on p r e s e n t e d t o t h e P rophe t . There 1^

was manumitted • 17 . Umm Ubays .

49 1 8 . Z i n n i r a h .

50 19 . Nahdiyyah^ .

20. B i n t Nahdiyyah^-'-,

52

2 1 . Lubniyyah : a s l a v e - g i r l i n t h e fami ly of Umar Bin

K h a t t a b .

53

22. Umm Ayman : The P r o p h a t ' s Maulat and wife of Zaid

Bin H a r i t h a h .

54 23. Usamah Bin Zaid • He was the son of Zaid and Umm Ayman. Non - Migrant Muslim Strength in I' akkah :-

Despite the migration of a large number of Muslims

to Abyssinia considerable number of believers stayed in

Makkah to face the situation whatsoever it might be . And

moreover the persecution and torture of believers at the

hands of Non- believers did not deter the new entrants

into the newly established camp of Islam, but rathar

28

i t increased the a r r i v a l of noble souls xmder the

shade of Allah and t h i s l a s t Erophet (S.A,W.) .

This t r eng th was so great tha t the non-believing

Qura i sh i tes had to c l e l k out a ' p lan to a s s a s s i n

the Prophet (S.A.w.) and thus e r a d i c a t e the e:>d3tence

of founta in which was i r r i g a t i n g the garden of Islam

on the s o i l of Makkah.

To know the rea l s t r eng th of Muslims in Makkah

a f t e r the event of migration to Abyssinia t i l l t h a t to

Medina in 622 A.D. i t i s proper to f ind out the Muslim

papula t ion c lan -wise ,

Banu Hashim r-

Banu Hashim was having an upperhand among a l l

the o ther Quraishi te clans'-and f a m i l i e s . Abu Tal ib ,

the Mutawalii of Ka 'bah and uncle and pa t ron of the

Prophet ( S.A.W.) was the head of t h i s c l a n . Authentic

t r a d i t i o n s manifest tha t Abu Ta l ib , desp i t e the much

concerted e f fo r t s of the Prophet , did not ye i ld to

the f a i t h of Tawhid. But two of h i s sons and h i s wife

made no delay i n accepting the trutho

29

A f t e r deep sc ru t in .y of t h e s e e r a h l i t e r a t u r e

25 names of Muslim members of Banu Hashim come i n t o .

l i g h t , 2 out of them, Ja ' f a r Bin Abi T a l i b and h i s

wife Asma Bint Umays, mig ra ted t o A b y s s i n i a , Those

remain ing 26 were :

55 lo Khadi jah wife of the Prophe t (S.A.VJ.),

2 . Umm -KxiLthiBnBint Muhammad the. P rophe t^^ .

57

3 . Fat ima B i n t Muhammad t h e Prophe t .

4o H a r i t h Bin Abi Halah : He was a son of Khadi jah

by t h e ex-husband, Abu Halah Tamimi. s i n c e he was a

minor , h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y was on t h e shou lde r of 58

Khadi jah and the Prophet

5 . T a h i r Bin Abi Halah : He was younger b r o t h e r of

above H a r i t h and a t t a c h e d to the fami ly of the

P rophe t^^ . 6., Maysarah : a s l a v e of Khadi jah •

7 . Abu Rafey : a Mawla of the Prophet^ ' ' ' .

8 . Swaleh Shuqran : a Mawla of the P rophe t .

9 . Abu Kabshah : a Mawla of t h e Prophe t ,

lO.Anasah : a Mawla of the Prophet^ '^,

11» Ruwai fa ' : a Mawla of t h e P rophe t^^ .

30

12 . Zaid Bin Har i tha : Mawla of t h e P rophe t^^ .

1 3 . His wife Umm Ayman .

go 14 . His son Usamah Bin Zaid

1 5 . One son of Khadi jah by her f i r s t husband, Ateeq

Mukhzoomi. He was a l s o a t t a c h e d to t h e Prophe t ' s

c -1 69 fami ly

1 6 . One da l ighter of Khadi jah by he r f i r s t husband .

She a l s o l i v e d w i t h he r mother and t h e Prophe t , 70 her f o s t e r - f a t h e r .

17 . A l i Bin Abi Talib"^""-.

1 8 . Pa t imah B i n t ^sad : wife of Abu T a l i b . She i s

r e p o r t e d t o have accep ted I s lam a f t e r the d e a t h

72 of her husband

19 . Hamzah Bin Abdul M u t t a l i b : One of t h e unc les of 1:he

Prophet' '-^.

20. Abu Murthad and h i s sons .

2 1 . Murthad*^^.

22o Anas .

23 . Unays'^'^.

31

The above four names of Abu Murthad and h i s

th ree sons were not the r e a l members of Banu Ifeshim,

bu t they were under the d i r e c t patronage of Haimzah

Bin Abdul Mut ta l ib . According to the Arab t r a d i t i o n

and custom the Hulafa ( a l l i e s ) were counted as the

family members of the family concerned.

Two daughters of the Prophet have not been

included i n t h i s l i s t because they were married to

o ther .ei.ans. One of the two, Rugayyah had accompa

nied her husband, Uthman Bin Affan to Abyssinia.

As a matter of su rp r i se there i s no mention of

the Islam of the wife and ch i ld ren of Hamzah Bin Abdul

Mutta l ib i n the h i s to ry , though he was a staujich b e l i e

ver and head of h is family. His Hulfa, Abu Murthad and

h i s sons accepted Islam but why not h i s own family

members ? I think that h is wife and ch i ld ren must lave

embraced Islam. If i t was so the number of Muslims in

Banu Hashim must have been more than the ava i l ab le

f i g u r e .

32

Banu Muttal ib : -

Among the Quraishi te c lans and familieis Banu

MMuttalib occupied the p o s i t i o n next to Banu Irfashim.

Akhabar and Seyar show a very as ton ish ing p i c t u r e of

the Banu Mut ta l ib . This family earned good name i n

favouring the new creed propagated by the Prophet.

There were nearly hundred Mut ta l ib i s who had

accepted I slam. This f igure has been ca lcu la t ed

on the b a s i s of demographic p r i n c i p l e . Not l e s s than

26 names of Mut ta l ib i Muslims a re preserved i n the

pages of h i s to ry . Those a re : -

1. Obaidah Bin Karith" ®.

2. Tafail Bin Harith* .

3. Haseen Bin Harith^.

Bin Harith^^,

Books of h i s tory mention one more son of Hari th

Bin Muttal ib but they do not give the name o

82 5. Muawiyah Bin, Obaidah .

83

6o A an Bin Obaidaii .

7. Munqidh Bin Obaidah®^.

33

8. H a r i t h B in Obaldali ^ .

86 9» Muhammad Bin Obaidah .

87 10 . Ib rah im Bia Obaidah ,

88 1 1 . Raytah B i n t Obaidah .

89 12. Khadijah Bint Obaidah .

90

13. Saheelah Bint Obaidah .

14. Safia Bint Obaidah "*".

15. Mistah Bin Uthathah^^.

16. Umm Mistah^•^.

17. Ibad Bin Mistah^'^. 95

18. Qais Bin Makhramah .

19. Salt Bin Makhramah .

20. Juhem Bin Salt " ,

21.Hakim Bin Salt^^. 99

22. Amr Bin Salt .

23. Kuhaym Bin Salt-'' .

24. Hakim Bin Juhem''- -'-.

25. Amr Bin Juhem''- . 26. Makhramah Bin Qasim Bin Makhramah^^^,

34

These a r e M u t t a l i b i Muslims whose names have

come t o l i g h t bu t t h e r e must have been many o t h e r

names which f a i l e d t o a t t r a c t t h e a t t e n t i o n of

Ashab-a l -Seyar ( H i s t o r i a n s ) , Reason says t h a t t h e

o t h e r t h r e e b r o t h e r s and s i x sons of Ohaidah Bin

H d r i t h , might have had t h e i r own progeny and l i k e

wise t h e Makhramah fami ly should have consis te jd of

many more members than t h e s t r e n g t h shown by the

h i s t o r i a n s o

Banu Asad Bin Khuzaymah : -

According to one s t a t m e n t of I bn I shaque t h e r e

were a t l e a s t 40 a d u l t Muslim p e r s o n s i n Banu Asad Bin

Khuzaymah, and t l i i s s t r e n g t h was e3<cluding the Muslim

minors and c h i l d r e n . But Ibn Sa "d has g iven only

31 names i n c l u d i n g e i g h t women . Out of tacm two

members, Abdul lah Bin J a h a s h and ObaidJxliah Bin J a h a s h

had mig ra t ed t o Abyss in ia a long w i t h t h e i r wives

107 The o t h e r names were

35

1 . Muhammad Bin Abdul lah Bin J a h a s h .

2. Ukasha Bin Mahsi.n.

3 . Shuja • Bin Wahab.

4 . Uqba Bin Wahab.

5 . Arbad Bin Humayrah .

6o Munqidh Bin Nabatah,

7 . Saeed Bin Rogaish.

8. Yazid Bin Ruqaish .

9 . Abdul Rahman Bin Ruqaish ,

10 . Mihraz Bin Nazlah .

1 1 . Qais Bin J a b i r ,

l2o Amr Bin Muhsin .

13o Malik Bin Amr.

14o Safv/an Bin Amr.

15o Thaqaf Bin Amr.

1 6 . R a b i ' a h Bin Aktham »

17 . Zuber Bin Ubaid ,

1 8 . Tamam Bin Obaidah .

19 . Sakhrah Bin Obaidah.

36

20. Abu Sinan Bin Muhsin .

2 1 . S inan Bin Abi Sinan .

