Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ROTARACT CLUB OF BUDOL More Details : [email protected] ; +977-9841891265
Submitted By:
Rtr. Shree Krishna Dhital (Project Coordinator)
Student of Mechanical Engineering at Kathmandu University
President 2013-14, Rotaract Club of Budol
Coordinator, Rotary Community Corps Simalchaur
RID 3292 Nepal-Bhutan.
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: +977-9841891265
2 | P a g e
Fig: Token of Love presented to the Project Sponsors
3 | P a g e
Sponsors:
Rainwater Harvesting and Plastic Pond Project 2012, Stage-I
1. Hog Heaven Foundation-USA/Australia
2. Community Development and Relief Agency-Nepal
3. Rotary Club West Ojai-USA
4. Everything Organic Nursery-Nepal
Fig: Project Banners
4 | P a g e
Rainwater Harvesting and Plastic Pond Project 2013, Stage-II
1. Rotary Club of Gananoque-Canada
2. Rotary Club of Kingston-Canada
3. Rotary Club of West Ojai-USA
4. Everything Organic Nursery-Nepal
Project Implemented By:
1. Rotaract Club of Budol
2. Rotary Community Corps Simachaur
3. Shree Himalaya Women Development Microfinance Ltd.
5 | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
What impressed me the most in the research on the community based projects is the number of
individuals and organizations passionately engaged in the quest to improve the health and welfare of
those in needs in countries like Nepal. Their hard work has inspired me to not only write this
proposal, but to consider how I can incorporate development work into my career as an engineer. If
engineering is about solving problems, then there is no greater a problem to solve right now than
getting clean water to the 1.1 billion who lack access to safe drinking water. I hope this proposal,
which is based on the hard work of the following individuals and many others, will contribute to
solving this problem.
we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Jim Danisch (Everything Organic Nursery) for
supporting the implementation of our concept to cope up with the ongoing water shortage in the
village.. His invaluable guidance and support before and after the project are highly appreciated.
Special thanks to Mrs. Joanna Giles (HOG HEAVEN FOUNDATION) for her motivations and
support for the project. We are grateful to Rtn. Ashok Kumar Shrestha (CDRA Nepal). Without their
support and motivations we wouldn`t have competed the demonstration phase of our project to the
villagers.
We are very much thankful to Rtn. Bruce Higgs (ROTARY CLUB OF GANANOQUE, CANADA)
and Rtn. Diane Kennedy (ROTARY CLUB OF KINGSTON, CANADA) for their moral support and
financial assistance in making our project happen in the 2nd
phase.
We express our gratitude to Mr. Rajan Dhital (Social worker- Phoolbari Village) and Mrs. Raj
Kumari Dhital (Women Activist- Phoolbari Village) for supporting us during our field study and
project operation. We are also very grateful to the communities visited for sharing their experience
with us and their hospitality.
6 | P a g e
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank
BSP Biogas Support Programme
CBWSSSP Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
CDR Central Development Region
CGI Corrugated Galvanized Iron
DDC District Development Committee
DFID UK Department for International Development
DOLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
EDR Eastern Development Region
HHs Households
IDE International Development Enterprise
HDPE High Density Polyethylene lcd litre per capita per day
LGB Local Government Bodies
MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NA Not Available
NEWAH Nepal Water for Health
NMIP National Management and Information Project (NMIP)
NWCF Nepal Water Conservation Foundation
RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
RWH Rain Water Harvesting
RWSSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme
RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
7 | P a g e
1. BACKGROUND
1.1 Water Supply
1.1.1 Definition
In the context of Nepal, the fiver river basins, all important tributaries of the River Ganges,
contribute 71% of the annual flow during the dry season and 40% in the monsoon. The average
annual rainfall of Nepal is 1600mm (Maharatta, 2008). Despite the fact that Nepal is one of the
Asian countries with highest level of water resources, water crisis is a major issue both in terms of
quantity and quality in many urban and rural areas.
