Submission Resubmit

8/20/2019 Submission Resubmit

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14/5/2015

Submission to theSouth Australian

Nuclear IndustryRoyal Commission byDr Graeme Murphy


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Nuclear IndustryPlease accept the following submission to the Royal Commission.

I believe that the commission provides a wonderful opportunity to bring a large 21st century industry to

South Australia.

In this submission I have included a lot of information which I have outlined and included in appendices.Many of these will mirror submissions given by others.

The particular issues I ask you to note.

1.

Appendices A & B

These are not intended to be political. They are merely my explanation of the definitions of various

concepts. I have tried to explain the difference between a radioisotope and a radionuclide, between a

neutron and a nucleon and other such distinctions.

Definitions are hyperlinked to Wikipedia or other references.

2.

Appendix C

I have attempted to explain the concept of area under the curve.

Radionuclides which have very long half-lives cannot be highly

radioactive. Anti-nukes sometimes say “highly radioactive for

millions of years”. This is impossible.

3. Appendix F

I do my best to explain exactly what nuclear waste is.

4.

Appendix G

Personal journey.

5.

Appendices H, I & J

I consider very important to compare radioactivity from nuclear

events with background. The full sized diagram on page 10

demonstrates how small the releases of Chernobyl & Fukushimawere in comparison to background radioactivity.

6.

Appendix K

A lot has been said about Strontium-90 (90 Sr ). Anatomically, I

don’t think 90 Sr is a big problem.

This is my own opinion & I have not read something similar.

7. Appendix Q

In my opinion the anti-nuclear movement is a denialist movement. Its lack of scientific rigour, its

tactics and misrepresentation of facts uses the same gimmicks and stratagems as climate-change-

denialists and flat-earthers.

I hope that you are able to make findings which include: -

1.

The history of nuclear energy show it to be safer than any other energy source.

2.

Climate-change is an urgent problem and nuclear energy is likely to play the largest role in decarbonisation.

3.

The specific level of radioactivity from human nuclear activities is extremely small compared with

background.

Specifically, I would like to see precise numbers put on it including:-

(i)

The entire release from Fukushima was the equivalent of 1/30000 th of the natural radioactivity

in the oceans and similarly equal to 1/25,000,000 th of the natural radioactivity in the Earth’s

crust .

(ii)

The entire world’s stocks of fission products, 79 Se, 93 Zr , 99 Te, 107 Pd , 126Sn , 129 I and 135 Cs would,if buried in South Australia, would add 16 parts per million to the background radioactivity.

~ 2 ~

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide


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Climate ChangeIt is my opinion that: -

1. Climate Change should be considered an

environmental emergency.

2. All options need to be considered to

combat Global Warming, and

3. The case that so-called Renewable Energy,can by itself lead to a complete

decarbonisation is extremely weak, and

thus Nuclear Energy will be required, and

the sooner the better.

My Concerns 1.

The risks of climate change are bigger than

realised.

2.

The required scale of an effective response to

the problem is bigger than realised.

3.

The potential of non-nuclear low-carbon

sources isn’t as big as realised.

4.

Nuclear isn’t as bad as some people think.

To adequately address climate change we need large amounts

of energy. Whether or not it proves possible to reduce

energy usage with a higher efficiency, the world will require

vastly more energy than it does now. Extra energy will berequired to: -

1.

Provide the vast amount of energy required to lift the

3rd world out of poverty. 2.

Charge electric cars 3.

Generate the large amounts of H2 necessary for

transport. Manufacture synthetic

hydrocarbons as necessary

for heavy transport.

Nuclear energy

is essential to

the future

development of

human society.

4.

Reality Check: Germany's Defective

Green Energy Game Plan

~ 3 ~


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Specific figures you may not be aware of: - 1. The radioactivity released into the environment by Fukushima, Chernobyl and other nuclear incidents is

extremely small compared with natural environmental radioactivity .

2. It is far-fetched to suggest that this tiny amount ofradioactivity can result in serious environmental consequences.

I will give you some specific figures; I believe that an

independent assessment can confirm these: -

1. The total radioactivity released from Fukushima is 1/30000 th of the natural radioactivity in the oceans.Cook Islands is 1/30000th of the size of Australia.

