Submission in Response to Victorian State Government's Climate Change Green Paper, September, 2009

7/29/2019 Submission in Response to Victorian State Government's Climate Change Green Paper, September, 2009

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SubmissioninResponseto

VictorianStateGovernments

ClimateChangeGreenPaper

Preparedby

September2009


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Contents

SECTION PAGENO.

1. Introduction 3

2. ExecutiveSummary 5

3. InformingtheCommunity 6

4. GreenhouseGasEmissions 7

5. WaterConsumption 12

6. Pricing 15

7. ComparativeNutritionalandEnvironmentalImpactofAlternativeDiets 16

8. Conclusion 20

References 21

Submissionauthor:PaulMahonywithadditionalcommentsandgeneraleditingbyBrucePoonandLefkiPavlidis.


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Thispaperfocusesonthecriticalimpactsofanimalagricultureonclimatechangeandwateruse.Thereareothersignificantenvironmentalimpactsattributedtoanimalagriculture,suchaslossofbiodiversity,landdegradationandwaterpollution.However,itisnotinthescopeofthis paper to address them. Valuable explanations on these matters can be found in thepaper by Mahony referred to in the first paragraph of this section and also VegetarianNetworkVictoriasbooklet EatinguptheWorld:theEnvironmentalConsequencesofHuman

FoodChoices.2


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2.ExecutiveSummary

InformingtheCommunity: WhilsttheVictorianGovernmenthasbeenwillingtospendmoneyonadvertisementsthat

encourageustoturnoffelectricalappliancesandtakeshortershowers,ithassaidlittle,if

anything,about the dramaticeffectofourfoodchoiceson the environment. This mustchange;theGovernmentmusthelptoinformthecommunity.

GreenhouseGasEmissions:

Animalagriculturewillhavea biggerimpactonclimateduringthe next20yearsthanall

Australias coal fired power stations combined, potentially causing us to reach tippingpointsthatleadtocatastrophicandirreversibleclimatechange.

WaterConsumption: HouseholddirectwaterconsumptionforVictoriaonlyrepresentsaround8%oftheState's

totalwaterconsumption.Animalagricultureisresponsiblefor51%,whilstdairyfarming

aloneaccountsfor34%. MostVictorianhouseholdwaterconsumptionisindirectconsumptionthroughpurchases,

withfoodcontributingthelargestshare. Accordingly,modifyingfoodchoicescanhaveafarmore significant effect on water consumption than actions taken in and around thehome,withsignificantbenefitsforourriversystems.

Much of the enormous expenditure on new water-related infrastructure projects, along

with the environmental and other consequences of such projects, could potentially beavoidedorreducedifconsumersmodifiedtheirdiets.

Pricing: Weneedtoensurethatweallocateourresourcesinaneconomicallyrationalmanner,in

accordancewithefficientmarketpractices.Thiswouldbeachievedbyensuringthatinputprices allowfor externalities, i.e. consequences of the production and delivery processthat are experienced by parties who are not directly involved inthe transaction. Suchpricingshouldreflectalltheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithproducinganddeliveringgoodsandservices.

TheVictorianGovernmentcaninfluencethepricingoffoodproductsbytheproperpricing

of water and other inputs. With the high level of exports from our animal agriculturalsector,wearecurrentlyeffectivelyexporting(forexample)massiveamountsofourstatespreciouswateratpriceswhichgrosslyunderstateitstruevalue.

ComparativeNutritionalandEnvironmentalImpactofAlternativeDiets:

Aplant-baseddietgenerallyfarexceedsanimal-basedalternativesintermsofnutritional

yieldsandenvironmentalbenefits.


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4.GreenhouseGasEmissions

Isaythatthesinglemosteffectiveactionthatapersoncantaketocurbglobalwarmingis

supportamoratorium,andeventualphase-out,ofcoal-firedpowerplants.

However,inourpersonallifestyles,themosteffectiveactionistobegintoalterourdietmore

towardvegetarian.Idonotbelieveitisrealistictoexhorteverybodytobecomevegetarian,

butwecangreatlyreducethestressontheplanet,includingglobalwarming,withrealistic

changesbyalargenumberofpeople.Ihavebecome80-90%vegetarian.Forthesakeof

nutritionandbecauseofavailablechoices,becoming100%vegetarianisnoteasy,andnot

essential,inmyopinion.Butachangeinthatdirectionisoneofthebestthingswecando

probablymoreeffectivethanbuyingaPrius.

