Subject Index

f3A domain 113-114 Ab immunotherapy 431 Ab therapy 433 ABCA1 159-160,162 ACAT 157, 162 acid hydrolase 195 acquired immune reaction, in the

CNS 380 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS) 201,285,409,469 a-actinin 119 actin microfilaments function 156 activator protein (AP)-l 358 ADAM17 263 adamantane-pentyl-deoxynojirimycin

(AMP-DNM) 201 adaptor protein mimic 433 adenine nucleotide 131 adenosine 131-132, 135, l39 adenosine 5' -triphosphate (ATP) 131 adenosine deaminase (ADA) l32 adenovirus, recombinant 100 adenovirus-mediated gene transfer 100 adenylate cyclase 135 adrenaline 281 AF2, activation function 2 211 AFB 427 agar 76 alanine aminopeptidase 257 albumin 318,320,322 allergic response 284 allergy 69 allylamine 469

alternative macrophage-associated chemokine (AMAC)-l 72

alveolar macrophage 57,394,414,424 - in TB granuloma 428 alveoli tis 433 Alzheimer's disease 374 Ambisome 51 ameliorative effect 432 aminopeptidase N 257 aminophospholipid translocase 319 - ATP 318 AML-1, acute myeloid leukemia

protein-1 13, 28 amphotericin B 51,469 anaemia 5, 197 anaphylatoxin 257 anemia 5, 197 angiotensin II 155 angiotensin-converting enzyme

(ACE) 255, 256, 259 - cerebellar 259 annexin 388 annexin V 324 anti-cytokine 284 anti-inflammatory 188 anti-inflammatory drugs 132, 139-140 anti-inflammatory factor 57 anti-inflammatory signals 21,26 anti-inflammatory strategy 279 anti-integrin therapy 124 anti-tubercular arsenal, macrophage

414,430 anti-tubercular immunity 436

480

antibody therapy 285 antifungal agent 459,461,463,465,467,

469,471,473,475,477 antifungal drug 469 antigen 43 - elimination 418 - exogenous 342 - immune response 69 - presentation 43,418 antigen delivery 77 antigen tolerance 81 antigen-presenting cell (APC) 43,67,69,

70,71,73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 337, 338,339,341,343,345,347,349,351, 386

antigen-transporting cell 76 antimicrobial peptide 295-297,299,301,

303 antituberculous therapy 422 antiviral agent - future development 399 - potential ligand 385 AOP-RANTES 277 AP-1 8,214,217 AP-1 family 213,216 aP2 162 - fatty acid binding protein 155 aplastic anemia 257 apoE 160, 162 apolipoprotein 149,159 - apoA-I 159 - apoE 159 apolipoprotein-E augmented NO 234 apoptosis 15,59, 187,313,377 - membrane scrambling 318 - phosphatidylserine expression 318 apoptotic cell 74, 118, 310 arachidonic acid (AA) 174,178,179,181,

182, 187 arginase isoform 235 arginine 257 arteriosclerosis 204, 277 arthritic patient 277 arthritis 91, 103, 112, 122, 123,209 - collagen-induced 280 Aspergillus fumigatus 204,465,467,469 asthma 216 astrocyte 376 atherogenicity of oxidised LDL, fatty

acid 186

Subject Index

atherosclerosis 21,25,91, 102, 122, 147, 187,209,219,259

- dietary fatty acid 184 ATP 136 - extracellular 137 - oxidized 140 ATP release 136 ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A,

member 1 gene, ABCA1 159 ATPase 426 ATPase family 318 attachment, virus for 388 autoimmunity 69, 72, 253 autophagocytosis 194