22. Za inab Bin t J ahash .

2 3 . Umm Habib Bint J a h a s h .

24. Hamnah E in t J ahash .

25 . Judhamah Bint J anda l .

26. Umm Qais Bint Mxihsin .

27. Umm Habib B i n t Thumamah .

28. Aminah Bint Ruqaish .

29. Sakhrah Bin t Tamim ,

30. Umaymah Bint Abdul M u t t a l i b : She was the motaer of

Abdul lah Bin J ahash e t c , Ibn I shaque has not i n c l u

ded he r name i n h i s l i s t . I t i s s u r p r i s i n g . Umaymah 108

had embraced I s lam i n i t s very e a r l y p t e s e «

As the above l i s t depicts^ t h e r e a r e 21 men. This

s t r e n g t h of a d u l t male members i n d i c a t e s t h a t t he t o t a l

f i g u r e might have been n e a r l y 150o

37

Banu Makhzoom : -

The formidable appon«sit of t h e P rophe t , Abu

J a h l Amr Bin Hisham belonged to Bann Makhzoom. Eecause

of h i s h o s t i l e a t t i t u d e towards t h e I s l a m i c movement

i n Makkah most of t h e Makhzoorals seemed not t o have

da red to go a g a i n s t the l e a d e r of t h e fami ly i n accept ing

I s l a m , t h e on ly t r u e r e l i g i o n , y e t many a t r u t h - l o v i n g

p e r s o n s d e f i e d t h e i r l e a d e r and e n t e r e d t h e camp of Is lam,

Those ferave Muslims were : -

1 . Ayyash Bin Abi Rabi'artT .

2. Salmah Bin Hisham .

3 . Arqam Bin Arqam ,

112

4. Hibar Bin Syf iyan

5. Abdul lah Hashim Bin Sufiyan"'""^"^.

6. Hisham Bin Abi Hu2ai£ah-'--^^,

7 . Umar Bin Sufiyan''"''"^.

8. Oba idu l l ah Bin Sufiyan''"-'-^.

Abu Salma Bin Abdul Asad and h i s wife Umm Salmah

had migra ted t o Abyss in ia on accoun t of i n t o l e r a b l e p e r i l 7

s e c u t i o n a t t he hands of Abu J a h l .

38

Yasi r , h i s wife Simayyah and two sons, Ammar Bin

Yas i r and Abdullah Bin Yas i r were a t tached to t h i s 118 family or c lan • Their names have a l ready been

included i n the grovp of Hawaii Muslims of Makkah.

Banu'Adi : -

Banu 'Adi was known as the family of Hunafa

even before the voice of Islam echoedo One of the

prominent Hunafa in Makkah, Zaid Bin Amr Bin Niifayl

was a member of t h i s c l an . There may be a specula t ion

^that the whole family of Banu 'Adi ba r r ing one or

two manbers, might have accepted the t r u t h i n the

search of which i t had struggled much before the

advent of Islam. Available names who accepted Islam

are given here below : -

1. Saeed Bin Zaid''"'''^.

1 2n

2. His wife Fatimah Bint Khattab » She was s i s t e r of

Umar Bin Khattab.

121 3 . Atikah Bint Zaid » s i s t e r of Saeed Bin Zaid. 4. . Niaym Bin Abdullah"^'^.

123 5. Ibrahim Bin Nuaym .

39

6o Za inab Bin t Handhlah^ , wi fe of t h e above

Ib rah im Bin Nuaym.

7 . Amah Bin t Nuaym"'- ^ .

8<, J a r b a Bin t Masaraah , s i s t e r of Nuaym Bin

Abdu l l ah .

127 9. Sulaiman Bin Abi Khai t t^mah .

1 2s 1 0 . H i s mother Shafa B in t Abdul lah E i n Abd Shams .

11,Ma'mar Bin Abdullah"^^^.

12 . . 'Adi Bin Nazlah^"^^.

1 3 . -Nil'man Bin 'Adi''-"^-'-,

14 . Urwah Bin Abi Uthathah-"--^^,

133

15 . Mas'ood Bin Suwayd .

16 . Abdul lah Bin Suraqah"*-^^.

17 . Amr Bin Suraqah' ' '^^.

1 8 . K h a r i j a h Bin Hudhafah"^^^.

19 . A r m b Bint 'Afif^^"^.

20. Umar Bin Khattah^"^^. 2 1 . Abdul lah Bin Umar"*-- .

22. Hafsah Bin t Umar^^^^,

40

141 23 . Zainab B i n t Maz'oon,wi£e of Umar

142 24. Abdurrahman Bin Umar

25. Zaid Bin Umar''-'^^.

1 4.4 26. 'Asim Bin Umar .

2 7 . 0 b a i d u l l a h Bin Umar"'''^^.

1 4 6 28. 'Aqi l Bin Abi Etakayr °o

29. Khal id Bin Abi Bukayr''"^'^.

1 43 30 . Ayas Bin Abi ..Bukayr .

3 1 . 'Amir Bin Abi Bukayr''-'*^.

These four sons of Abi Bukayr were a c t u a l l y a l l i e s

of Banu 'Adi. They a r e r e p o r t e d t o have accep ted I s l am

i n t h e very b e g i n i n g i n Makkah. H i s t o r i a n s a r e s i l e n t

abou t t h e Is lam of the o t h e r members of t h e Banu Bukayr

f a m i l y . At t h e t ime of m i g r a t i o n t o Medina they were 1 * 0

3 2 , 3 0 , 2 8 and 26 y e a r s old . N a t u r a l l y they should

l:^ve had t h e i r wives-, c h i l d r e n and s l a v e s . I t i s

r e p o r t e d t l ^ t a f t e r t h e i r m i g r a t i o n t o Medinah t h e i r

houses were locked because t h e r e was none t o l i v e i n

them a s the whole fami ly had l e f t Makkah. I n t h e l i g h t

of t h i s f a c t t h e t o t a l s t r e n g t h of Banu Eukayr Muslims

was more than 25 .

41

3 2o Wagid Bin Abdul lah Tameemi ^^.

152 3 3 . Khaula Bin Abi Khaula ,

34o Malik Bin Abi Khaula^^^.

3 5 . Amir Bin Rabi'ah"^^^.

155 3 6. Layla Bint Abi Hathmah , wife of the above

'Amir Bin Rabi 'ah.

37o HilaL Bin Abi Khaulah .

157 38. Abdullah Bin Abi Khaulah^^'.

These seven Muslims were also allies of Banu

•Adi"8.

Banu Teem :-

S c r u t i n y of o r i g i n a l sou rces i n d i c a t e t l i a t a t

l e a s t 30 p e r s o n s of Banu Teem a c c e p t e d I s l am, soxorces

a l s o c l a im t h a t most of t h e members of Banu Teem such

a s Abu Bakr came forward w i t h f u l l suppor t to the

P rophe t and h i s message a t t h e very moiHijnt t h e vo i ce

of t r u t h e n t e r e d t h e i r e a r s .

1 . Abu aak r Bin Abi Qahafah''-^^,

2. Asma Bint Abi Bakr

3 , A i s t e h Bint Abi Bakr"'-^-'-,

42

162 4 . Talha Bin Oba idu l l ah Teemi »

5o Umm Kulthum Bint Abi Q a h a f a h ^ ^ \ wife of Talha Bin

164 Oba idu l l ah . She was a s i s t e r of Abu Bakr' ,

6 . Mother of Talha Bin Oba idu l l ah^^^ .

7 . H a r i t h Bin Khalid-"-^^.

8. Raytah Bint Harith' ' ' , wife of above H a r i t h .

168 9 . Amr Bin : Usman .

10 . Musa Bin Harith"""^^.

170 110 Aishah Bint H a r i t h .

12 . Zainab Bint Harith"'-'^-'-.

1 3 . Fat imah B in t Harith-"-"^^.

Banu Zahrah : -

1. Sa 'd Bin Abi Waqqas"'-'^"^,

2, Amir Bin Abi Waqqas .

1 7 c 3« Umayr Bin Abi Waqqas .

4. Utbah Bin Abi Waqqas"*-"^ .

5. Abdul Rahman Bin Auf''''^'^.

6. His wife Umjn Kulthum Bin t Utbah Bin Rabiah- 178

43

179 7 . His a n o t h e r wife Bin t Shaybah Bin Rabi *ah

8. Hulaminad Bin Abdul Rahman o

181 9 . Uinm al-Qasim Bint Abdul Rahman .

182 10 . A | i k a h Bin t Auf^"^,

183 1 1 . Masood Bin Makhfemah , son of above Atilcah

Bin t Auf.

12 . Muttalib.. Bin Azhar"'-®^.

1 3 . lûlayb Bin Azhar^®^.

14 . Abdul Rahman Bin Azhar .

1 5 . Ratmlah Bin t Abi Auf, wife of Mutta l ib Bin Azhar^^"^.

16 . Abdul lah Bin Shahab. He i s r e p o r t e d t o have died

be fo re the h i s t o r i c event of m i g r a t i o n t o Abyssinia"^

17 . Abdul lah a l -Asgl:».r Bin Shahab. He d i e i i n Makkah

189 be fo r e the He j r a t to Medinah ,

18. Abdullah Bin MasGodAl-Hadhly-'- .

19. Utbah Bin Kasood Al-Hadhly-'" -''.

These two brothers Abdullah and Utbah were the

1 Q2 a l l i e s of BanuZahrah f a m i l i e s .

44

19 6

19 3 20. Shurahbeel Bin Hasanah Kind!

2 1 . His mother''"^^.