JamesHansen,HeadoftheGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies,NASA5

Basedona20-yearGWP(i.e.globalwarmingpotential)i,livestockinAustraliaproducemoreCO2-equivalentemissionsthanallourcoal-firedpowerstationscombined.

6

A20-yearGWPisparticularlyimportantwhenconsideringtheimpactoflivestock,becausemethane, a critical factor in livestocks greenhouse effects, generally breaks down in theatmospherein912years.Accordingly,a100-yearGWP(whichshowstheaverageimpactoveraperiodof100years)greatlyunderstatesmethanesshorter-termimpact.Although methane may have a shorter life than carbon dioxide (which remains in theatmosphere formany hundredsof years), its impactcanbelongtermif itcontributes tousreachingtippingpointsthatresultinpositivefeedbackloopswithpotentiallyirreversibleandcatastrophicconsequences.Otherimpactsoflivestockproduction,suchasdeforestationforanimalgrazing,canhavesimilarlydevastatingresults.

Anexampleofatippingpointisthethawingofpermafrost(frozenland)inRussia,Canada,Alaskaandelsewhere,whichcausesthepermafrosttoreleasemassiveamountsofmethane.Moremethanemeansmorewarming,morepermafrostthawing,moremethanereleaseandso on. This leads to runaway climate change, which no longer depends on emissionsgeneratedbyhumankind.

Althoughmethanemayhaveashorterlifethancarbondioxide(whichremainsinthe

atmosphereformanyhundredsofyears),itsimpactcanbelongtermifitcontributestous

reachingtippingpointsthatresultinpositivefeedbackloopswithpotentiallyirreversibleand

catastrophicconsequences.Otherimpactsoflivestockproduction,suchasdeforestation,

canhaveasimilarresult.Theremainingcommentsinthissectionarebasedona100-yearGWP,whichunderstateslivestocksimpact.However,relativecomparisonswithothersectorscanstillbemadethatundoubtedlyshow the majoreffect ofthe livestockindustry onthe warming ofour planetsatmosphere.

i Theemissionsofdifferentgasescanbeaggregatedbyconvertingthemtocarbondioxide

equivalents(CO2-e).Theyareconvertedbymultiplyingthemassofemissionsbytheappropriateglobalwarmingpotentials(GWPs).GWPsrepresenttherelativewarmingeffectofaunitmassofthegaswhencomparedwiththesamemassofCO2overaspecificperiod.Formethane,the

GWPsusedbytheUNsIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)are21for100yearsand72for20years.TheUNFood&AgricultureOrganizationusedaGWPof23forthe100yeartimehorizoninits2006LivestocksLongShadowreport.


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GHGEmissionsIntensity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

W heat Oth ergrai ns Sugar W ool B eef Sh eep me at Pi gm eat Cem ent,lime,etc

Steel Aluminium Othernon-ferrous

kgofGH

Gperkgofproduct

Thegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsintensityiiofcarcassbeefin1999(thelatestavailable

figures) was more than twice that of aluminium smelting.7 To add some perspective,aluminium smelting consumes 16% of Australias (mainly coal-fired) electricity

8 whilst ourannualtonnageofbeefproductionisaround10%higherthanthatofaluminium .9&10.TheGHGemissionsintensityofvariousproductscanbedepictedasfollows:

Inabsoluteterms,GHGemissionsinAustraliafrombeefalonearenearlydoublethoseofallnon-ferrous metals, including aluminium, as illustrated in the following chart from theAustralianGreenhouseOfficesNationalGreenhouseInventory:

7

ii EmissionsintensitymeasuresthetonnesofCO2-equivalentgreenhousegasespertonneofcommodityproduced.


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

FoodItem

kgCO2-e

perkgofproduct

Carrots:domestic,fresh

Potatoes:cooked,domestic

Honey

Wholewheat:domestic,cooked

Apples:fresh,overseasbyboat

Soybeans:cooked,overseasbyboat

Milk:domestic,4%fat

Sugar:domestic

Italianpasta:cooked

Oranges:fresh,overseasbyboat

Rice:cooked

Greenbeans:SouthEurope,boiled

Herring:domestic,cooked

Vegetables:frozen,overseasbyboat,boiled

Eggs:Swedish,cooked

Rapeseedoil:fromEurope

Chicken:fresh,domestic,cooked

Cod:domestic,cooked

Pork:domestic,fresh,cooked

Cheese:domestic

Tropicalfruit:fresh,overseasbyplane

Beef:domestic,fresh,cooked

Researchers at the University of Chicago have found that converting from a typicalWesterndiettoaplant-baseddietis50%moreeffectiveinreducingGHGemissionsthanchangingonescarfromaconventionalsedantoahybrid.