B cell, auto reactive 70 B lymphopoiesis 17 B scavenger receptor family 153 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 6 bacteria, gram-negative 298 bacterial disease 6 bacterial infection 102 bacterial respiration 425 bacterial sugar 390 bacterium 386 bisphosphonate 3, 5, 8 bisphosphonate clodronate 58 Blastomyces dermatitidis 467 bleomycin-induced lung injury 281 blood brain barrier (BBB) 281 blood concentration 45 blood disorder, autoimmune 44 blood vessel, porosity 47 blood-brain barrier 200,377-378 bone 5 - component 355 - homeostasis 90 -lesion 5 - morphogenesis 90 - pain 5 - remodelling 90 bone disease 197,364 bone marrow transplantation 204, 356 bone mass retention 8 bone mineral 363-364 bone resorption 353-354, 356, 362-363 - mechanisms 354 bone surface 361 bone-lining cells 363 borage oil 179

Subject Index

Bordetella pertussis 68 bovine aortic endothelial cell

(BAEC) 155 bovine scavenger receptor bSR-A 97 bovine serum albumin (BSA) 391 Boyden chamber 275 bradykinin 257 brain damage 374 brain injury, ischemic 284 brain parenchyma 373,379 breadcrumb 76 bronchoalveolar lavage, monocyte and

lymphocyte 278,421 Brucella spp. 300 BSAP, B cell-specific activator

protein 17

CBF, core binding factor 13 c-fes 102 c-fes LCR 98 c-fes proto-oncogene 97 - endogenous 97 - human 97 - mouse 97 c-fos 357-358 c-Maf 18 c-Myb 18 C-reactive protein (CRP) 321 c-Rel 22 C. albicans 463,467,469 C. neoformans 465,467,469 C. neoformans glucuronoxylomannan

467 C/EBP family 18 C/EBP protein 20 cadherin -8 344 Caenorhabditis elegans 118 calreticulin 345 cancer 80,253 Candida 470 Candida albicans 204,461 candidate adjuvant 76 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) 80 carbohydrate 325,390,459,461,463,

465,467,469,471,473,475,477 - fungal-derived 459,471 carbohydrate antigen 80-81 carbohydrate recognition domain

(CRD) 391,463 carbon 175-176

carboxypeptidase 256 carboxypeptidase M (CPM) 257 cardiovascular disease 184-186, 188 carrier protein 320, 322 caspase 260 caspase-1 260 cathelicidin 295, 299-300 cathepsin 198,259,356 cathepsin A 258 cathepsin K 360 CC chemokine 271,280 CCR1 278 CCR2 278 CCR2 receptor antagonist 273 CCR5 277 CD1 family 420 CD11a/LFA-1a 344 CD11b 124 CD11b gene 95 CD11b promoter 95 CD13 257 CD23 234 CD34 cell 202 CD36 27,152-153, 161 CD44 25 CD44E 344 CD45 263 CD47 123 CD68 154 CD68 gene 98, 101 CD156b 263 cmoo 376 cell death 134, 148, 161,313 - necrotic 343 cell-cell interaction 118 - macrophage 374 ceramide 177 Ceredase 200 Cerezyme 193,200,205 ceroid lipofuscinosis 195 cervical lymph node 380 a chain protein 112-114 f3 chain protein 113 charge clamp 211 chemokine 254,269,284,337 - CC 285 - cellular recruitment 274 - CXC 285 - homeostatic 271 - pro inflammatory 313

481

482

- receptor expression 276 - subfamily 269 chemokine receptor-ligand pairing 270 chemokine system 269, 271, 273, 275,

277,279,281,283,285,287,289,291, 293

chemokine system as anti-inflammatory therapy 278

chemokine-binding protein 284 chemokine-soaked sponge 275 chemotactic activity 138 chemotaxis 174,179,188 chemotaxis assay, cellular recruitment

273 chemotherapy 410-411,430-431 chicken lysozyme gene 96 Chinese hamster cells 152 chitin 460 chitinase, human 203 chitotriosidase 204 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase

(CAT) 96 cholesterol 148,151-153,156-157,184-

186,212,307 - blood 184 - efflux 158 -lipoprotein-derived 162 cholesterol efflux 148, 159 cholesterol homeostasis, LXR 217 cholesterol metabolite, 27 -oxygenated 158 cholesterol source 149 cholesterol trafficking 157 cholesterol transporter 27 cholesteryl ester (CE) 149, 153, 186 choline 177,307 choroid plexus 379 - macrophage 380 chronic inflammatory disease 24, 123 chylomicron remnant 151, 156 cidal, mechanism 423 cigarette smoke 262 clodronate 59 clodronate liposome 60 - intra-articular injection 62 - intraperitoneal administration 61 - subcutaneously injected 60 Clostridium tetani 69 CNS 373,374 CNS antigen, immunogenic 380 CNS dysfunction 5