195

22. Migdad Bin Amr Bahrani .

23 . Umays Bin Abd Amr Bin Kazlah Dhu-al-Sh>jmalay

24. Mas'ood Bin Al-Rabi ' ^^"^. According t o Ibn Sa 'd Abdul Rahman Bin Auf had

198 s e v e r a l wives , 19 sons and 7 d a u g h t e r s . But he does

not ment ion whether t hey were i n Medinian p e r i o d

o r Kakki . However speculat ion^s.-ajc tt^f^some-'ofîlftem

belonged to t h e pe r iod be fo r e m i g r a t i o n t o Medinah.

Like wise Sa 'd Bin Abi Waqqas had marriejd w i t h

s e v e r a l women as a r e s u l t of which he had 2G sons

199 and 18 daugh te r s , I t i s however d i f f i c u l t to f ind

ou t t he esmct f i g u r e of Makki Mus l ias ou t of t h e s e

38 c h i l d r e n of Sa 'd Bin Abi Waqqas.

T o t a l s t r e n g t h of non-migrant Muslims at^ a glfjTCe'-

Thus we have seen t h a t t h e names of a l a r g e

number of non-migrant Muslims i n Makkah a r e p r e s e r v e d

i n t h e books of h i s t o r y . Keeping t h e i r a v a i l a b l e

45

strength in view an approximate total strength may be

calculated on the basis of the already-mentioned

demographic principle.

Available names clans Demographj.c c a l c u l a t i o n .

23 Banu Piashim. 23 x 7 = 1 6 1

26 Banu M u t t a l i b , 26 X 7 = 1 8 2

30 Banu Asad Bin 30 X 7 = 210

Khuzaymah

^ Banu Makhzoom 8 x 7 = 56

38 Banu 'Adi 38 x 7 = 266

13 Banu Teem 13 x 7 = 91

24 Banu âhrah 24 x 7 = 168

T o t a l = /h ^^2^

Doubtless ^ t he non- mig ran t Makkan Muslims

ou t numbered one thousands I t c a n not be i n any

c a s e l e s s t han one thousand*

C\^

46

CHAPTER I I

Muslim popiilation i n Bedouine t r i b e s :

The Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) did not confine

h i s Dawah work only to h i s own c i t y , Makkah but

extended his Tabligh mission to the o ther a reas a l s o .

He missed no opportunity to d'isseminate h i s Is lamic

teachings to the inhab i t an t s of o ther Arabian c i t i e s

and Bedouine t r i b e s who used to come to Makkah for

Hajj and to p a r t i c i p a t e in the f a i r and t rade a c t i v i

t i e s , Different Bedouine t r i b e s such as Banu Kalb,

Bana Ghassan, Bana Fazarah, Banu 'Amir Bin Sa 'sa 'a ,

Banu Maharib, Banu Hari th Bin Ka 'b , and Banu 'Azrah

e t c , were the prominent ones who at tended the famous

f a i r s organized a t Okaz, Dhu-al-Majaz and Majannah 2

i n the o u t s k i r t s of Makkah ,

Reports of h i s t o r i a n s give evidence to the f ac t

t lHt the Prophet (S.A.W.) used to go to the above-

mentioned f a i r s and specia l markets and approached

nearly a l l the camps of Bedoin t r i b e s - a s well as the

ind iv id iHls teiling from outs ide Makkah to t e l l them

the e t e rna l t r u t h revealed to him from Allah"^.

47

Generally majority of the h i s t o r i a n s i s of the

view tha t the Pprophet 's Dawah could not win over even

a s ing le individxjal from among the Eedouine t r i b e s

who e i t h e r came to perform Hajj or a t tended the f a i r s

and markets of Makkah. This notion do«s car ry no

weight . There a re several evidences of accepting

Islam by ind iv idua l s of those t r i b e s .

The news of Islam and i t s prophet Muhammad(S.A.w)

un-ioubtedly reached every nook and corner of Arabian

peninsula , though the Prophet himself did nist go to

those f/ar and wide a r ea s . The t rade and Hajj Caravans

played a very important r o l e i n t h i s regard . They

ca r r i ed with them the news of the Prophet ' s teachings

and mission and the t u s s l e between the Makkans and the

Prophet. These news na tura l ly aroused c u r i o s i t y in the

ind iv idua l s . Consequently the ind iv idua l s inves t iga ted

the whxile episode and then came near the ul t imate t r u t h

Islam, Now we sha l l t ry to have an idea of the Muslim

popula t ion i n the d i f f e ren t Bedousne t r i b e s .

Banu Ghifar : -

This t r i b e l ived near the i n t e r n a t i o n a l t rade high

way leading to Yaman in between Makkah and Madinah. I t

48

i s reported t h a t following the e f f o r t s of the f i r s t

Ghifar i Muslim, Abu Zarr Ghifar i a t l e a s t half of the

popula t ion of Banu Ghifar embraced Islam before the

Prophe t ' s migration to Medinah and the r e s t half

follo'wed the s\iit a f t e r the event of P rophe t ' s migra

t i o n , What was then the s t r e n g t h of Banu Ghifar?

I t i s hard to find out i t s mention i n the annals or

h i s t o r i e s . But the re i s one i n d i c a t i o n to the approximate

Ghi far i Muslims i n Medinah. According to Ibn Ishaque

Ghifar i contingent i n d i f f e r e n t expeditions led by the

Prophet himself (S.A.W.) such as khaibar , Tabuk and

Makkah consis ted of heavy s t r eng th . And on the occassion

of v ic tory of Makkah there were 400 Ghifar i Muslims i n

the Muslim army , Natural ly i t was not the t o t a l s t r eng th

of Banu Ghifar i n Medinah . They must have been many

more than t h i s f igu re . If appl ied demographic p r i n c i p l e

the t o t a l approximate s t r eng th of Ghifar i Muslims would

be 400 X 7 = 2800. As has been seen above tlriat half of

Banu Ghifar were Muslims in the Makkan period , i t would

not be improper to take t h e i r s t r e n g t h to be nearly

1400 .

49

Banu A slam : -

This t r i b e l ived i n the neighbourhood of Banu

Ghifar. t i k e Banu Ghifar telf of the Aslami populat ion

embraced Islam in Makkan period and the r e s t f a t e r the

P rophe t ' s migrat ion to Medinah , I t was Abu Zarr Ghifar i

who propagated Islamic f a i t h among Banu Aslam along with

his own t r i b e , Banu Ghifar. Ibn Ishaque says tha t i n the 7

Makkan expedi t ion Banu Aslam were 400 » This f igure shows

t h a t t o t a l popution of Aslam rnight have been nearly

2800* If i t was so, half of t h i s f i au re , t ha t i s , 1400

must have accepted Islam during Makkan p l^se of the

Prophet ' s mission.

Banu Sulaym ;»

We find only one name from Banu Sulaym who

embraced Islam in the very begining of the Prophet 's

Dawah. I t i s 'Amr Bin Abasah, In Sahih Bukhari, the

most au then t i c book a f t e r the Holy Quiran i n the world , Q

there is a detail of his accepting of Islam . He came

to Makkah to learn Islam and after sometime he went back

50

to his clan on the advice of the Prophet. There he

ried to convince his feliowmen the truth of Islamic

belief. We are given no more detail about the effect

his preachings made on his tribe by the historians.

Moreover 'Amr Bin 'Abasah left his land and settled

9

permanently in Medinah . Whether his tribesmen respond

ed to his call to Islam positively or not is hard to

speculates

Banu Kalb :-

In the desc r ip t ion of Banu Kalb a l s o we find only

one name^ Dehyah Bin Khalifah Kalbi as Muslim in the

Makkan period of the Prophet ,

Banu Ashja' : -

This t r i b e announced i t s f a i t h i n Islam ju s t

before or a f t e r the v ic tory of Makkah^ but one J a r iyah

Bin Humayl declared h is a l l eg iance to Islam before the

Prophe t ' s migrat ion to Medinah .

Banu Sa 'd Bin Bakr : -

Zamad Bin tha ' labah , leader of Banu Sa 'd Bin Bakr

had been a very c lose fr iend and bus iness pa r tne r of the

51

Prophet before h i s prophet hood. Once he came to Makkah

to perform Umrah, There he met the Prophet, l i s t e n e d

to h i s teachings and announced h is Islam, On the advice

of the Prophet (S.A.W.) he went back to his t r i b e and 12 busied himself i n preaching and teaching h i s tribesmen* ,

There i s an au then t ic t r a d i t i o n i n Sahih Muslim t t e t

Zamad Bin tha ' labah performed h i s Dawah work very 13 ex tens ive ly . On the bas i s of t h i s c lue i t may be

speculated tha t h i s Dawah must have succeeded i n winning

over the people of Banu Sa'd Bin Bakr, But nothing can

be said about the exact p o s i t i o n of Islam i n t h i s t r i b e

during Makkan phase of the Prophet 's mission.

Banu Da us : -

According to Ibn Hisham the leader of Banu Daus

Tufa i l Bin 'Amr embraced Islam i n Makkah during the

Hajj per iod . He having gone back to h is t r i b e preached

Islam to h is people. His fa ther and h i s wife adopted

the f a i t h of Tufa i l . There i s a very c l e a r mention of

the h o s t i l e a t t i t u d e of Banu Daus towards the news

teach ings . Tufai l Bin 'Amr contacted the Prophet about

52

his f a i l u r e i n d ive r t ing h i s t r i b e to the s ide of

Is lam. The Prophet prayed to Allah for h i s success .