11

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in its 2006LivestocksLongShadowreport,thelivestocksectorproducesaround40%moreGHG

emissionsthantheentireglobaltransportsystem.12

ArecentSwedishstudyhasprovidedGHGemissionsintensityfiguresforawiderangeoffoods,includinglegumes,fruitandvegetables,commoditieswhichareoftenoverlookedinreportsonthissubject.ItincludedCO2-eemissionsinvolvedinfarming,transportation,processing,retailing,storageandpreparation.

13

Somekeypointsfromthestudywereasfollows:

Beefistheleastclimateefficientwaytoproduceprotein,lessefficientthan

vegetablesthatarenotrecognisedfortheirhighproteincontent,suchasgreenbeansandcarrots.Itsemissionsintensity("Beef:domestic,fresh,cooked")is30,asshown

inthefollowingchart,whichcomparesittovariousotherproducts:

Stated another way, per kilogramof GHG emissions produced,carrots have more

proteinthanbeef.Bythesamemeasure,wheathasaroundthirteentimesandsoybeans around tentimesmore protein than beef, as demonstrated by the followingchart:


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Finally,toproperlyaccountforCO2-eemissions,weneedtoaskwhatwedowiththeenergywhich,according tothe National Greenhouse Inventory,is the most significant contributor.Theansweris that weuseit inindustry,in agricultureandin domestichomes. Inorder toproperlybreakouttheuseofenergywithinAustralia,anddeterminewhichindustriesusehowmuch when all their inputs and outputs are taken into account, another kind of economic

reportisrequired.TheCSIROandtheUniversityofSydneyhaveproducedsuchareport,entitled"BalancingActATripleBottom-LineAnalysisoftheAustralianEconomy".

17Thereportanalysed135

sectorsoftheAustralianeconomy,focusingonenvironmental,socialandfinancialindicators.Thereport showedthat when end-use is considered, animalindustries areresponsible forover30%oftotalgreenhouseemissionsinAustralia,asfollows:

IndustrySector MegatonnesCO2-e

Percent

BeefCattle 122.5 23.6

Sheep&ShornWool 23.9 4.61

DairyCattle&Milk 8.8 1.7

Pigs 1.3 0.25

CommercialFishing 0.68 0.13

MeatProducts 0.68 0.13

OtherDairyProducts 0.59 0.11

Poultry&Eggs 0.58 0.11

Total 159.03 30.64


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34.26%

8.10%5.24%

1.98%

15.89%

31.47%

2.28%

DairyFarming

OtherAgriculture,incl.beef&sheep

ServicestoAgricuture

Forestry&Fishing

Mining

Manufacturing

Electricity&Gas

Watersupply

Otherindustries

Household

5.WaterConsumption

Animalagricultureisresponsiblefor51%ofVictoriaswaterconsumption.Thedairyindustryaloneisresponsiblefor34%.

Directwaterconsumptionbyhouseholdsonlyrepresents8%ofthestatestotalconsumption.SowhydoestheStateGovernmentfocusitswater-savingadvertisingonshortershowers?Why not informthe community that they canhavea farmore significant impacton overallconsumption,andhelptosaveourgreatrivers,byfocussingontheirdiets?

Ourconsumptionfigurescanbeviewedgraphicallyasfollows,basedoninformationfromtheAustralianBureauofStatistics:18&19

VictorianWaterConsumption2004-05

WaterUsedonVictorianFarms2004-05

77.0%

9.0%

10.0%

3.0%

1.0%

PastureforGrazing&HayProduction,incl.Dairy,Beef&Sheep

Grapevines

Nurseries,Flowers,Turf

Cereal&BroadacreCrops

FruitandVegetablesforHumans


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(2003)suggeststhatananimalproductbaseddietmayneed10timesmorewaterthanavegetariandiet.24Certainlythewaterefficiencyofvegetableproductionisstartling.

Based on the estimated water consumption of the average Australian householdcomparedtoavegetarianhousehold(i.e.nomeatordairyproducts)aspresentedbytheauthors,subsequentcalculations(notincludedintheresearchpapers)indicatethatthe

average Australian could save 2,592 litres per day, or 946,000 litres per annum, bychangingtoavegetariandiet.