CNS macrophage 378 CNS parenchyma 378 CNS synaptic plasticity 377 coagulation, activation 198 coconut oil 187 collectin 393 -lung 393 collectin family 313 colloid engineering 45

Subject Index

colloidal carrier 41,43,45,48 colloidal targeting of macrophage 52 colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-l 121 complement 467 complement receptor 3 (CR3) 463,465 Connexin 43,137 contraceptive vaccine 69 coronary heart disease 185 coronavirus 258 corticosteroid 209, 470 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 69 COX 182 - EPA-derived 183 COX inhibitor 324 Coxsackie virus 278 CP-Mac 256 CPM, carboxypeptidase M 257 CPVL 256 CPVL mRNA 256 ere recombinase 96 Crohn's disease 3-4,6-7,9,26,422 Cryptococcus neoformans 43, 463, 470 Cu 237 CXC chemokine 270 CXCR3 272 cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

135, 160 cyclooxygenase (COX) 181,309 cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) 379 cyclosporin treatment 257 cystic fibrosis 92 cytochalasin D 156 cytokine 147-148,254,313,337,431 - fatty acid 183 - fusogenic 428 - immunosuppressive 339 - pro-inflammatory 198 - subfamily 269 cytokine production 174, 184, 188 cytokines granulocyte-monocyte colony-

stimulating factor 231

Subject Index

cytolysis, post-apoptotic 313 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 258,285,387,

393 cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase II (CAn)

355 cytoplasmic protein kinases 273 cytoskeleton 119 cytosol 43, 342 cytotoxicity 112

DaunoXome 51 DC and macrophage, pathogen

recognition 340 DC subset marker 339 DC-SIGN 78, 392 DC-SIGNR 392 DC:T -cell ratio 346 DEC-205 78 dectin-1 79,91,464 decysin+ cell 75 defensin 295, 299 - mammalian 297 a-defensin 297,299 j3-defensin 297, 299 8-defensin 298 delivery system 76 dendritic cell (DC) 50,71,338 - versus macrophage 337,339,341,343,

345,347,349,351 - tumour immunotherapy 337 dentine, osteoclast 362 dexamethasone 27,209,213 dextran sulphate 399 DGLA, dihomo-y-linolenic acid 181 DHA, docosahexaenoic acid 178-179,183 diabetes, autoimmune 44 diabetes mellitus, type 2 160, 213 diacylglycerol 177 dicarboxypeptidase 259 dietary fat 175 dietary fatty acid 173,175,177,179,181,

183-185, 187-189, 191 differentiation 339, 345 differentiation pathway of DC 338, 343 diphtheria 76 diphtheria toxoid 69 directly observed therapy (DOT) 431 DNA delivery, to macrophage 101 DNA double-strand break 237 DNA-binding protein 234

docosapentaenoic acid 179 dopamine 281 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 341 Doxil 51 Drosophila, antifungal response 467 drug 55 - local administration 63 dwarfism 258 dynorphin A 257

Ebola virus 392 EEA1 420 Egr-1 15 Egr-2 15 Egr-3 15 eicosanoid 181-182 endocytic nonopsonic receptor 77 EPA 178-179, 181-183, 187 ERa 217 - anti-inflammatory effect 216 ER-TR9 75

483

Escherichia coli 81,95, 181,237,418,436 Ets 20 Ets factor 16

Fabry disease 92,201 fat 175 fatty acid 212,309 - dietary 174 - in monocytes and macrophages 177,179 - plaque stability 188 - saturated 176 - structure 175 fatty acid (PUFA), polyunsaturated 176,

177,180,185,188 fatty acid binding protein, (aP2) 155 fatty acids (MUFAs), monounsaturated