Tufa i l went again i n h is c l an and s t a r t e d to c a l l h is

fellowmen to Islam with more zea l and pa s s iop . History

t e l l s us tha t h i s e f fo r t s yeilded f r u i t s . He migrated

to Medinah a f t e r the b a t t l e of Ahzab accompanying 80 14 Dausi famil ies , I t is^ however, not clear, how many

of them embraced Islam before the Prophet 's migrat ion

to Medinah . Ba t t l e of Ahzab took place i n the 5 th year

of Hejraho Keeping t h i s period and the Prophe t ' s prayer

f o r Tufai l 's success i n view an specu la t ion may be made

t h a t a t l e a s t 40 fami l ies of Banu Daus accepted Islam

during 610-622 A.D. This 40 fami l i e s ,on the b a s i s of

demographic p r i n c i p l e , means nearly 300 persons including

women, ch i ld ren , s laves and Mawalis.

Thus the following -figure of Bedouine Muslims

comes to l i g h t : -

Banu Ghif a r = 1400

Banu Asiam = 1400

Banu Sulaym = 1

Banu Kalb = 1

Banu Ashja ' = 1

Banu Sa 'd = Not c l e a r

Banu Daus = 300 Total =, 2103

53

No h i s t o r i c a l evidence i s ava i l ab le to speculate

the Muslim populat ion i n Banu Sa 'd Bin Bakr, li: i t i s

any how found out, the t o t a l s t r eng th of Bedouine

Muslim would be more than 3000o

54

CHAPTER I I I

Muslim populat ion in Medinah : -

Yathr ib , former name of Medinah was the

dwelling c i t y of two great Arabc i ans^ Banu Aus and

Kl»2ra| / and the Jewish t r i b e s . There was always

t u s s l e and b a t t l e between themo Aus and Khajiraj had

heard the news of a Prophet being ^waited by the

Jews. Jews were very oft^n heard to u t t e r thît very

soon the Prophet of Allah would come and then with

h is help we would take revenge from the Aus and

KhazraJ of a l l the a t r o c i t i e s incurred on them.

Besides t h i s l ike o ther t r i b e s Medinians a l so

came to Makkah to perform Haj j . There they heard the

echo of the Islamic f a i t h propagated by the Prophet,

On f inding the news of the Prophet 's a r r i v a l in Makkah,

they thought of the menace of Jewish t r ibes .In Wedlnah.

I t i s reported that the whole of Aus and Khazraj

ba r r ing a fev; accepted Islam even before the advent of

the Prophet i n Medinah, The prophet reached Medina on

the i n v i t a t i o n extended by Muslims of Medinah and

55

es tab l i shed there a soc ie ty and s t a t e completely-

i d e n t i f i e d with Islamic ru les and laws. The i n v i t a t i o n

to the Prophet and the establ ishment of Is lamic soc ie ty

i n Medinah prove tha t the whole Medinah had f a l l e n i n

the l ap of Islam, Tte exis tence of Munafiqun , whose

leader was Abdullah Bin Ubayy, i t s e l f shows that i n

Medinah there was no place for a non-bel iever . Those

who did not l i ke the f a i t h of Islam were a l so compelled

to pose themselves as Muslims though not i n t r o v e r t l y .

The warm welcome accorded to the Holy Prophet

(S.A.W.) by the Medinians i nd i ca t e tha t Aus and Khazraj

having forgot ten t h e i r enmity and hat red , agreed over

the leadership of the Prophet. I t was poss ib le only when

the majori ty of the Medinian populat ion t)a.d shunned

t h e i r former f a i t h and creed and accepted the new one.

The f i r s t Muslims in Medinah : -

Sources such as Ibn Ishaque , Ibn Sa 'd , Tabri

and waqidi claim that the f i r s t Muslim of Yathr ib was

56

Suwaid Bin Samit: , He met the Prophet i n the very

begining of i t s ear ly phase i n Makkah and accepted

Islam, But he could do nothing for the propagation of

Islam as he was k i l l ed i n the f i e r ce mutual b a t t l e of

Bu'athbetween Aus and Khazraj . QOB more name , Ayas

Bin Muaaz i s taken in t h i s context as an ear ly Muslim 2

i n Medinah »

The f i r s t c o l l e c t i v e conversion to Islam : -

I n 620 A.D. jus t two years before the Pixjphet's

migrat ion to Medinah a group of Khazraj i tes entered

Makkah for Haj j . The Prophet (3.A,W,) t r i e d tc contact

s t e a l t h l y the Medinian de legat ion and succeeded. He

ca l l ed them to the t rue r e l i g i o n . The delegat ion consis ted of

7 persons , embraced Islam a t the hands of the Prophet

(S.A.W.) , TheiiJ names were : -

1. As'ad Bin Zararah . j {

2. 'Auf Bin Hari th . | Banu Najjar^.

J 3 . 'Afra Bin Obaid . I

57

> 4

4. Raf ey Bin Malik { Banu Zurayque .

5 . Qutba Bin 'Amir J Banu Salmah »

6. Uqbah Bin 'Amir { Banu Haram o

7 . J a b i r Bin Abdul lah ( Ubadah Bin Samit ) { Banu Obaid . The name of 'Afra Bin Obaid does not f i g u r e i n

the l i s t p r e s e n t e d by Ibn I shaque . He has g i v e n only

8 s i x names »

These seven o r s i x Muslims l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n

s tone of I s l a m i c movement i n Medinah, They pireached

t h e I s l a m i c f a i t h i n Medinah wi th f u l l z e a l . The i r

9 e f f o r t s proved f r u i t f u l ,

The f i r s t 3 a i ' a h a l -Aaabah : -

The next yea r i n 621 A.D. i . e . two y e a r s b e f o r e

t h e P rophe t 's m i g r a t i o n t o Medinah a d e l e g a t i o n of

12 Yathr±>i Muslims came t o Hakkah t o perform Haj j and

met t h e Prophe t (5.A.;'.'.) . I n t h i s d e l e g a t i o n 9 were

K h a z r a j i t e s and the r e s t 3 belonged to Aus. They were :•

58

lo As "ad Bin Z a r a r a h .

2 . 'Avf Bin H a r i t h .

3 . Muaaz Bin H a r i t h .

4 . Rafey B in Malik .

5 . Zakwan Bin Abd Qais ,

6. Ubadah Bin Samit .

7 . Yazid Bin T h a ' l a b a h .

8. Abbas Bin Ubadah .

9 . Ugbah Bin 'Amir.

lO.Qutbah Bin 'Amir .

1 1 . Abul - HaithaJia Bin Al -Ta ihan ,

12 . Uwaijfn Bin Sa 'dah .

I n t h i s meeting t h e Prophet a d m i n i s t e r e d * '* o a t h

of f a i t h and a l l e g i a n c e t o them. They pledged t h e i r

a l l e g i a n c e and s o l i d a r i t y w i t h t h e Prophe t (S.A.W.) .

T h i s f i g u r e of 12 Muslims i n d i c a t e t o the f a c t

t h a t t i l l t hen n e a r l y one hundred Medinians had accep t ed

I s l am, T h i s s t r e n g t h has been c a l c u l a t e d on the b a s i s of

demographic p r i n c i p l e .

159

Mus'ab Bin Umayr as teacher i n Medinah,

On the reofuest of the above de l ega t ion of 12

Medinian Miislims Mus 'ab Bin Umayr was sent to Medinah

by the Prophet to teach the new Muslim c h i l d r e n and

youths a l i k e and moreover to preach I s lamic f a i t h to

the Non-Muslim populat ion. Mus 'ab Bin Umer succeeded

i n his job and he turned the whole Non- Muslim Yathr ib

i n t o Islamic Medinah within a very shor t span of time.

Conversion of Aus t r i b e s to Islam : -

According to Ibn Sa 'd once two l e a d e r s of Banu

Abdul Ashhal^ Sa'd Bin Mu'a'az and Usayd Bin Huzayr

approached Mus'ab Bin Umayr, the Makki teacher and

preacher i n Medinah, with h o s t i l e i n t e n t i o n to e i t h e r

k i l l him or prevent him from his a c t i v i t i e s . Mus 'ab Bin

Umayr dea l t the s i t u a t i o n with very ca re wisdo.Si Instead

of k i l l i n g him both of them accepted the new f a i t h and

returned to t he i r t r i b e only to c a l l t h e i r tribesmen to

the fold of Islam. The very day t o t a l Banu Abdul Ashhal

inc luding i t s women and ch i ld ren chose to walk on the

pa th of t r ue r e l i g i o n .

60

Famous s ee rah w r i t e r Allamah S h i b l i Numarii s ays

t h a t t h e I s l am o£ Sa 'd and Usayd was enough proof f o r

t h e t r u t h f u l n e s s of I s l am i n t h e eyes of a l l t h e f a m i l i e s 12 of Banu Aus .

The second .Bai 'ah al~Aqabah : -

I n 622 A.D. 75 Muslims from Medinah reached Medinah

t o perform Haj j and meet t h e i r be loved P rophe t ( S.A.W. ) ,

They p ledged t h e i r a l l e g i a n c e w i t h t h e P rophe t cind i n v i t e d

him t o Medinah to t a k e t h s i r l e a d e r s h i p in.hisrOWSnfe^nds.

Those 75 p i o u s s o u l s were : -

1 . Usayd Bin Hud hay r .

2o Abul Haitham Bin Al-Tayhan,

3« Salmah Bin Sulamah «

4, Zuliayr Bin Rafey .