2. The total radioactivity released from Fukushima is

1/25,000,000 th of natural radioactivity in the Earth’s crust.Cook Islands is 1/25,000,000th of the Earth’s surface.

3. The entire world’s stock of the long-lived fission products,79 Se, 93 Zr , 99 Te, 107 Pd , 126Sn , 129 I and 135 Cs if dumped inSouth Australia would add 16 parts per million to the natural

radioactivity in SA, and 2 ppm to thenatural radioactivity in Australia.A mouse is 16 ppm compared with anelephant. The tiny red dot on the map is16 ppm.

4. The Russian submarine Kursk containedthe amount of Uranium equal to the naturalUranium in 1/3rd of a km of seawater (ieone 4-billionth of the natural Uranium in theoceans)This is equivalent to adding about half of a 44 gallon drum of water

to Sydney Harbour. 1 part in 4 billion. 5. Depleted Uranium left behind in Iraq is equal to the natural Uranium in

0.1mm of Iraqi soil. The top metre of Iraqi soil contains 10000x the

Uranium in a chemical form much more easily absorbed than metallic

Uranium.

The comparison is a not very

crowded elevator with

Adelaide Oval crowd for the

Showdown. 1:10000

~ iii ~ 4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium


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There is No Conspiracy Helen Caldicott [249] believes in a mass cover-up – “The World Health Organization is now part of the

conspiracy & the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy & cover-up in the history of

medicine.” [250] [251] [252] [253]

Cindy Folkers says she has “ uncovered a deliberate conspiracy on the part of the government and

nuclear industry to intentionally poison the public with radioactive food with the goal of making

contaminated food acceptable.” [254] Arnie Gundersen states on his website

“ world governments continue to cover-up

the true magnitude of this disaster, and

the mainstream media ignores it ” .[255]

Christopher Busby claims “ the Japanese

government is deliberately spreading

radioactive material from Fukushima all

over Japan .” [256] [257]

Caldicott Quotes

“The World Health Organization is now part of the conspiracy

and the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy &

cover-up in the history of medicine.”

”The northern hemisphere (of Earth) will become

uninhabitable”

“We’re talking about a disaster of unbound proportions” from

Fukushima Daiichi — 2.5 to 3 million deaths a possibility”

“50 years or more of highly contaminated water flowing into

Pacific from Fukushima”

”Radiation from Fukushima will kill Millions of People”

“More people died from Chernobyl than the black plague”

“If the present trends continue; the food we eat, the water

we drink will soon be contaminated enough with radioactive

pollutants to pose a health hazard far greater than any

plague humanity has ever experienced.”

In the last 25 years, there have been a million deaths due to

the Chernobyl incident and the Fukushima melt down was 2-3

times stronger than Chernobyl.

It will be a global catastrophe of epic proportions,

contaminating the northern hemisphere, resulting in tens of

millions of deaths.

Is this why Anastacia Paluszczukhas blocked Uranium exploration

in Queensland?

~ 1 ~ 5

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dicott-were-talking-about-a-disaster-of-unbound-proportions-from-fukushima-daiichi-2-5-to-3-million-deaths-a-possibility-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/www/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=385x584724http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/www/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=385x584724http://ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b=1&f=5&t=1659147http://ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b=1&f=5&t=1659147http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b=1&f=5&t=1659147http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/www/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=385x584724http://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-were-talking-about-a-disaster-of-unbound-proportions-from-fukushima-daiichi-2-5-to-3-million-deaths-a-possibility-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-were-talking-about-a-disaster-of-unbound-propor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My recommendations 1. Nuclear energy is a very positive

option for the environment and is

certain to expand into the

future. Australia needs to be

actively involved in the industry.

2. A much more urgent action isrequired to address Climate-

Change we should be moving to

replace coal and gas fired

electricity plants now.

3. South Australia should be

willing to build and maintain a

world-wide permanent nuclear

waste repository. The total

amount of radioactivity fromthe long-lived radionuclides

requiring permanent storage is

negligible compared to the

natural radioactivity in the

environment.