The policies of the Government of Nepal aim to provide an adequate basic supply of safe drinking
water to all its citizens. The methodologies of ensuring such access have been laid down in various
government documents which guide the water supply development activities of government and
NGOs. In some instances coverage is not possible or sustainable using groundwater or surface water
as households may be situated at an elevation that makes the supply of water within a reasonable
distance from the household impossible, or because the quality of the water is compromised by
chemicals such as arsenic like in Terai regions. In such instances, project authorities may consider
supporting a domestic or institutional rainwater harvesting system.
1.1.2 Sources
The Himalayan country of Nepal most often faces problems of water stresses at various parts of the
country though it is considered to be one of the richest countries in the world in terms of water
resources. The steep high hill slopes of the country of which more than 76.9% of the total landmass
is covered by mountains and hills that make up the home for more than 52% (about 12 million) of
the total population face most severe water related stress due to scarcity where as the 23% of the
Terai belt face problems of flooding (CBS, 2001). The hilly area of Nepal suffers from alternating
cycles of excess and scarcity of water that are acute in the communities dwelling on the mountains
and hill tops. The major population in these areas has to walk down for hours to have access to
drinking water. The common sources of water in such areas are mainly kuwa, spring (also tap water)
or streams and ponds.
8 | P a g e
1.1.3 Existing systems
Due to high altitude and scattered community it has been difficult and relatively expensive to apply
Gravity fed water supply system or motorized system to such water-stressed areas. For such areas
Rain Water Harvesting Schemes may prove themselves as the best alternative for water supply
system.
1.2 Water Supply Situation
1.2.1 National Coverage
According to the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), the quantitative water supply
coverage of Nepal is 80%, but the actual functional coverage is 53%.
1.3 Site Selection
The site was selected after the research based on the water distribution scenario of the Phoolbari
Village and the problems started due to the water scarcity in the village. Few organic nursery near
the village has already used these syatems to cope with burning water problem. So, to help the
villagers cope with the increasing water scarcity and scoio-economic crisis, the site was selected.
Morever, the rainfall pattern of the districts even makes it exciting to carry out this study and project.
The other important factor is that both the districts have 21 % coverage gap of drinking water supply.
Rural areas are the most affected ones.
Rainfall data of Nepal (Maharatta, 2008)
Maximum in Kavre district: 1480 mm
Minimum Himalayan range: 250 mm
Half of the country: 1,500 to 2,000 mm
Average rainfall: 1600mm.
Rainfall concentrated within one rainy season: 80% from June to September.
9 | P a g e
1.4 Methodology
Fig. Flowchart of overall project work
1.4.1 Research Methodology
Both qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to collect data on the use, operation
and maintenance of RWH systems. First, review of secondary data such as various reports, papers,
guidelines and policies were done to review experiences from projects that has already been
implemented by various agencies in project districts. Then a technical questionnaire was prepared to
collect information about the main features of the RWH system, social views, water use and handling
practices, water quality and operation and maintenance practices. After collecting the data from the
interviewees, observations were made to cross-check and complement the information gathered.
Under observation, water use and handling practices, operation and maintenance or cleanliness status
around the jar/pond and purpose of water being used were focused.
1.4.2 Field Testing of the Questionnaire
The prepared questionnaire was first tested on Phoolbari VDC Ward no. 5 & 9 in Kavre district for 8
houses in the 1st
Phase and 10 houses in the 2nd
Phase. The field test provided an idea on how to
conduct an actual questionnaire survey and abundance of the questions, whether they meet the
objectives of our research study. Thus, the final questionnaire was modified and corrected based on
the field test.