5 . Abu Burdah Bin Niyar

6. Nahayr Bin Al-Haitham

Banu Abdul A s h t e l 13

Banu H a r i t h a h Bin

Har i t h ' 14

7. Sa ' d Bin Khaithamah

8« Rif a ' ah Bin Abdul Mundhir.

9 . Abdul lah Bin Jube r .

10 . Imraul Qais Bin Tha ' labah*

Banu 'Amr Bin Auf""" .

61

1 1 . xMa 'an Bin ' ad i ,

12 . Uwaym Bin Sa ' adah . {

i 15 V Banu 'Amr Bin Auf ,

These 12 Muslims belonged t o Aus t r i b e and t h e

r e s t 63 h a i l e d from Banu Khazraj

1 3 , Taymullah Bin Tha ' a l a b a h . j I

14, Abu Ayub Khalid Bin Zaid. i «

«

16 . Auf Bin H a r i t h . {

1 5 . Ma'aaz Bin H a r i t h .

17 . Ammarah Bin ilazm I }

1 8 . As ' ad Bin Zararah I

{ Banu Najjar^-^,

19 , Amir Bin Malik. J

J Banu '/imr Bin 20. S u h a i l Bin Utayk. { H a b z u l ^ ^

2 1 . Aus Bin Thabi t , . »

i Banu 'Amr Bin Malik^^. 22. Abu Talha Zaid Bin Sahal. 0

23. Qais Bin Abi Sa'sa'ah. 0

I Banu Mazin Bin 24. Amr Bin Ghaziyyah , j ^^^ Najjar^^

62

25. S a ' d Bin Al-Rabi ,

26. Kharijah:Bln:Zaid.

27. Abdul lah Bin Rawahah.

28. B a s h i r Bin Sa 'd Bin Tha ' l a h a h .

29. Abu a l - Numan Bin B a s h i r .

30 . Abdu l l ah Bin Zaid Bin T h a ' l a t e h . 8 I

3 1 . Kha l lad Bin Suwayd Bin T h a ' l a h a h . j

3 2 . Ugbah Bin Amr Bin T h a ' l a h a h . J

t Bantt B a i h a r i t h I 20 * Bin Khazrah^^.

3 3 . Zeyad Bin Labeed. Bin T h a ' l a l ^ h . {

« Banu Bayadhah 34 . Farwah Bin 'Amro 2 l d Bin 'Amir .

35 . Rafey Bin Malik Bin 'Aj lan .

36 . Zakwan Bin Abd Qa i s .

37.1bad Bin Qais Bin Amir

0 Banu 2yUrayq { I

22

3 8 . H a r i t h Bin Qais .

39. Bara Bin Ma' roor .

40. B i sh r Bin Bara.

4 1 . S inan Bin S a i f i

I 23 X Lanu Salmah

42o Tufayl Bin Nurten.

63

43 . Ma ' q a l Bin M-ondhir.

44. Mas 'ood Bin Yaz id .

45 . Zahhak Bin H a r i t h a .

46o Yazid Bin Haram .

47 . J a b a r Bin Sakhar .

I

0 23 JBanu Sal-Tiah "'.

I J I I

48 . Tufayl Bin Malik Bin Khansa. {

49 . Ka 'ab Bin Malik . V 2 4 f Eanu Sawad Bin Gtenam,

50 . Sulaym Bin Amr.

51. Qutbah Bin Amir,

52. Yazid Bin 'Amir.

5 3 . Adul Yasar Ka 'b Bin 'Amir.

54c S a i f i Bin Sawad

} J I C Banu Ghanam Bin I 25 1 Sawad I !

5 5 . Tha ' l a b a h Bin Ghanamahc

56.Amr Bin Ghanamah.

57 . Abas Bin 'Amir,

58 . Abdul lah Bin Unaya.

Banu Naba Bin 'Amr 26

59. Khal id Bin 'Amr.

64

60. Abdullah Bin 'Amr Bin Haram. { J

6 1 . Jab ir Bin Abdul lah. !

0 62. Muaaz Bin Amr Bin Al - Jamuh, I

{ 63. Thabit Bin Al - Jaz'. }

» Banu Haram Bin 1 27

64. Umayr Bin H a r i t h . { Ka'b . 0 I

65. Khadi j Bin Salamah. I I

66. Muaaz Bin J a b a l . 0 «

67. Ubadah Bin Samit I {

68. Abbas Bin Ubadah Bin Nazlah. I } ' J Banu Auf

69. Abu Abdul Rahman Yazid Bin T h a ' l a b a h . » Q. Khazrai

70. Amr Bin H a r i t h . {

7 1 . oal im Bin Ghanam Bin Auf. Y

0 72. Rifa 'ah Bin Amr Bin Yazid . j

7 3 . Uqbah Bin V/aiteb.

74. Sa 'ad Bin Ubadah.

j. Banu Salim Bin y 29 J Ghunam

75o Mundhdr Bin Amr Khunays { Banu Sa ' adah Bin i Ka •b ' ' " .

65

Ibn Hisham has îven two more names. They

were women from Banu Majin Bin Al-Najjar , Maseebah

Umm 'Ammarah Bint Ka'b / and from Banu Salmah ,Umm 31 Maneea Asma Bint 'Amr Bin 'Adi .

The t r i b a l breaK of above 75 Medinian Muslims

shows tha t more or l e s s the t o t a l popula t ion of

Medinah had accepted Islam. Only one family^ Banu

Manat of Aus t r i b e stayed away t i l l the b a t t l e of

Ahzab. The reason of negative , a t t i t u d e of t h i s

frimily v/as t h a t i t s leader Abu Qais Sa i f i did not

embrace I slam . After 3 a t t l e of Ahzab he accepted

Islam, the whole family surrendered to the wi l l of

Allah"^^. Now what was tê Muslim. popMat ion i n

Medinah when the Prophet steped in ? Sources claim

t h a t on the occassion of v ic tory of M^kkah the Muslim

army consis rea ot 10.000 war r i o r s . Out of them the

Medinian contingent cons is ted of 3000 - 4000 persons .

TJrr'€hi's"15asis'Tt~may be speculated tha t a t the time

of Prophet ' s migrat ion to Medina-h~the Muslim ~"

popuianorTin^Medinah w^sCrearly 20,000,

66

CHAPTER IV

Muslim p o p u l a t i o n i n C h r i s t i a n s o c i e t y : -

Though the d i f f e r e n c e s a r e very g r e a t and

of s e r i o u s n a t u r e between I s l am and C h r i s t i a n i t y ,

b u t many t h i n g s a r e common i n them. Sources c l a i m

t h a t i n t h e e ra of t h e Prophe t Muhammad (S.A.W.)

C h r i s t i a n s t ?^ - awai ted very i m p a t i e n t l y t h e adven t "

of the l a s t Prophet somewhere i n t h e Arab i an

p e n i n s u l a . They , un l i ke jews, were more p rone and

i n c l i n e d t o the I s lamic b e l i e f s and teach i ;ngs .

Books of Ahadi th and h i s t o r y g ive ev idence to t h i s

e f f e c t .

I s l a m of Abyss in ian King : -

The Muslim m i g r a t i o n i n l a r g e number from

Makkah to Abyss in ia caused g r e a t conce rn i n the c i r c l e

of enemies of I s l am, The l e a d e r s of Qura i sh d id not

l i k e the new c r e e d , which had r i p t t h e Makkan f a m i l i e s

a p a r t , t o s u r v i v e and f l o u r i s h i n any o t h e r l a n d .

To them the success of Islam outs ide Makkah did not

l e s sen the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of Islam g e t t i n g triumph

over the whole Arab including Makkah. Thus t h i s

s i t u a t i o n posed more danger to the very ex i s tence of

J ah i l i yyah Society in Makkah. In order to nip in the

bud the Quraish sent a de legat ion to Negus, the king

of Abyssinia to request his excellency to .reiâtriate

the absconded Muslims to Makkah.

On the request of the Makkan de lega t ion Negus

asked for a meeting with the Muslim refugees . Sources

say tha t following the conversat ion and t a l k s with

the Muslim leader the King not only refused to oblige

to the demands of Makkans but a l so returned t h e i r g i f t s

and presen ts and granted the Muslims f u l l freedom to

l i v e i n Abyssinia, p r a c t i c e t h e i r f a i t h and propagate

i t to the Abyssinians. Sources a l so claim thcit Negus

was impressed very much by the speech of Ja ' far Bin

Abi Ta l ib , leader of Muslim migrants i n the cour t of the

king, and the verses of the Holy Quran .

68

o

j^This ^liking >knd_fjill^freedom to Muslims

to p r a c t i c e ancKpsfSpagate t h e i r f a i t h ind ica t e to the

f ac t tha t the king had found the t r u t h and accepted

i n h i s innerse l f the prophettusod of the Prophet

Muhammad, Although there i s no c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n that'

ne declared pu£iTi"ciy""nis be l ie f i n the unity of God,

i n the messengership of the l a s t Prophet and i n the

day of resiirrectionJaeeaiuse of the known reasons^ his

soul and mind accepted Islam. This not ion i s not merel

conjecture but the l a t e r evidences prove tha t he was

r e a l l y a staunch be l i eve r . The very evident proof of

h is Islam i s tha t (Ms funeral prayer* i n absence was

led by the Prophet (S.A.W.) i n Medinah on hearing the 2

news of h is death . If he was not a Muslim, why did

the Prophet (S.A.W.) lead the Sa la t - a l - Ja;nazah for

the b e l i e v e r s . The Prophet (S.A.W.) knew t h a t Negus

wars a Muslim. On one occassion the Prophet ut tered

the word 'Akhukum • ( Meaning your b ro the r ) fo r Negus .