4. South Australia should actively consider a fuel-leasing scheme. Nuclear fuel for reactors can be

provided on the basis that the waste is returned to SA. This will ensure safe disposal & reduce

proliferation concerns.The extreme claims of the anti-nukes are undoubtedly wildly exaggerations. In a country like

Nigeria for example, it is probably impossible for them to damage the environment as much with

nuclear waste as they have with petroleum products. Nonetheless, there is significant potential for

environmental harm. They will be building nuclear power plants and by far the best option is to

ensure that all waste is returned to a facility where the very best management can be undertaken.

5. Consideration needs to be given to the decarbonisation of electricity, and the subsequent

decarbonisation of transport. I would like to see a suite of nuclear reactors commenced immediately to

replace the lignite-burning monsters in the La Trobe Valley and elsewhere. A second suite of reactors

could then be built to make hydrogen to replace methane for industrial use. These reactors could also

be used for back-up electricity. That is, most of the time, the energy would be used to manufacture

H2 from H2O but could be diverted to generate electricity when needed. This would enable the

unpredictable and intermittent nature of wind and solar to be accommodated to some extent.

One mile = 63,360 inches

About 16 ppm

I can imagine the Greens or FOE or PSR sitting around the table trying

to model decarbonisation without a contribution from nuclear energy.

The first attempts at modelling don’t work – And rather than admit that

the ideological certainty that renewable energy is a 100% sure thing is

absurd, it must be the model that is wrong.

The model is changed, tweaked and assumptions modified until the

model is twisted into to fitting the pre-ordained outcome. Large energyefficiency dividends are necessary to make the model work.

There is no further efficiency dividend to accommodate electricity for

electric cars or H2 & other fuel generation.

~ 2 ~ 6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change


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My Conclusions

1. Climate-Change is an emergency.

2. Nuclear energy is extremely safe, statistically safer

than wind or solar. Both nuclear and renewable energy

are far safer than fossil-fuels. Nuclear power is

extremely safe & should contribute to decarbonisation. 3. The worst accidents do not release large amounts of

radioactivity into the environment compared with

natural radioactivity.

4. The cost of nuclear power and renewable energy

remains higher than fossil-fuels. The long-term costs

are uncertain. There is virtually no support for the belief that nuclear

energy is necessarily too expensive outside of the Doctrinaire Anti-Nukes.

5. The IPCC has called nuclear and renewable energy low-carbon. Once

decarbonisation is achieved any mixture of nuclear, wind and solar is

carbon free.

6. The recent open letter to environmentalists from Profs Barry Brook &

Corey Bradshaw needs to be taken seriously. It is a serious letter from

serious scientists. There is a very substantial body of scientists

who believe the dangers of not going nuclear are far greater than

the dangers of nuclear.

7. There is a very substantial body of mainstream scientific opinion

which does not believe that Climate-Change can be avoided by

renewable energy alone.

8. Politely I might say there is a divergence of opinions on the bestoption to address Climate-Change. In practice, there is a strong

case that only the doctrinaire anti-nukes really believe that

renewable energy by itself will be able to address Climate-Change.

9. The anti-nuclear movement does not

behave in a scientific manner. It

behaves as a denialist movement. It’s

unscientific and a mirror of climate-

change denial.Wikipedia and Rationalwiki have pages

on denialism. The anti-nuclear

movement behaves as a denialist

movement just as Climate-Change-

Denial and Flat-Earthers are denialist

movements.[259] [260]

Denialist ideas demonstrate consistent

patterns of behaviour which includes

The Conspiracy and fake experts .

Nuclear energy is essential to prevent catastrophic

Climate-Change, let’s get started straight away.

~ 3 ~ 7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-you-dealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-you-dealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-you-dealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change


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~ 6 ~

Appendices Appendix A - I define the words used in nuclear physics.

Non-political.

What is the difference between a radioisotope &

a radionuclide, between a nucleus & a nucleon?

Appendix B - I discuss radioactivity, radiation, half-lifeand measurement – Non-political.

&

rays.