176, 185 fatty streak 147 Fe 237 fibroblast 117, 119, 121 fibronectin 117,123 fish, consumption 176 fish oil 174,179,182,186-187 - dietary 180 flip-flop 315,316 fluconazole 469 foam cell 148-151,158,162,186 foam cell formation 147,149-151,153,

155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171

484

focal adhesion kinase (FAK) 117 follicular dendritic cells (FDC) 70 fracture 8 fresszellen 416 fungal ascospore 412 fungal avoidance mechanism 468 fungal derived carbohydrate 460 fungal infection 469-470 fungal killing 469 fungal mann an 470 fungal molecular pattern 459 fungal pathogen 460 fungal-derived carbohydrate 470 fungus 386, 460 - detection and control 459,461,463,

465,467,469,471,473,475,477 FVYE 434

G protein 120 G protein-linked receptor (GPCR) 310 G proteins, heterotrimeric 113 (G-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating

factor 12 galactosialidosis 258 galectin 344 gammopathy 198 ganglioside, degradation of 197 GATA-l 17 Gaucher disease 3-5,92, 193, 195, 196,

198 - enzyme replacement 5 - enzyme therapy 198 - gene therapy 202 - monitoring of therapeutic correction

202 - type 1 5, 197, 198 - type 2 5, 200 - type 3 15, 200 GC, Glucocorticoid 27 gelatinase B 261 Gelsolin 321 gene targeting 91 gene targeting in vivo, macrophage­

specific 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107

gene transcription 28 genetic, disorder 202 genotype-phenotype 196 geranylgeraniol 8 ,B-globin gene 94

Subject Index

globoside, degradation of 197 glomerular crescentic nephritis 281 glomerular nephritis 284 glucan 471 ,B-glucan 460, 465 ,B-glucan receptor 79, 463, 464 glucocerebrosidase 5, 92, 193, 197-198 - mannose-terminated 199 - placental 199 glucocerebroside 197 glucocorticoid receptor 209 glucocorticoid receptor a (GRa) 210 glucocorticoid response element (GRE)

216 glucosylceramide 92,193,197 glucosyltransferase, ceramide-specific

201 glycan, mannose-type 199 glycerol 307 glycocalyx 325 glycogenosis 195 glycoprotein 194,395 glycoproteinosis 195 glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 194,272,274,

396 glycosphingolipid 418 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis 201 glycosylation 392 Golgi, vesicle 136 Golgi apparatus 195 GRa 217 - anti-inflammatory effect 216 gram-positive bacterium 413 granule 297,315 granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF 12 granuloma 427 granulomatous disease 139 grey matter 374 growth factor 125,162,313 - hematopoietic 12 guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 273 guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase 120 guinea-pig, Mtb 424

H. capsulatum 467,469 HzOz 229,230,237-238 Haber-Weiss cycle 229-230,237 haemagglutinin 391 haematological, disorder 202 haemodynamics, systemic 436

Subject Index

haemoglobin 436 haemophilia 92 Haemophilus inJluenzae 69,81 halide 231 haptotaxis 274 HDL 153 - cholesterol-enriched 159 - plasma-derived 158 heart attack 184 heat shock protein (Hsp) 90,135,343 heat shock protein complex 211 HeLa cell 418 Helicobacter pylori 235 helminth infection 276 hematopoiesis 11-12,14,18 hepar an sulphate 396-398 heparin 396 heparin-binding protein 269 heparitinase treatment 397 hepatic, expression 154 hepatic macrophage 48 hepatic phagocyte 45 hepatitis 234 hepatitis A 51 hepatocyte 199 hepatomegaly 197 herpes simplex virus (HSV) 393 herpesvirus 44, 284 15-HETE 215 heterogeneity of macrophages 55, 57 heterotrimeric G protein complex 273 hexamer 134 histamine 281 histone 300 Histoplasma capsulatum 470 HIV 69,201,257,282,391,393,428,432 HIV and GAG, interaction 397 HIV infection 255, 284-286 HIV infectivity 271 HIV therapy 283 HIV-l 79,299,378,387 HIV-l associated dementia 374 HMG-box protein 28 HNO (nitroxyl) 233 13-HODE 215 homelessness (apoptosis) 121 homeobox family protein 28 homeostasis 71,78, 116, 184,209-210 - macrophage 209,211,213,215,217,