69

J Ibn Ha j a r Asqalani na r ra to l an inc iden t involving '

ithe pe r sona l i t y of Negus. He says t na t the Prophet

(S.A.W.) sent a l e t t e r to Negus. I n reply to t h i s

l e t t e r the King penned down very impressive l i n e s

speaking of h is deep and s incere Iman and Islam , He

had sent h i s son, Arma Bin Ashamah along with o ther

60 Abyssinians in the service of the Prophet (S.A.w.) ,

but a l l of them were drowned i n the sea following the

s inking of t h e i r boat i n the water before reaching 4

t h e i r des t ina t ion , Medinah , Most probably they were

Muslims . On t h i s ba s i s we can conclude t h a t some more

Abyssiaa c h r i s t i a n s might have accepted Islam.

Propagation of ::islam by Makkan Muslims : -

Islam i s b a s i c a l l y p r o s e l y t i s i n g r e l i g i o n .

I t c a l l s for propagation of i t s f a i t h s among the

non-believing s o c i e t i e s . The Muslim refuees had been

granted the freedom to p r ac t i c e and propagate Islam

i n Abyssinia by the Kingo Natural ly they took the

benef i t out of t h i s permission, and t r i e d to dissmani-

nate the Islamic teachings among the Abyssinians who

were c h r i s t i a n s by f a i t h .

70

Although the h i s to ry does not throw any l i g h t

on the outcome of the e f f o r t s of Muslims i n Abyssinia,

i t would be reasonable to specula te t h e i r success .

They must have convinced the people about the t r u t h

fulness of I s lam. Some deeper r esea rch i n t h i s context

may br ing the new f indings supporting the success of

Is lamic f a i t h i n winning over the c h r i s t i a n s .

Conversion of NaIrani Chr i s t i ans to Islam : -

According to Ibn Hisham during the Makki ;.-

period a de legat ion of 20 c h r i s t i a n s from Majran

a r r ived i n Makkah and following the consu l t a t i ons

and t a lks with the Prophet (S.A.W.) they accepted

Islam o On t h e i r acceptence of Is lam the Quraishi te

leaders made a hue and crybut no e f fec t on the new

Muslims, They returned to t h e i r country fu l ly s a t i s f i e d

and equipped with the new b e l i e f s and teacMngs gained

from the Prophet (S.A.W.)^.

Three c h r i s t i a n s in Makkah : -

Reports are evident i n the books of h i s to ry

71

t h a t t he re were three Chr is t ians ,Addas , Yasar and

Jabr by name who were a l leged to have d ic ta tec! the

I n j e e l i c teachings to the Prophet . The Kuffar of

Makkah made propaganda tha t the Quranic verses were

a c t u a l l y the d i c t a t i o n s taken-from the above three

Ahl-a l -Ki tah , They emphatically refuted t h i s

a l l e g a t i o n not only by verbal statement but by t h e i r

ac tua l conversion to Islam wi th complete s ince re ty .

The above cons idera t ions speak of a very

s t range phenomena in Abyssinia, We are bound to think

over the success of Islam i n the regime of Negus from

a p o s i t i v e point of view .

7 2

Conclusion

In the previous pages an a n a l y t i c a l study of

the Muslim s t r eng th i n the Makkan period o£ the

Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) has been made on the bas i s

of ava i l ab l e sources .

At l e a s t 700 Muslims including women, children^

s laves and Mawalis from the d i f f e r e n t Quraishi te

fami l ies migrated to Abyssinia, And those who stayed

behind them and l ived with the Prophet t i l l the

Prophe t ' s migrat ion to Medina i n 622 A.D. numbered

more or l e s s 1064. Thus the t o t a l s t r e n g t h of Makkan,

Muslims was 1774 a t the time of the Prophe t ' s Hejirah

to Medinah.

Sources give evidences to the f ac t t t a t i n

Abyssinia a number of in fan t s were born to tlie Makkan

Muslim espouses. A few names of those Muslim kids are

ava i l ab le in the sources. They are : -

1. Abdullah Bin Ja fa r Bin Abi T a l i b .

2. Saeed Bin Khalid Bin Saeed Bin 'As.

3 . Amatun Bint Khalid.

73

4. Abdullah Bin Al-Muttalib Bin Azhar.

5. Musa Bin Hari th,

6. Aishah Bint Har i th .

7. Zainab Bint Hari th «

8o Fatimah Bint Hari th „

9 . Zainab Bint Abi Salmah .

10o Muhammad Bin Abi Hudhayfah.

We do not have any c l e a r evidence to prove

tha t how many of the Muslim in fan t s opened t h e i r eyes

i n t h i s mundane world before the Prophet 's migration

to Medinaho Since our area of study i s l imi ted to the

Makkan period we can nbt go beyond t h i s l i m i t . Anyway

i t i s e s tab l i shed now tlnat the Makkan Muslim populat ion

toucned the f igure 2,0'00o

As for the Muslim populat ion in Arab Bedouine

t r i b e s l i v ing outs ide Makkah,it i s based on the

demographic p r i nc ip l e because among them the names and

numbers of Muslim are not c l e a r l y mentioned i n the

sources and books of h i s t o r y . On the b a s i s of demogra

phic p r i n c i p l e we ca lcu la ted t h e i r t o t a l s t r e n g t h as

74

many a s 2103.

The Muslim p o p u l a t i o n i n Medinah a t the

t ime of the m i g r a t i o n of t h e Prophe t (S.A.w.) t o

-Medinah was reckoned a s many as 20 ,000 .

A f t e r scrut injf we reached to the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t

a t l e a s t 85 pe r sons from the c h r i s t i a n s o c i e t i e s

e n t e r e d the fo ld of I s l am, I f a p p l i e d t h e demographic

p r i n c i p l e i t may i n c r e a s e t o t h e p o i n t of 595.

From t h e fo l lowing t a b l e t h e t o t a l Muslim

s t r e n g t h a t t h e time of t h e P r o p h e t ' s Hej rah to

Medinah can be had a t a g l ance :

Area T o t a l s t r e n g t h of Muslims

Makkah 1834

Medinah 20000

Sedouine t r i b e s 21153

C h r i s t i a n S o c i e t i e s 595

Grand iOT:dl=24532

75

Thus we may conclude that the total Muslim

strength in 622 A.D. was around 25,000. It is not

the last word in this regard. More researches and studies

may increase or decrease this number.

76

A X u \MJJ(^*^

N o t e s and R e f e r e n c e s

CHAPTER I

1 . I b n I s h a q u e , S e e r a h R / S O O 1 a l - A l l a h . E n g l i s h

T r a n s l a t i o n by A l f r e d ©^ London, 1 9 5 5 , p p - 1 1 1 - 1 5 ;

A l - T a b a r i , T a r i k h a l - R u s u l wa a l ~ M u l u k , C a i r o 1 9 6 1 ,

V o l u I I p p - 3 0 9 - 1 0 ; B a l a d h u r i , Ansab a l - A s h r a f ,

C o i r o 1 9 5 9 , Vol I , p p - l l 2 - 1 3 and I b n H i s h a m , A l - S e e r a h ,

a l - N a b a w i y y a h , D a r u l F i k r , C a i r o 193 8, Vol I p p - 2 2 4 -

2 . I b n Hisham, A l - S e e r a h a l - N a b a w i y y a h , C a i r o 19 55 ,

Vol I pp 25 2-5-*.

3 . I b n I s h a q u e , OP. C i t , V o l . I I , p . 1 4 6 ,

4 . I b n Ha j a r , P a t h a l - B a r i , V o l . V I I , p . 1 4 3 .

5 . I b n S a y y i d a l - N a s , (Ligon| a l - A t h a r , C a i r o 1356 A . H . ,

V o l . 1 1 5 .

6o I b n Hisham, OP. C i t , p . 3 2 3 .

7 . I b i d p . 3 2 3 .

8 . I b i d p . 3 2 4 .

9 . I b i d p . 3 2 4 .

l O o I b i d p . 3 2 4 .

1 1 . I b i d p . 3 2 4 .

1 2 . I b i d p . 3 2 4 .

77

13. Ibid p. 325,

14. Ibid p. 325.

15. Ibid p. 325.

16 . I b i d p . 326. According t o Ibn I shaque h i s name was

Miqdad Bin Al-Aswad Bin Abd Yaghuth. Ibn Hisham comment

ing over t h i s view says t h a t A l - Aswad was not r e a l

f a t h e r of Miqdad. Most p robab ly he might have adopted

him a s son.

- \ ^

17. I b i d p . 326.

18 . I b i d p . 326.

19 . I b i d p . 327.

20. I b i d p . 323,

21c I b i d p . 328.

22. I b i d p . 328 .

23 . I b i d p . 3 28

24. I b i d p . 328.

25 . I b i d p . 329.

2 6 . I b i d p . 3 29. He o r i g i n a l l y belonged to Yaman. He

had s e t t l e d i n Makkah as an a l l y of Banu 'Amir,

78

27. I b i d pp . 3 29-30.

28. Maududi , Syed Abul A ' l a , Tafheem al-Q^

I s l a m i c p u b l i c a t i o n s l t d . Lahore , 19 85/ Vol .V,pp .

138-89 .

29. Ibn I shaque OP. C i t . , Vol. I I pp . 147-48 .

30i. Watt- , Montgomery w., Muhammad a t .Makkah. Oxford

1953, pp 1110-11 .

3 1 . Th i s p r i n c i p l e was f i r s t dev i sed and used by W.H.