Appendix C - Area under the curve – Why a radionuclide

cannot be both highly radioactive and long-lived.

Activists sometimes say that there is a problem

with nuclear waste which is both long-lived &

highly radioactive. Radionuclides cannot be both

long-lived & highly radioactive. The area under the curve explains the reason.

Appendix D - Natural and Man-Made Radioactivity in

the Environment.

I explain how the radioactivity from nuclear

accidents compares with background radiation.

App endix E - Radioactivity and Cancer.

I discuss the complex relationship between radiation and cancer. It is important

to note that people living in areas of high natural radioactivity do not have an

elevated incidence of cancer. It is also important to note what happened when

the inadvertent addition of the radionuclide 60Co to structural steel led to a very

radioactive building.

Appendix F - What is nuclear waste?

Nuclear waste is scary stuff, or is it?

Appendix G - Personal Journey.

Why I have gone from supporter to

extreme sceptic of the anti-nuclear

movement.Appendix H -The Arithmetic is Simple.

The numbers don’t add up for the

anti-nukes. The entire release from

Fukushima is 1/30000th of the natural

radioactivity in the oceans, and

1/25,000,000th of the natural

radioactivity in the Earth’s crust. The

Kursk contained Uranium equal to1/3rd of the natural Uranium in 1 km3

of seawater.

48


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~ 7 ~

Appendix I – Depleted Uranium in Iraq.

The amount of depleted Uranium left behind in Iraq

is very small compared with the natural Uranium in

Iraqi soil.

Appendix J – The toxicity of Uranium & Plutonium.

Uranium & Plutonium are heavy metals that are a

little bit radioactive, nothing too dangerous.

Appendix K - Strontium-90 – It’s not a big problem.90Sr mimics Calcium, but there’s a lot of 84Sr,

86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr in the environment and neither

Calcium nor Strontium end up in the cell near the DNA.

Appendix L – Scare Campaigns

Paul Keating didn’t invent the scare campaign.

Appendix M - Radioactivity versus Surface Area.

Compare the area of the Cook Islands to that ofAustralia, the same ratio as Fukushima radiation to

natural radiation in the oceans.

Appendix N - Nuclear Waste in SA.

The entire world’s supply of long-lived

radionuclide fission products would add

only 16 parts per million to the natural

radioactivity in the state.

Appendix O - Carbon is the Enemy!!!There is an environmental catastrophe

coming!!!

Appendix P – The True Cost of Nuclear

Energy.

Anti-nukes say nuclear is too expensive.

What do independent reports say?

Anti-nukes say nuclear has a high CO2

cost. What do independent reports say?

Appendix Q - Climate-Change-Denial, other

denialist convictions and Anti-Nukes.

Climate-Change-Denial & the anti-

Nukes use the same denialist tactics.

Appendix R – Climate Change & Nuclear Power

“There is no credible path to climate

stabilization that does not include a

substantial role for nuclear power”

Appendix S – Climate Change & Nuclear Power.Pro-Renewable & Pro-Nuclear for the

climate and the planet.

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Natural radioactivity and anthropogenic radioactivity:

Nuclear facilities when functioning properly release virtually no radioactivity. The worst nuclear

accidents that have occurred, have released levels of radioactivity many orders of magnitude

smaller than the natural radioactivity in the environment.

Total radioactivity from Chernobyl & Fukushima compared with

natural radioactivity in the oceans. The 5 metre yellow circle

(shown only in tiny part), surrounding the blue circle above,

represents the natural radioactivity in the Earth’s crust.

Natural radioactivity of the oceans

16,000,000 Petabecquerels

Total radioactivity release

Chernobyl 5300 PBq

Total radioactivity release

Fukushima 520 PBq


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Appendix A - Definitions An atom is the basic building block of ordinary matter. An atom is built of protons , neutrons and

electrons . The protons and neutrons are approximately the same weight and collectively they are called

nucleons . The protons and neutrons occupy the centre of the atom, and this is called the nucleus . It is

sometimes pictured like a solar system, with the nucleus in the centre, like the sun, and the electrons

orbiting around it like planets.[Figure 1] It is a very

inaccurate approximation, but is useful for simple

purposes. The nucleus only occupies

0.0000000000004%[1] of the space of the atom[Figure 2]

but contains 99.94% of the mass. [2]

The nucleus

is sometimes

pictured like

a berry.[Figure 3]

Again, this an

inaccurate

model, but a

useful one.