Thatfigurecomparesextremelyfavourablytothe17litresperpersonperday(6,205litresper person perannum) that was saved in Melbourne under Stage 3 water restrictionsbetween2005and2006.

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Italsocomparesextremelyfavourablytothe20,000litresperannumsavedbyusinga3star showerhead and limiting showers to 4 minutes (not referred to in the researchpaper).

26

Thecomparisoncanbeviewedgraphicallyasfollows:

MuchofVictoriasenormousexpenditureonnewwater-relatedinfrastructureprojects,alongwiththeenvironmentalandotherconsequencesofsuchprojects,couldpotentiallybeavoidedorreducedifconsumersmodifiedtheirdiets.

ComparativeWaterSavings

('000litresperannum)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

VegetarianDiet(no

meatormilk

products)

Stage3Savings 3StarShowerhead&4MinuteShowers


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6.PricingWe need to ensure that we allocate our resources in an economically rational manner, inaccordancewithefficientmarketpractices. Thiswouldbeachievedby ensuringthatcurrentexternalities areaccountedfor in the economic systemthrough appropriate resource rentsand charges. Consequences of the production and delivery process that pollute the

commons,extractpreciousresourcesorrelyonanunpaidmonopolyusemustbesubjecttofees,suchthatthepublicarecompensatedforthesepractices.Thusthepricepaidforgoodsand services would more fully reflect the total costs, including environmental costs,associatedwiththeirproductionanddelivery.

Governmentscaninfluencepricingthroughtaxesoninputs,emissionstradingschemesandthe like. Due tothemassive impact ofanimal agricultureon greenhouse gas emissions, itmust be included in the Federal Governments proposed emissions trading scheme if it isintendedtoproducesubstantiveemissionsreductions.

The State Government must also consider taking appropriate resource rents for thecommonwealthofthepeopleonwaterandotherinputsthatrightlybelongtoeveryone.Withthe high level of exports from our animal agricultural sector, we are currently effectively

exporting,forexample,massiveamountsofourstatespreciouswateratpriceswhichgrosslyunderstateitstruevalue.

iii

Thefailuretotakeappropriateresourcerentsmerelyfuelsspeculationandmonopolybehaviourinresourcemarkets,withdetrimentalimpactsonthestateeconomy,andallowsspeculativemonopolistintereststoextracttherentsforprivategain.

In a 2005 article on the CSIRO and University of Sydneys Balancing Act report (refer toSection 4), The Canberra Times stated, Market prices for beef do not reflect the fullenvironmentalcostsofproduction...andtheAussiemeatpiecertainlycontributesitssharetoclimatechangeandlandclearing.27

Also,Insteadof beinginfluencedby high-poweredadvertising,celebrityendorsement,habit

or cheapness, weshould be making choices based on minimising our contribution to landdegradation,excessivewateruseandclimatechange.

The article quoted the leader of the team that prepared the report, CSIRO researcher, DrBarneyForan,assaying,'Weneedtobealotbettereducatedaboutwhatwebuy.It'sourconsumptionthatdrivestheeconomy.Wecannotblamegovernmentsallthetime,whenwearepartoftheequation.''

Thearticlecitedthereportitselfbystating, ''Oneoftheinsightsemergingfromthisanalysisisthatthepricesconsumerspayforprimaryproductionitemsdonotreflectthefullvalueofthenaturalresourcesembodiedintheirproductionchains.ItquotedDrForanassaying, Weshouldbepayingmore forproducts thathaveahighenvironmental accountbalance. Theconsumershouldbeexpectedtopayarealisticpriceforfoodsothatweplayapartinfixingupthebush,insteadofsittingintownandwringingourhandsaboutit.''

Livestockareoneof themostsignificantcontributorstotodaysmostseriousenvironmentalproblems.Urgentactionisrequiredtoremedythesituation.HenningSteinfeld,UnitedNationsFood&AgricultureOrganization,2006

iiiDairyandmeatproductswerethehighestvaluefoodexportsfromVictoriain2008,with34%($2.399billion)and23%($1.587billion)respectivelyoftotalfoodandfibreexports.Victoriaaccountedfor25%ofAustraliastotalfoodandfibreexportsandwasAustraliaslargeststateexporter.(Source:DeptofPrimaryIndustries,SummaryofVictorianFoodandFibreExportPerformance2008CalendarYear,

http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nrenti.nsf/LinkView/9E2D508EF2FB4520CA25759A000C265B5B65FD3894DB84E6CA2574AC000CF430/$file/Summary%20Victorian%20Food%20and%20Fibre%20Export%20Performance%202008.pdf(accessed20September2009)