REPORT COMPILATION
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Water Sample Testing Pond Preparation Distribution of Materials
PROJECT PREPARATION
Questionare preparation
Questionare Collection
Methodology Discussions
Dimension/Design
INITIAL PHASE
Submission of the proposal
Discussion over the Proposal
Finalization of the Proposal
Desk Study
10 | P a g e
1.4.3 Sample Selection
18 households were selected from 2 wards for the purpose of data collection and project
implementation. The selection of visiting households, institutions or community based RWH systems
were made with the help of Everything Organic Nursery and local Himalaya Women Development
Microfinance.
S.N Name of the Farmer Family Members Occupation Address
STAGE-I
1 Rajkumari Dhital 4 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
2 Subadhra Pyakuerl 8 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
3 Sudarshan Pyakurel 5 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
4 Kedar Prasad Pyakurel 5 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
5 Prahlad Pyakurel 11 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
6 Hari Prasad Pyakurel 6 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
7 Rabin Pyakurel 11 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
8 Govinda Bhattarai 4 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
STAGE-II
1 Dilli Prasad Satyal 8 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
2 Yog Prasad Thapaliya 8 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
3 Ganesh Prasad Pyakurel 7 Farming Phoolbari-9, Kavre
4 Narayani Bhandari 6 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
5 Sita Satyal 6 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
6 Sarita Satyal 6 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
7 Parbati Satyal 5 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
8 Arjun Prasad Satyal 7 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
9 Ganesh Satyal 4 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
10 Deepak Satyal 7 Farming Phoolbari-5, Kavre
11 | P a g e
1.4.4 Water Quality Testing
4 samples were taken from houses, institutions or community based tanks which where water seemed
microbiologically contaminated and tested for water quality. Only one parameter i.e. E. Coli was
tested. The sample was collected in a P/A vial that contained H2S to feed coli form bacteria and
inhibit the growth of the rest of bacteria. The stored water sample is kept in the bottle for 18 to 24
hours. After this period, colonies of coliform develop in black color.
Fig: Rotaractor from Medical School collecting water samples for E.Coli test
12 | P a g e
2. INTRODUCTION
Fig: RWH schematic presentation
2.1 Definition of RWH
‘Rainwater Harvesting’ is a widely used term covering all those techniques whereby rain is
intercepted and used ‘close’ to where it first reaches the earth. The term has been applied to
arrangements to cause rainfall to percolate the ground rather than run off its surface, to forms of
flood control, to the construction of small reservoirs to capture run-off water so that it can be used
for cattle or micro-irrigation and to the collection of run-off from roofs and other impermeable
surfaces. Thus, roofwater harvesting is a subset of rainwater harvesting, albeit an important one.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) primarily consists of the collection, storage and subsequent use of
captured rainwater as either the principal or as a supplementary source of water. Both potable and
non-potable applications are possible (Fewkes, 2006). Examples exist of systems that provide water
for domestic, commercial, institutional and industrial purposes as well as agriculture, livestock,
groundwater recharge, flood control, process water and as an emergency supply for fire-fighting
(Gould & Nissen-Peterson,1999; Konig, 2001; Datar, 2006). The concept of RWH is both simple
and ancient and systems can vary from small and basic, such as the attachment of a water butt to a
rainwater downspout, to large and complex, such as those that collect water from many hectares and
serve large numbers of people (Leggett et al, 2001a). Before the latter half of the twentieth century,
Rainfall
Events
Production of runoff from
catchments and
storage
Water Use
13 | P a g e
RWH systems were used predominantly in areas lacking alternative forms of water supply, such as
coral islands (Krishna, 1989) and remote, arid locations lacking suitable surface or groundwater
resources (Perrens, 1975). The fundamental processes involved in rainwater harvesting are
demonstrated in figure.
Figure 3. Fundamental rainwater harvesting processes
2.2 Components of RWH:
2.2.1 Plastic Pond:
The project concept is to collect the excess rainwater in a pond lined with the UV-resistant plastic
liner. For this, people will dig a pond of different sizes and capacity. The overlow water is
collected here and it can be used in the future mainly for the irrigation purposes and kitchen
gardening.