The simplest

atomic nucleus consists of one proton without any neutrons .

This is written 1H , or more completely

A nuclide is any one unique combination of protons and neutrons . An element El

with an atomic mass A is usually written as AEl , although is more correct: -

A = Atomic Mass = protons + neutrons

Z = Atomic Number = protons

N = Neutron Number = neutrons

A is always = Z+ N 1H , 4 He, 6Li and 22 Na[Figure 4] are other nuclides .12 C , 13 C , 14 C , 16O , 23 Na, 39 K , 40 K , 90 Sr , 127 I , 129 I , 131I , 208Pb, 235 U

and 238U are 14 of the many nuclides in the environment.

A radionuclide is a nuclide which is radioactive, coloured red . It

is very common for radioisotope to be used when the correct

term ought to be radionuclide.

Isotopes are variant nuclides of the same chemical element .

They have the same number of protons and the same atomic

number , but a different number of neutrons . 39 Ca, 40 Ca, 41Ca, 42 Ca, 43 Ca, 44 Ca, 45 Ca, 46Ca, 47 Ca, 48Ca, are

isotopes of the chemical element Calcium with 20 protons in the

atomic nucleus and the Atomic Number 20 . Again, a radioisotope is an isotope which is radioactive,

coloured red above. The distinction is not always absolute however. 40 Ca and 46Ca coloured brown , are

theoretically radioactive, although radioactive decay has never been observed. Radioactive decay of48Ca coloured beige, has been detected, with the unimaginably long half-life of 2.3x1019 years.

Figure 1

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 1

Figure 2

11

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Nuclides Isotopes are important in the discussion of the nuclear fuel cycle. Isotopes of Uranium all contain 92

protons but the number of neutrons varies from 125 to 150. Only three isotopes of Uranium exist to

any significant extent naturally. Uranium-238 & Uranium-235 are primordial isotopes . They exist on

Earth because they have very long half-lives & a substantial quantity remains from the formation of

the Earth. Uranium-234 only exists as a decay product of 238U . One other Uranium isotope is also

important in the discussion of nuclear energy . Uranium-233 is the main fissile nuclide in the

Thorium fuel cycle. Usually this 233 U is bred for purpose directly from Thorium-232 .

Isotopes of Plutonium include 239 Pu , 240 Pu , 241Pu , 242 Pu and 244 Pu .

Isotopes are also important in the discussion of fission products . Strontium isotopes formed include

radioactive 90 Sr and 89 Sr , as well as non-radioactive 88Sr , 87 Sr and 86Sr .

Isobars are nuclides of the same atomic mass , or total number of nucleons . 40 S , 40 Cl , 40 Ar , 40 K , 40 Ca and 40 Sc , are isobars with 40 nucleons and an atomic mass of 40.

Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons . 12 Be, 13 B , 14 C , 15 N , 16O , and 17 F are isotones with 8 neutrons .

Nuclides may be primordial , cosmogenic , or anthropogenic . For a radionuclide to exist on the Earth,

which is about 4.5 billion years of age, it must either have a very long half-life, or must have been

created more recently by a mechanism which may be natural or artificial.238U is an example of a primordial nuclide. It has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. There was a quantity

of 238U on the Earth 4.5 billion years ago, and there is approximately half of that now. The four most

important primordial radionuclides are 238U , 235 U , 232 Th and 40 K . The vast amount of heat built up inside

the Earth’s crust comes predominantly from the decay of these radionuclides and their daughters .

Neutrons

Figure 5

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13/56

~ 9 ~

14C – Carbon 14 14 C is an example of a cosmogenic radionuclide. 14 C has a half-

life of 5730 years and no primordial 14 C remains on Earth.

Nonetheless, 14 C is continually being created in the upper

atmosphere from cosmic rays .