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References1 Mahony,P.IsThereAnythingThatICanDo?Yes,ModifyYourDiet!,9July2008,

http://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/summit/Resources/Submissions/Submission%20-%20Paul%20Mahoney.pdf(accessed19September2009)andWhitehead,A.VictoriaClimateChangeSummitPaperSubmission,undated

http://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/summit/Resources/Submissions/Submission%20-%20Adrian%20Whitehead.PDF(accessed19September2009).

2 VegetarianNetworkVictoriaEatinguptheWorld:theEnvironmentalConsequencesofHumanFoodChoices,2009,http://www.vnv.org.au/site/files/eatinguptheworld.pdf

3 Canning,S.,Feedthemarketmeat:adsmaintaindemand,TheAustralian,10December,2007,

Australia/NewZealandReferenceCentre,AccessionNo.2007121010387332274 Dowling,J.,BracksSecretState,TheSundayAge,24September,2006,Australia/NewZealand

ReferenceCentre,ISSN1034-1021,AccessionNumber:SYD-5BGLHEYS2O4103IJ1D0S5 Hansen,J,citedinSubmissiontotheGarnautReviewbyGeoffRussell,PeterSingerandBarry

Brook,http://www.climatechange.gov.au/greenpaper/consultation/pubs/0409-russell.pdf6 Brook,Prof.BarryandRussell,Geoff,MeatsCarbonHoofprint,AustralasianScience,Nov/Dec

2007,pp.37-39,http://www.control.com.au/bi2007/2810Brook.pdf7

GeorgeWilkenfeld&AssociatesPtyLtdandEnergyStrategies,NationalGreenhouseGasInventory1990,1995,1999,EndUseAllocationofEmissionsReporttotheAustralianGreenhouseOffice,2003(Figure7.7,p.111),http://www.climatechange.gov.au/inventory/enduse/pubs/endusereport-volume1.pdfandhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/inventory/enduse/index.html(FigureS2)

8 Hamilton,C,Scorcher:TheDirtyPoliticsofClimateChange,(2007)BlackIncAgenda,p.40

9 Knapp,Ron,AustralianAluminiumCouncil,Letter10April2008toProfRossGarnaut,Garnaut

ClimateChangeReview(Table3),http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/D0846236ETSSubmission-AustralianAluminiumCouncil/$File/D08%2046236%20ETS%20Submission%20-%20Australian%20Aluminium%20Council.pdf

10 AustralianBureauofStatistics,Report7215.0LivestockProductsAustralia,Dec2006,p.20

11 Eshel,AsstProfGidonandMartin,AsstProfPamela,UniversityofChicago,citedinItsbetterto

greenyourdietthanyourcar,NewScientist,17Dec2005,Issue2530,p.1912

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,2006LivestocksLongShadowEnvironmentalIssuesandConcerns,Rome

13 Carlsson-Kanyama,A.&Gonzalez,A.D."PotentialContributionsofFoodConsumptionPatternsto

ClimateChange",TheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition,Vol.89,No.5,pp.1704S-1709S,May2009,http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/5/1704S

14 AustralianGovernment,DepartmentofClimateChange,"AppendixDAnalysisoftheemissions

intensityofAustralianindustries-CarbonPollutionReductionSchemeGreenPaper2008",p.500,http://www.climatechange.gov.au/greenpaper/report/pubs/greenpaper-appendixd.pdf

15 HorticultureAustraliaLimited"TheAustralianHorticultureStatisticsHandbook2004",pp9&10

http://www.horticulture.com.au/docs/industry/Statistics_Handbook.pdf16

Ibid.17

TheUniversityofSydneyandCSIRO,2005,"BalancingActATripleBottomLineAnalysisofthe

AustralianEconomy",http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/balancingact/18 AustralianBureauofStatistics,WaterAccount,Australia,2004-05,4610.0,MediaRelease

112/2006,November28,2006,http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mediareleasesbyTopic/CF764A3639384FDCCA257233007975B7?OpenDocument#andhttp://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/DE8E081CDE6116D6CA25727900069279/$File/46100_2004-05_pt2.pdf(accessed21March2009)