Fig: Plastic Lined Pond
14 | P a g e
2.2.2 Catchment Area:
Catchment is the surface area that is used to collect the rainwater. The catchments in use are roof
type and ground type. In roof type catchments, roof of a building is used to collect the rainwater
whereas in ground type catchments, a paved or suitable platform is used to collect the rainwater.
Roof type catchments is appropriate and popularly being used for rural rainwater harvesting systems
in Nepal. Roofing materials used are Corrugated Galvanized Iron (CGI) sheets but it may be cement
concrete or roofing tiles or slate roofs for safe catchments. There is less chance of fecal
contamination over roof surface. The dust and any waste maters over roof surface is to be flushed
outside from a waste carrying pipe arrangement before collection starts into the jar at every
frequency of rain.
Fig: Catchment area and gutter system for collection of ran water from traditional house`s roof
2.2.3 Collection Vessel (Jar):
Collection Vessel (Jar) is the vessel for storing the collected rainwater. Collection Jar contains inlet
(mouth of Jar) for storing the collected rainwater from catchments and outlet to draw water from jar
for water supply. Jar may be of any shape and size depending upon the design. Construction
materials of the jar may be any kind i.e. masonry, RCC or ferro-cement. Ferro-cement jars are most
economic for rural water supply system. The standard designs for the jars are available for 2 m3 and
6 m3 capacity. Also the plastic jars are now common storing vessels for the domestic use as they are
easily available in different sizes and cheaper prices .
15 | P a g e
Fig: Storage pond for rainwater collection
2.2.4 Gutters :
Different types of gutters are used in the local areas. Plastic and CGI gutters can be obtained of
different sizes and length in the market. Locally, bamboos are used as the gutters which are easily
available and easy to construct .
2.3 Sizing of Jar
Jar should be sized to hold the required deficit water for the period of the dry season. In the above
example of demand and Supply, water should be stored for 4-6 months. As we have water required
for 4 months is 24,000 ltrs. So size of jar needed is 24 m3
2.4 Why Phoolbari Village needs Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RHS)?
Phoolbari Village lies at about 2000 m. above the sea level and at the ridge top of the hill. With the
water sources lying in the bottom of the hills, it suffers much duiring the dry seasons. People in the
village are mostly farmers and most of them have Water-Buffaloes which they rear for the milk. It
drinks alot of water (approx. 100 ltrs. a day). So, a normal villager uses almost about 200 Ltrs. water
16 | P a g e
in a day for domestic purposes . For 20 Ltrs of water in a vessel called “Gagri”, women in the village
spend lmost 45 minutes. Half a day, women lose just carrying water.
Phoolbari Village has almost enough rainfall during the rainy season. So, rainwater harvesting
system is one of the best alternative and nature friendly. As the village is at the ridge top and the
sources are down in the bottoms, there is a problem in pumping the water up due to the frequent
power cuts, non-perenial sources and other reasons.
2.5 Water Demand in Phoolbari:
A study shows household size of rural areas of Nepal is 6 in average and a family with 6 members
uses 10 Gagris of water in a day for drinking, cooking and animal purpose. 1 GAGRI equals 20 ltrs.
of water. So, total water consumption is 200 ltrs.Total demand for diferent time period is tabulated
below:
Population Animals Demand
Ltrs/Day
Total Water Demand (Litres)
Day 15 days 2 Months 4 Months 6 months
4-6 members Buffalo , Goats 200 3,000 12,000 24,000 36,000
7-9 members Buffalo , Goats 250 3750 15,000 30,000 45,000
Roof area of a house in rural area of Nepal is about 30 m2 to 45 m
2 in general. The water demand can
be met for 5 months fully from the rainfall. For another two months rainwater is quite deficit .So the
jar should be sized for storing water for this period. If the amount of water available should be
increased for these period, we should provide the larger area of the catchments. So catchments may
also be designed for rainwater harvesting. The total amount of water is not available for collection
for drinking purpose as the waterfor first some minutes should be allowed to flush the catchments.