The third group, anthropogenic radionuclides is only detectable because of human activities. 90 Sr , 99 Tc , 129 I , 131I , 134 Cs and 137 Cs are examples of nuclides only detectable because of the human use of nuclear

fission . (Theoretically, there are tiny levels of these nuclides present at all times because of spontaneous fission .)

Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Large amounts of energy may be released by two

distinct and opposite processes, and nuclear fusion .

Both have been used for making atomic weapons , but

only nuclear fission is able to be used to produce

electricity with today’s technology.

Nuclear fusion occurs when two very small nuclei fuse

into one slightly larger nucleus releasing energy.

Nuclear fission occurs when one large nucleus fissions

into two smaller nuclei releasing energy. The release of energy in both nuclear fusion & fission

is possible because the nuclear binding energy is highest for the nuclides in the middle of the periodic

table. There is energy to be gained by fusing the lightest of elements & fissioning the heaviest of

elements. The binding energy is highest in the middle of the periodic table, & energy can be released

just as it may be by a ball rolling down a hill. The nucleus with the highest binding energy is 56Fe.

Nuclear fission of Uranium isotopes can

release large amounts of energy, & this is the

basis of all nuclear power plants today.

Nearly all of these require a fissile nuclide.

The nuclide is most commonly 235 U . 239 Pu and233 U are other fissile nuclides . Natural

Uranium contains approximately 0.7% of 235 U ,

which is enriched . The proportion of 235 U is

increased. 3-5% is typical for a nuclear power

plant , but higher enrichment level in the

region of 20% are used in nuclear submarines .

Enrichment to beyond 80% 235 U is required to

manufacture a nuclear weapon . 239 Pu is also

used for the production of electricity. 239 Pu is created from 238U during the process of 235 U fission .

When 238U captures a low-energy neutron it usually does not fission and becomes 239 U . 239 U decays

with a half-life of 23.5 minutes to 239 Np which itself then decays to 239 Pu with a half-life of 2.4 days.

Nuclear reactors can utilise a mixture of 235 U & 239 Pu with some of the 239 Pu begotten in situ.

A mixture of 239 Pu with isotopes of Uranium are the principle behind the Megatons to Megawatts

program where weapons-grade 239 Pu from dismantled Soviet weapons has been used for electricity

generation in the USA.

Figure 7 Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 6

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binding_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-2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~ 10 ~

Appendix B - Radioactivity Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, and subsequently Rutherford and Villard identified

three components called alpha, beta and gamma rays.

rays were subsequently identified as 4He nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. decay

occurs in heavy nuclei and it is the process by which these elements gradually diminish in the environment.

The atomic number is reduced by two and the atomic mass by four as the result of decay .

238U 234Th + and 226Ra 222Rn + are examples of decay . decay is one example of cluster decay . Very much more rarely, heavy significantly larger than 4He. 235U 211Pb +

24Ne and 228Th 208Pb + 20O + are examples of cluster decay .

rays were subsequently identified as consisting of a single

electron. decay occurs in nuclei where there is an excess

of neutrons. The atomic number is increased by one and the

atomic mass remains unchanged as the result of decay . 234Pa 234U + and 40K 40Ca are examples of decay .

- decay is sometimes used to differentiate the process of

electron release from + decay which occurs when an anti-electron or positron is released and the process of

electron capture (EC) . 40K 40Ar + + is an example of + decay and 40K + e- 40Ar is an example of EC . In

addition, double - decay and double EC are also known to occur. 48Ca 48Ti + 2- is an example of double -

decay . 130Ba + 2e- 130Xe is an example of double EC .

rays were subsequently identified as consisting of

high energy photons like an x-ray . Usually, when

or decay occurs there is residual energy which is

ejected as a ray . rays are much more

penetrating than or rays .

The decay chain of 238U is shown on the right. Eachnucleus undergoes 14 decays as it progresses from238U to 206Pb consisting of 8 than decays and 6

decays .

The decay chains of fission fragments of size 90

and 143 are also illustrated above. Only - and

rays are produced.

Figure 5

Figure 13

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 10

14

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