219,221,223,225

homeostatic function 216 homozygosity 204

485

hormone response elements (HREs) 210 host's immune response 284 housekeeping gene, Mtb 413 HOX gene 14 HREs 211 HSP 345,347 Hsp65 heat shock protein, mycobacterial

431 human c-fes gene 97 human CDllb promoter 95 human herpes virus 284 hyaloid artery 377 hydrocarbon chain 175 hydrolase 194 hydrolysis 151 hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid 181 hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity 48 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid 181 hydroxyl radical COH) 230 hyperlipidemia 160 hypermetabolism 198 hyperreactivity, bronchial (BHR) 280 hypertension 259 hypohalous acid (HOX) 231 hypolipoproteinaemia 198 hypothalamic magnocellular neuron 377 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 213 hypoxia 430 - ventilatory 435 hypoxia-induced response, Mtb 430 hypoxia-inducible protein (HIF)-l 430

ICAM-l 116, 118, 124 ICAM-2 116 ICAM-3 392 ICSBP 17,24 IFN-a 234 IFN-y 24,26,229,234,421,428-431 IFNGR 422 IgA response 50 IgE response 50 IL-l,8 260 IL-3, interleukin 12 IL-I0 23,72,73 - interleukin 57 imino sugar therapy 203 immune response 11, 43, 56, 73, 346, 460 - adaptive 345

486

- cell-mediated 413 - gram-negative 341 - gram-positive 341 immune responses against - antigens 69 - microbes 69 immune tolerance 21 immunity 182 immunobiology 45 immunodeficiency 100,283 immunoglobulin (Ig) 70, 118 immunological marker 356 immunomodulation 92, 470 immunomodulation protocol 102 immunomodulator 76, 471 immunomodulatory tyrosine-activating

motif (ITAM) 79, 464 immunostimulating complex 75 immunotherapy 346 indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) 344 inducible gene expression 21 inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase

(iNOS) 468 infection 21, 112 - bacterial 7,45, 123,253 - cell-mediated host defense against 276 - fungal 45 - mucosal 21 - parasitic 45 - respiratory 7 - viral 253, 389 infection by virus 389 infectious disease 68-69, 80 infectious lesion 162 inflammation 21-22,72,76, Ill, 116,

131-133,135,137-139,141,143,145, 182,187,282

- acute 12 - chronic 12 - systemic 373 inflammatory 162 inflammatory bowel disease 21, 123,

216-217 inflammatory cytokine 162 inflammatory disease 253 - chronic 219 inflammatory gene expression 25 inflammatory reaction 56 inflammatory response 71 influenza 68

influenza virus 43,391 - glycosylated strain of 394 innate immunity 386 iNOS 233, 235, 468 iNOS gene 233

Subject Index

inositol-1 ,3,5-trisphosphate 177 inside out signaling 125 integrin 111,113-115,117,119-121,123,

125, 127, 129,417 - expression in macrophages and

macrophage-like cells 114 - in macrophage biology 115 - in monocyte/macrophage extravasation

116 - structure 112-113 integrin blockade 123 integrin function, therapeutic inhibition

123 integrin in macrophage cell-cell

interaction 118 integrin-CD47 complex 123 integrins and the macrophage

cytoskeleton 119 intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l

114 interferon 17 - y-IFN 15, 17,72, 181 interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1)

421 interleukin 1/3 converting enzyme (ICE)

260 intestinal macrophage 50 intranasal administration 61 intraperitoneal injection 61 intratracheal instillation 61 intravenous administration 59 intron 1 99 IRF, interferon regulatory factor 17 iron oxide particle 52 ISCOM 75