(Note : Phoolbari lies in Central region with almost 1399 mm water per year )
17 | P a g e
In the individual system, rainwater is collected and stored for every household separately and used.
The individual rainwater harvesting is more popular, cost effective and reliable in the rural water
supply system.
Fig : Rainwater Harvesting Plants in Villages of Nepal
2.6 Application Areas
Rainwater harvesting systems can be installed in both new and existing buildings and harvested
rainwater used for different applications that do not require drinking water quality such as toilet
flushing, garden watering, irrigation, cleaning and laundry washing. Harvested rainwater is also used
in many parts of the world as a drinking water source. As rainwater is very soft there is also less
consumption of washing and cleaning powder. With rainwater harvesting, the savings in potable
water could amount up to 50% of the total household consumption.
Non-Potable Demand Potable demand
Fire suppression Drinking water
Landscape irrigation Cooking
Laundry washing Bathing
Household cleaning Dish washing
Pool/pond filling/ Toilet flushing
18 | P a g e
Fig : Water collection tanks for the rain water storage.
2.7 Problems Encountered:
The village lacks drinking water. In the dry seasons people suffer a lot with chronic water
shortage. People in the villages like Phoolbari have to depend much upon rainwater for irrigation
and other general purposes. The project is running in 2nd
stage but the problem again is water. It
hasn`t rained enough for once so that people could collect water in their ponds.
1. The land was very hard due to no rain and very togh to dig the hole. So, the project took little
longer to finish up.
2. Though it’s the only solution for the water problem in the villages like Phoolbari, its more
difficult to convince the people its immportances in dry season regarding the loss of some
protion of their land.
3. The material price went little high than the estimation due to late starting of the project as
mentioned in point 1.
4. The farmers are eager to line up the plastic liner in their pond but they worry about the
physical damage of the plastic liner lined in the pond without water by animals, children, etc.
The ponds are vacant now and will receive rain starting in this monsoon.
19 | P a g e
3. PROJECT COST
Rotaract Club of Budol is supporting the farmers by distributing them Silpaulin Plastics which is
special made plastic UV resistant and warranted againgst damage made by sun and rain. Each of the
house receives (42*30)=1260 Sq. Fts. of the plastic liner which can hold 35,000 Ltrs. or more
rainwater in the pond and 1 unit of 1000 Ltrs. Plastic tank to collect water to store rainwater for
household use. Farmers will dig the pond and manage the gutters and pipe on their own.
S.N Particulars Capacity Unit Price US $ Total US $
1 Plasctic Liner 35,000 Ltrs. 10 150 1500
2 Plastic Water Tanks 1000 Ltrs. 10 150 1500
3 Transportation 1 100 100
4 Print/Certificates/ Banners 45 45
5 Labour Charge 10 Houses 40 400
6 Gutters/Pipes/Fittings 10 Houses 50 500
7 Miscellanous 155
Total US $ 4200
20 | P a g e
5. ESTIMATED RESULTS
The project is focused in collecting the rainwater which is running waste for the future use. As
mentioned above, this water can be used for various purposes like irrigation, washing, cleaning,
animal husbandry, etc. It is considered to be the most purest form of water but not quite drinkable
without any treatments. In the days to come, it can be made drinkable by treating it with
processwise treatment plants. Farmers are expected to collect the rainwater starting this monsoon
which they are collecting in the large pond with more than 25,000 Ltrs. capacity. They can use
this water later in the winter season and most surprisingly in the dry season when eaach source
will dry out. This will create awareness among the farmers that solutions are withing themselves,
just they need to be focused and realize the proper use of locally available resources.
Everything Organic Nursery is providing free trainings on “Nepali Bio-Intensive Farming” and
other techniques to the farmers. They are much benifitted with these kind of trainings. We except
these training will let them save much wtaer while farming to give much higher productions.