Moorland i n h i s work, I n d i a a t t h e d e a t h of Akbar,

London 19 20, p p . 9 -22 . and see f o r d e t a i l : B i p i n Roy

ch . & I r f a n Habib ( ed . ) , Cambridge Economic His to ry

of n d i a , o r i e n t longnen, Delhi 1984, Vol, I pp .

1 6 3 - 7 1 .

32. I bn 3a 'd , Al - Tahagat al-Kubra^ B e i r u t 1956-7,

Vol. I l l , p . 232.

33 . I b i d Vol I I I p . 230.

34. I b i d V o l . I l l p . 246.

35 . I b i d V o l . I l l p . 246.

36 . I b i d V o l . I l l p . 246.

37 . I b i d V o l . I l l p . 246,

79

38. Ibid Vol. Ill p. 391.

39. Ibid Vol. Ill p. 407,


41. Ibid Vol III P. 100*


43. Ibn Hisham^ OP.Cit., p. 261,

44. Ibn Athir^ Al-Kamil Fi al-Tarikh, Beirut 1965^

Vol. II, p. 312.

45. Ibid Vol. II p. 312.



48-51 Ibn Hisham, OP. Cit. pp. 318-19.

52 Ibn Sa 'd OP. C i t . V o l . I l l , p p . 3 8 8 - 8 9 . J,— ^^

53 . Ibn Sa 'd OP.Ci t . Vol.37111 , p . 223j and B a l a d h u r i , J> )

OP. C i t . Vol . I , p . 269c

54 . Ibn Sa 'd , OP C i t . ^ V o l . I l l p . 61 and 72; B a l a d h u r i ,

OP. C i t . Vole I , pp . 269, 473-76.

5 5 . - 5 8 . Ibn I shaque , Seerah Rasool - a l - A l l a h , Urdu

80

t r a n s l a t i o n by Noor I l a h i , Nuqoosh Rasool e s p e c i a l

No. 11 , J anua ry , 1 9 8 5 , p . 262,

59 . Ibn A t h i r , Usudal-Ghabah, Tehran 1377 h.H., Vol.

I l l , P . 5 0 .

60o Ba l adhu r i , OP.Ci t . Vol . I p . 467. '^•

6 1 . I b i d , Vol . I p p . 477-78 .

62o I b i d , Vol. I pp . 478-79-

63c I b i d , Vol . I p . 478.

64. I b i d , Vol. I p . 478.

65. I b i d , Vol, I p . . 482.

66. Ibn Hisham, O P . C i t , V o l . I p . 265.

67. Ibn 3a 'd , OP.Ci t . Vol, VI I I p . 223.

68 . Ibn Sa 'd OP.Ci t . V o l . I l l p . 61; Ibn Abdul B a r r ,

K i t a b - a l - I s t e e a a b Vol. I p p . 29-30,

69 . Ibn I s h a q u e , Urdu T r a n s l a t i o n OP.Ci t . F » 2 6 2 .

70 . I b i d P. 262.

71. Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit, vol. Ill pp. 21T22.

72. Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit. Vol. VIII p. 222,

81

7 3 . I b i d Vol, I I I , p p . 8 -9 ,

7 4 . I b i d , v o l . I l l , p . 47 ,

7 5 . I b i d , Vol . I l l , p . 48 ,

76 . Ibn A t h i r , O P . C i t . , Vol , I p . 129. ; WafS,

Montgomery W,, Muhammad a t Mecca, Oxford 19 53, p . 1 7 1 .

77 . I bn A t h i r , OP. C i t . , Vo l .1 p . 129.

78? 94 Ibn A t h i r , Usud-al-Ghabah, O P . , C i t . V o l . IV,

p . 354.

9 5 - 103 . Ibn Ifejar , A l - I s a b a h , OP. C i t . No. 7235 and

No. 1256.

104. I b a I s h a q u e , Eng l i sh t r . OP. C i t . pp . 116,146 and

; . 215.

105 , Ibn , Sa "-i , OP.Ci t . Vol . I l l p p . 89-90 and Vol.

IV--^ pp . 102-4 .

106. I bn Hicham, OP. c i t . Vol . I p . 324,

107. I bn Sa 'a-OP, c i t . . Vol . I l l p p . S-90.

108, I b i d , 'Vpl. v i l l p p . 45 -46 .

109, I b i d , Vol. IV p . 129.

82

110 . I b i d , v o l . I V p p . 1 3 0 - 3 1 .

1 1 1 . I b i d v o l . I l l P .24 , Watt , Montgomery w. OP.

C i t . , P. 9 3 .

1 1 2 . - 1 1 6 . Ibn Ha j a r , A l - I s a b a h , No. 3914.

117o Ibn Hisham, OP, C i t . , p . 326.

118 . I bn I s h a q u e , E n g l i s h t r . p . 116.

119. I b i d , p . - 1 1 6 i Ibn Sa 'd OP.Cit Vol . I l l PP.

379-85 .

120 . I b i d p . 116 ; I b n Sa 'd OP.Ci t , Vol . I l l p p .

379-85 .

1 2 1 . I b i d P. 116 ; I b i d v o l . I l l pp . 379-85 .

1 2 2 . - 1 2 6 . Ibn I shaque , E n g l i s h t r . p , 116 .

127, I n Ha j a r , A l - I s a b a h , OP.Ci t , No. 3640 ; 619,

128. I b i d No, 3 640 ; 619.

1 2 9 . - 1 3 7 . I b i d No 5483.

138-145 . I b i d No.2891,

146-149. Ibn Sa 'd OP.Ci t , p p . 388-9 .

150, Ibn I shaque , E n g l i s h t r . OP.Ci t ; p . 1 1 6 .

83

1 5 1 T 1 5 8 . I bn Sa ' d OP.Ci t . Vol. I l l pp . 390-91 and

v o l . "^/III p . 267.

159 . -161 Ibn I shague , E n g l i s h t r . O P . C i t . , p . 116.

162-165 . I b i d p . 115.

166-172. I b i d p . 147.

173-176 I b i d pp . 115-116.

177 -181 . Ibn Sa 'd OP .Ci t ,Vo l . I l l pp . 127-128.

182. Ibn Sa 'd O P . C i t . , Vol. VI I I pp . 247-8 .

183 . Ibn Ha j a r , A l - I s a b a h , No. 7993.

134-187. Ibn Isliaque , OP C i t , , P. 147.

188- Ibn Sa 'd OP. C i t . V o l . IV p p . 125-126.

189. I b i d pp . 125-126.

190-19 2. I b i d v o l . I l l pp . 150-51 and v o l . IV pp .126-28 .

193 . I b i d v o l , I V p p . 127-28 .

194. I b i d v o l . I V pp . 127-28 .

195 . I b i d v o l . I l l p . 161 .

196. I b i d v o l . I l l p . 167.

197. I bn Ishaque O P . C i t . p . 116.

198- Ibn Sa 'd OP.Ci t .Vo l , I I I p p . 124-28 .

199. I b i d v o l . I l l pp . 137 - 138.

84

CHAPTER I I

1-3 I b n I shaque , OP. C i t . p p . 114-18 and pp . 1 9 4 - 8 .

4 . I bn Sa 'd OP. C i t . v o l . IV , p . 221 ; I bn Hisham

OP. C i t . v o l . I l l p^2 l3 ; I b n A t h i r , Usad a l -Ghabah OP.

C i t . v o l . I V p . 250.

5 . I bn Sa 'd OP.Cit v o l . i y p p . 244-5 .

6. Bukhar i , Al-Jami ' a l - S a h i h , Bah Aslam W.Ghifar ;

Ilan ' Ishaque , OP.Ci t . p . 3 9 0 : Ibn S a ' d OP.Ci t .

v o l . IV p . 222.

7 . I bn I shaque , O P . C i t . , p . 557; Ibm A t h i r , Usud-a l -

Ghabah OP.Ci t . v o l . I pp . 175-6 .

8o Bukhar i OP. C i t . , Bah Al R i j a .

9 . Ibn Sa ' d OP.Ci t . v o l . I V p p . 214-19.

1 0 . i b i d v o l . I V p p . 249-50.

1 1 . I b i d , v o l . I V p . 28i . There i s a c o n t r o v e r s y over

h i s name , Some says t h a t h i s name was H a r i t h Bin

J amee l .

1 2 . I b i d , v o l . IV p . 2 4 1 . • 'fi,

13 . Muslim , Al - J a m i ' a l - S a h i h , Ball* Takhf eef a l - S a l a t

W al~Khutbato

14 . I bn I s t e q u e , OP. Ci ' t , p p . l l i - 1 6 , Bukhari A l - J a m i '

a l - S a h i h , Bah DauSo

85

CRZ PTER I I I

1-2. Ibn I s h a q u e , OP.Ci t . p p . 196 -7 .

3-7 Ibn Sa 'd OP. C i t . vo l . I p . 219.

8. S h i b l i Numami, See ra t a l - N a b i , v o l . I pp.. 262-63.

9 . I b n 3 a ' d OP. C i t . v o l . I l l p p . 420 -21 .

10 . B a l a d h u r i , OP.Ci t . v o l . I l l p . 239.

1 1 . I bn S a ' d OP. C i t . v o l . I l l p p . 4 2 0 - 2 1 .