Jak 433 Jak/STAT 434 Janus kinase OAK) 273 junctional adhesion molecule OAM)-l

116

killing 468 killing the macrophage 58 kininase II 259

Subject Index

Klebsiella pneumoniae 80 knockout mice 272, 278 Kupffer cell 45-47,57,59-60,90, 154,

218

L-arginine 232, 235 L-citrulline 232 L-ornithine 232 L-selectin 263 L. monocytogenes 435-436 LAM 416 laminin 117 Langerhans cell 90, 338 latent TB infection (LTBI) 431 lecithin 76 lectin 51, 398 - endogenous 393 - type I 342 - type II C 342 lectin receptor, macrophage 390 Legionella pneumophila 300 Leishmania 43, 434 - braziliensis 432 - mexicana 432 - tropica 432 leishmaniasis 432 lenercept 7 lentivirus 202,387,392 lepromatous leprosy 432 leukaemia virus 395 leukemia - myeloid l3 - promyelocytic 13 leukocyte 228,274 - chemokine/receptor binding 274 - chemotactic agent 182 leukocyte elastase (LE) 262 leukocyte function 140 leukocyte proliferation 112 leukocyte transmigration 273 leukotriene, sulfidopeptide 326 leupeptin 356 ligand - endogenous 215 - systemic 215 ligand-receptor interaction 377 ligand-dependent transactivation 213-

214 linoleic acid 176, 185-187 - liver 178

linseed oil 179-180 lipid 194, 322, 385 lipid metabolism 148-149 lipid oil 149

487

lipid uptake 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159,161,163,165,167, 169, 171

lipidosis 195 lipoarabinomannan, mannosylated 77 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 6, 22, 70, l34,

155,181,232,276,379,467 lipoprotein 151, 156, 177,318,321 - aggregated 150 lipoproteins, atherogenic 162 liposome 42, 44, 55, 58, 320 - intra-articular injection 62 - intranasal administration 61 - intraperitoneal injection 59,61,62 - intratracheal instillation 61 - intratracheally administered 59 -long-circulating 51 - subcutaneous injection 59, 60 - testis 62 - to reach macrophage 59 liposome-mediated delivery into

macrophage 62 lipoteichoic acid 395, 467 lipoxin 181 lip oxygenase (LOX) 181 Listeria monocytogenes 43 liver macrophage 47 liver X receptor (LXR) 209 liver X receptors a and f3 (LXRa and

LXRf3) 210 locus control region (LCR) 94, 97 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 56, 90,

149,153,174,184,186,309 - oxidation 185, 187 LOX-1 155 LPA 311,3l3 LPC 311,313,320,326 - LPS-induced 312 LPP 258 LPS-binding protein 134 LT 181 LTA4, synthesis 326 LTBI 431 lung - perfusion (Q) 435 - ventilation (V) 435 lung damage, FeR-mediated 433

488

lung disease 262 lung infection 44 LXR 162,213 LXR receptor 160 LXRa 218 LXRa expression 215 LXR,B 218 LXR-ATP-binding cassette 218 lymph node 58,59,61,71 lymph node macrophage 48-49 lymphatic drainage 50 lymphocyte 58, 117 lymphocyte function associated antigen

(LFA)-l 114 lymphoid organ 71,73 - lymphoid-derived 338 lymphoid tissue 76 lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) 344 lysine 257 lyso-PAF 323 lyso-phosphatidic acid (LPA) 308 lysophosphatide 309,311,316,319,321-

323,327 - surface effect 325 lysophosphatide family 312 lysophosphatidylcholine 177 lysophospholipid 308 lysophospholipid growth factor 306 lysosomal associated membrane protein

(LAMP) 91 lysosomal carboxypeptidase A 258 lysosomal degradation 418 lysosomal glucocerebrosidase defi-

ciency 193 lysosomal protective protein 258 lysosomal storage disease 3, 258 lysosomal storage disorders 89, 103,

193-197,199,201,203,205,207 lysosome 151, 194,259,419-420 lysozyme 296 Lysozyme-Directed Transgene Expression

96

M cell 50 M lysozyme gene 96 M<I> killing 468 M. leprae 439 macmarck 344 macrophage 3,5,7,9,114,374 - activated 47