19 AustralianBureauofStatistics,WaterUseonAustralianFarms,2004-05,4618.0

http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/22F0E63FEA4A8B63CA2571B500752B52/$File/46180_2004-05.pdff(accessed21March2009)

20 Meyer,W.1997"WaterforFood-TheContinuingDebate"

http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/water_for_food.pdf(accessed21March,2009)21

Meat&LivestockAustraliaFastFacts2008:AustraliasBeefIndustry,

http://www.mla.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/3EF73ECB-4FBB-4455-A561-14CC636D7ADB/0/BeefFastFacts2008.pdf


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Pimentel,D&Pimentel,M,"Sustainabilityofmeat-basedandplant-baseddietsandtheenvironment",AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition2003;78(suppl):660S-3S,http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/78/3/660S(accessed21March,2009)(DownloadfullPDFversionfromrightofscreeninreferencedwebpage.)

23 IanRutherfurd,SchoolofSocialandEnvironmentalEnquiry,UniversityofMelbourne,Amelia

TsangandSiaoKheeTan,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofMelbourne(2007)Citypeopleeatrivers:estimatingthevirtualwaterconsumedbypeopleinalargeAustraliancity,http://www.csu.edu.au/research/ilws/news/events/5asm/docs/proceedings/Rutherfurd_Ian_348.pdf(accessed21March,2009)

24 Renault,D.(2003)VirtualWaterValueinFoodSupplyManagement,HouilleBlanche-Revue

InternationaleDeLEau(1):80-85,citedinCitypeopleeatrivers:estimatingthevirtualwaterconsumedbypeopleinalargeAustraliancity,IanRutherfurd,AmeliaTsangandSiaoKheeTan,2007

25 MediaReleasebythethenMinisterfortheEnvironment,JohnThwaites,1December,2006,cited

inCitypeopleeatrivers:estimatingthevirtualwaterconsumedbypeopleinalargeAustraliancity,IanRutherfurd,AmeliaTsangandSiaoKheeTan,2007

26 CityWestWater,MakingWaves,Edition32,April-June2007,

https://citywestwater.com.au/residential/docs/makingwaves_april_-_june.pdf27 Anon.,CountingtheEcologicalCost,TheCanberraTimes,29/05/2005,

http://canberra.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/news-features/the-environment-counting-the-ecological-cost/526410.aspx

28 Hoekstra,A.Y.&Chapagain,A.K."Waterfootprintsofnations:Waterusebypeopleasafunctionof

theirconsumptionpattern",WaterResourceManagement,2006,DO110.1007/s11269-006-9039-x(Tables1&2),http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Hoekstra_and_Chapagain_2006.pdf(accessed19September2009)

29 Pimentel,D.;Berger,B;Filiberto,D.;Newton,M.;Wolfe,B.;Karabinakis,E.;Clark,S.;Poon,E.;

Abbett,E.;andNandagopal,S.WaterResources,Agriculture,andtheEnvironment,July2004,http://www.ker.co.nz/pdf/pimentel_report_04-1.pdf(accessed29September2009)

30 SpeddingCRW1990inLewisb,AssmannG(eds)"Social&Economiccontextsofcoronary

prevention",London:CurrentMedicalLiterature,citedinStanton,R"Thecomingdietrevolution"2007,http://www.eatwelltas.org.au/PDFs/sustainability_and_diet.pps#334,69,thebalanceddiet

31 USDANationalNutrientDatabaseforStandardReferenceat

http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/andviaNutritionDataathttp://www.nutritiondata.com

32 Nabors,R."U.S.soybeanyielddeclines",DeltaFarmExpress,20Aug'09,

http://deltafarmpress.com/soybeans/soybean-declines-0820/(accessed31Aug'09)33

Beuerlein,J."Bushels,TestWeightsandCalculationsAGF-503-00",OhioStateUniversityFactSheet,http://ohioline.osu.edu/agf-fact/0503.html(accessed31Aug'09)

34 PrimaryIndustryBankofAustraliaLtd,PositioningAustralianSoybeansinaWorldMarket,p.3,Dec2001,http://www.australianoilseeds.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/647/GFsoybean_oz.pdf(accessed20September2009)

35 ABS1301.0-YearBookAustralia,2008Table16.9SelectedCrops-2005-06:

http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/bb8db737e2af84b8ca2571780015701e/3310BE70A6407

67DCA2573D20010BB7D?opendocument

Documents

Submission in Response to Victorian State Government's Climate Change Green Paper, September, 2009