12. Shibli Numani, Seerat al Nabi, vol. I pp. 266-67,

13. Ibn Hisham , OP.Cit. vol, II pp. 454-55.

14. Ibid p. 455.

15. Ibid p. 456.

16. Ibid p. 456-57,

17. Ibid p. 457.

18. Ibid p. 457.

19 o Ibid p. 458,

20. Ibid p. 458-459.

21. Ibid p. 459,

86

r •

22. I bid p. 460o

23. Ibid p. 460-462.

24. Ibid p. 462.

25. Ibid p. 462.

26. Ibid p. 463.

27. Ibid p. 464.

28. Ibid p. 464-465.

29. Ibid p. 465.

30. Ibid p. 466.

31. Ibid p. 466-67.

32. Ibn Ishaque, OP, Cit. p. 230 ; Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit.

Vol. Ill p. 118 and pp. 420-21.

CHAPTER IV

1. Ibn HishafnOP. C i t . v o l . I ^ p p , 3 3 4 - 3 8 .

2 -3 . /Musl im.Al-Jami • a l - S a h i h v o l . I I Hadi th narrated / •'

by Anas p . 9 9 ,

4 . Ibn Ha j a r , A l - I s a l ^ , v o l . 1 pp . 1 0 2 - 3 . ^ }

5. Ibn Hishaim, ^_0P. C i t . v o l . 1 pp . 391-392 .

6. Maududi, Tafhsem a l -Quran , v o l . I l l p . 436.

87

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Ma] 3 in Muhammad Bin Hisham ( 213 A. H. ) , Darul Fikr^

Ca i ro 1938 & 1955«, b ' ?

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Bin Abdul lah Bin Ahmad Bin A l i Al-Hasan a l - K h a t h ' a m i

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Abdul lah Muhammad Bin Abu Bakr , p o p u l a r l y known a s Hafiz

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Fida I s m a i l Bin Umar Ibn K a t h i r Qarshi ( 744 A.H.)

9 volumes vo l s I I to VI dea l w i t h t h e l i f e of t h e

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Ibn Abd a l Bagi a l - Z a r q a n i ( 8 Volumes ) , Matba • a l -

Azhariya Egypt 13 25 A.H.

88

6. Ki tab a l - T a b a q a t al-Kubra By Muhammad Ibn Sa 'd

( 845 A.H.) ( 8 Volumes ) , B e i r u t 1956-7 ,

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Le iden 1904 - 1913, Only t h e f i r s t two volxmes dea l

w i t h the l i f e of t he Prophet ( S.A.W.) ,

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Muhammad Ibn J a r i r T a b r i , C a i r o 19 6 1 ,

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a l - T a b a ' a t a l - Manir iyya , Egypt .

10« Uyun a l - ^ t h s r F i Funun a l -Maghaz i Wa a l - S i y a r by

Abul F a t e h Muhammad Bin Yahya Bin Sayyid a l - N a s

( 734 A.H.) , Ca i ro 1356 A.H.

1 1 . Ki tab Futuh a l - B u l d a n by Abul Abbas Ahmad Ibn Yahya

Ibn J a b i r a l - Ba ladhur i Leiden 1866,

12 . Ki tab al-Maghaî By A l i Abdul lah Bin Qmar al-Vvaqidi^

e d i t e d by A.Von Kremer^ A s i a t i c s o c i e t y , Bengal

( C a l c u t t a ) , 1855.

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89

14. Ansab a l -Ash ra f By Abul Abbas Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin

J a b i r B a l a d h u r i , e d i t e d By Dr, Hamidullah, Egypt,

1959.

1 5 . Usud a l -Ghabah by Ibn A t h i r , Tebran 1377 A.H.

16 . A l - I s a b a h F i al-Tamyeez a l -Sahabah , by Ibn Ha j a r ,

Egypt 19 39 .

17 . K i t a b a l I s t e e ' a b 3y Ibn Abdul B a r r . ( V o l . I ' o n l y )

1 8 . Fath a l Bari By Ahmad A l i Bin Ha j a r a l - A s q a l a n i

( 852 A.H.) .

19 . F igh a l - S e e r a h By Miohammad a l - G h a z a l i , 1370 A.H.

20. Ai - J a m i ' a l Sahih By Muhammad Bin I smai l a l - B u k h a r i

( 256 A.H.) Deoband, 1387 A.H.

2 1 . A l - J a m i - a l - S a h i h by ^^^^ ^^^ A l - K a j j a j a l - Q u s l : B i r i .

D e l h i , 1376 A.H.

22. Al -Jami ' l i a l T i rmidh i , By Abu I s a . B i n Sura Al -T i rmidh i

( 279 A.H.) , Maktaba Rash id iyah , D e l h i .

23 . Sunan Abi Daood by Sbu Daood Sulayman a l - A s h ' a s h a l -

S a j i s t a n i ( 275 A.H.) Deoband, 1375 A.H.

90

24. Sunan a l - N a s a i By Abu Abdul Rahman Ahmad Bin Shuayb

a l - N a s a i ( 303 A.H.) Maktabah S a l f i y y a , Lahore ,

25. Sunan Ibn Majah By Abu Abdul lah Muhainmad Bin Yazid

Bin Majah al-Qazv; ini ( 273 A.H.) ,

26 .Ta£seer Al-Quran a l -Kar im By I s m a i l Bin K a t h i r a l -

Damishg;ui, Darul Andalus, B e i r u t .

27, Bulugh al-Maram Min A d i l l a t i l Ahl am By Ahmad Bin

Ha j a r Asgalasii ( 853 A.H.) Egypt, 1932.

91

Urdu : -

1 . S e e r a t a l - N a b i By Allama S h i b l i Nxjmani, Azamgarh

1983.

2 . Rahmatul l i l Alameen By Muhammad Salaiman Mansoorpuri

(1930) Lahore, 1962.

3 . T a r i k h - e - I s l a m By Akbar Shah Khan. Najeebabadi , Makta-

ba Rahmat Deoband,

4 . Asahh a l - S i y y a f F i Hadfi Kha i ru l Bashar By Abul.

Barka t Abdur Rauf Danapuri/ Ka rach i .

5 . S e e r a t - a l - Mustafa, By M. I d r i s Kandhalv i , 3 vo lu

mes, Lahore .

6,Muhsin - i - I n s a n i y a t By Naeem S i d d i g u i , Lahore .

7 . K h u t b a t - i - M a j i d i By Abdul Majid Daryabadi , Lucknow.

8. M a q a l a t - i - S i r a t By Dr. Mohammed Asif QidW'î ,

Lucknow.

9 . Al-Nabi a l - Kha t in By Maulana Manazir Ahsan G i l a n i ,

Karachi ,

lOo Rasool Akram Ki S i y a s i Z indagi By Dr. Hamidullah,

Deoband, 19 63 .

1 1 . T a r i k h a l - Ardhul Quran By Syed Sulaiman Nadvi,

Azamaarh. 19«iS.

92

12. Tafheemul Quran By Syed Abul 'Ala Manducii, Lahore .

1 3 . Al - Raheeq -al-Makfetlsm By MaHlana Sa f iyu r Rahman

Mubarafcpuri , Aligarh^ 1988.

14 . S e e r a t Rasool a l - A l l a h by I b n I shaque , Urdu t r .

By Nur I l a h i , Nuqush Rasool s p e c i a l No. 1 1 ,

Lahore , 1985.

15 . Muhammad Rasool a l - A l l a h By Mohd. Jfemidullah, Urdu

t r . by Naz i r Haq , Nuqush Rasool s p e c i a l No. 2 ,

Lahore , 1982.

E n g l i s h : -

1 , The l i f e of Mahomet By/S i r Wil l iam Muir, London ,

1894o

2. Mohammad and Mohammadanism By Bos Worth Smith,

London , 1876.

3 . Muhammad a t Mecca By W. Montgonery Watt , Oxford, 1953c

4 . Mahammah a t Mecca By W.Montgo.îeiy Watt , Oxford, 1956.

5 . Muliammad, Prophe t & Stateman by W. Mantgomery V7att,

Oxford, 1961 .

6. The s p i r i t of I s lam by Amir A l i , C a l c u t t a , 1920.

7 . A s h o r t h i s t o r y of Saracens By Amir A l i ^, London, 1951,

8. I s l am and i t s founder By J.W.H. StGdoart, London ,1876.

9 . The l i f e of Mahomet By Emile Dermengham, London, 1930.

93

10. l i i f e of Mahomet By W. I r v i n g , London, IS'iO.

1 1 . The l i f e of Mohammad, t h e Prophet of A l l a h By E.Dine t

and Saliman b i n Ib rah im, P a r i s , 1918.

12 . Mohamed : The Prophe t By S i r d a j : Akbar A l i Shah,

London, 193 2.

1 3 . Mohamed : The Holy Prophet By Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar,

Lahore , 19 6 1 .

14. The Prophet of I s lam By S tane ley Lane-Poole , Lahore,

1959,

15 . Muhammad : The Prophe t by M. Mxihammad Al i Lahore ,

1951 .

16 . The g r e a t Prophe t By F.K. Khan D u r r a n i , Lahore , 1931o

17. H i s t o r y of the Arabs By P h i l i p K. H i t l i , New York,

19 60.

18 . I s l am and the Arabs By Rom Landon,, Lorôn , 1953.

19 . Seerah R a s o o l i l l a h By Ibn I s h a q u e , E n g l i s h t r . By

Alf red ©. London, 19 55 .

20. I n d i a a t t h e d e a t h of Akbar By W.H.Moorland, ^ n d o n

19 20.

94

21o Cambridge Economic H i s t o r y of I n d i a : e d i t e d by

B i p i n Roy Chaudhari and -Irfan Habib, D e l h i , 19 34

Volo I .

22., Muhammad and the Jews By Barkat Ahmad , New Delh i ,

1979.

Documents

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE … · edited lists of the Muslims of Makkan period but those It^ts are inadegnate. There are so imny defects in the lists Prepared by orientalists