Also, EVON provides free local high yielding seeds to the farmers and help them cope with the
diseases which is converting their farmings into organic farming.
Fig: EVON training farmers
21 | P a g e
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The project is implemented by Rotaract Club of Budol in a joint venture with RCC Simalchaur,
Shree Himalaya Women Development Multipurpose Micro-Finance Ltd. Everything Organic
Nursery and Rotary Club of Dhulikhel. Local participation and involvements are highly
motivated.
From our research based project, we have come to know that the situation of RWH system is critical
in Kavre district compared to the implemented schemes in other district. The role of the NGO sector
to promote rainwater harvesting has been very important in Nepal, especially for the construction of
household level systems in the rural areas. However, there has been no substantial effort from their
side when it comes to regular maintenance and on-site inspection of the systems that are already
implemented.
The main reasons why these rainwater harvesting programmes have not been accepted by the local
community are lack of knowledge that rainwater is drinkable, habituated to previous water sources
and poor water quality. The involvement of national authorities should also progressively grow to
build awareness on the advantages of this local technology and ensure the correct utilization of the
systems that are already in operation.
22 | P a g e
7. REFERENCES
CBS, 2001. Population Census 2001 National Report, Central Bureau of Statistics, HMGN/UNFPA.
Datar, R. (2006). Designing and implementing rainwater harvesting systems for industries - case
study from Mumbai. 2nd Joint International Conference on "Sustainable Energy and Environment
(SEE 2006)", 21st-23rd November, 2006, Bangkok, Thailand.
Dixit, A. (2002). Basic Water Science, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation.
Fewkes, A. (2006). The technology, design and utility of rainwater catchment systems. In: Butler, D.
& Memon, F.A. (Eds). Water Demand Management. IWA Publishing. London. pp27-61.
Gould, J. & Nissen-Peterson, E. (1999). Rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply: design,
construction and implementation. Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
Konig, K.W. (2001). The rainwater technology handbook: rainharvesting in building. Wilo- Brain,
Dortmund, Germany.
Krishna, J. (1989). Cistern water systems in the US Virgin Islands. Proc. of 4th International
Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems, Manila, Philippines, E2, pp1-11.
Leggett, D.J., Brown, R., Stanfield, G., Brewer, D. & Holliday, E. (2001a). Rainwater and greywater
use in buildings: decision-making for water conservation. CIRIA report PR80, London.
Perrens, S. (1975). Collection and storage strategies for domestic rainwater systems in Australia.
Hydrology Papers, Institution of Engineers, Canberra, Australia, pp168-172.
Pretus, L.D. (2009). Field study on feasibility of rainwater harvesting for human consumption and
for livelihood enhancement in rural Nepal. World Health Organization, Nepal
Malla,B., Rautanen,S-L., Das, S-K (2009).Harvesting Rain for Household Water Security: Case of
Finnish supported projects in Nepal. Regional High-level Meeting on Rainwater Harvesting.
Kathmandu, June 28-30, 2009.
Rautanen, S-L. (2003). Harvesting Rainwater to Ensure Water Security and to Balance Climatic
Variability at the Nepalese Hill Tops: Users Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Beliefs Relating to
Rainwater Harvesting in Gulmi District, Western Development Region, Nepal. Workshop 3:
Climatic variability, Water Systems and Management Options, the 13th Stockholm Water
Symposium – World Water Week in Stockholm, Sweden, August 11-14,
23 | P a g e
Some Important pictures:
Fig: Joint meeting with Twin club and plastic handover program
Fig: Water Tank handover program
24 | P a g e
Fig: Ponds being constructed to collect the harvested rainwater
25 | P a g e
Fig: Preparing the plastic liners for distribution
26 | P a g e
THANK YOU
“HELP MAKE THIS WORLD A BEAUTIFUL PLACE TO LIVE”