Subject Index

- chemotaxis 179 - enzyme replacement 8 - in the bone marrow 60 - in the lung interstitium 59 - in contact with blood 45 - phenotypic diversity 254 - multinuclear 363 - perivascular 378-379 - pretreatment 23 - stimulated 47 macrophage against Mtb 418 macrophage cationic pep tides (MCP)-l

298 macrophage clearance functions in

vivo 41,43,45,47,49,51,53 macrophage colony-stimulating factor

(M-CSF) 75, 198 macrophage development 12 - transcription factor 11,13,15, 17, 19,

21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39 macrophage fusion receptor (MFR) 428 macrophage gelatinase 261 macrophage gene targeting 91 macrophage immunity 409,411,413,

415,417,419,421,423,425,427,429, 431,433,435,437,439,441,443,445, 447,449,451,453,455,457

macrophage in situ 431 macrophage in vivo 101 macrophage inflammatory protein

(MIP) 277 macrophage integrin III macrophage interaction with extracellular

matrix 117 macrophage mannose receptor

(MMR) 90, 263 macrophage mannose receptor secretase

263 macrophage metalloelastase (MME) 262 macrophage promoter activity 20 macrophage receptor with collagenous

domain (MARCO) 75 macrophage suicide 44, 55 - liposome-mediated 59 macrophage-lymphocyte network 427 macrophage-derived chemokine

(MDC) 100 macrophage-monocyte network 428 macrophage-restricted, marker 91 macrophage-specific gene targeting 91

Subject Index

macrophage-specific promoter 19 macrophage-virus interaction 398 macropinocytosis 48 macrosialin 91, 154 macular cherry-red spot 258 malaria 69 maleylation 77 mammalian gene regulation 93 ManLAM 415 mannan 56, 470 mannoprotein 460 mannose receptor (MR) 56,72,77,200,

390,463,465 mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan

(ManLAM) 415 mannose-moiety 193 mannosylated glycoprotein 463 mannosylated-BSA 391 mannosylation 77 MARCO 90 marginal zone (MZ) 73 marginal zone metallophil (MZM) 74 marker 76,91 - Gaucher cell 193 marker B220 95 marker expression 74 matrix attachment region (MAR) matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 maturation of DC 112, 343 MBL 393 MCP-l/CCL2 279,281 MDR-TB, patient 432 measles - vaccinia 68 - virus 387 medullary region 76 melanoma antigen 347 membrane phospholipid 174 membrane scrambling 318 meninges, macrophage 380 mental retardation 258 MEROPS database 254 Met-RANTES 281 metalloproteinase 162 metastasis 285 - MMP9 261 metastasis melanoma 347 metazoan organism III Metchnikoff 412

96 261

122

MF59 72 mgtC (magnesium transporter) 426 MHC class-I 43, 77 MHC class-II 43,49,77 micelle 320 microbial infection 80, 386 microglia 90,218,373-375,377 - function 377 - parenchymal 374 - phenotype 376 microphthalmia transcription factor

(MITF) 18, 93 microtubule polymerization 119 microtubule-associated protein (MAP)

121 migration 112, 119 mimic, small, non-peptidyl 433 mineral phase 356 MIP-1a/CCL3 282 MIP-1,B/CCL4 282

489

mitochondrial respiration 240 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)

activation 273 MMP9 261 MMP12 262 monoclonal antibody

338,375-376,379 - neutralizing 279 monocyte 7l,114 - chemotaxis 179 - PAF 326

51,78,90, 114,

monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 257,270

monocyte differentiation 16 monocyte-endothelial interaction 116 monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis l39 monocyte/macrophage leukocyte 276 monocytes 90 mononuclear phagocyte lineage 90 Monospora bicuspidata 412 morpholine 469 mouse spleen 338 MPO, immunoreactivity 231 MR 416 mRNA 184 mRNA transcript 412 Mstl kinase 8 Mtb 409,413 - and its human host 411 - drug therapy 431

490

- drug-resistant strain 435 - macrophage against 414 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis 411 - siderophore 419 - vaccination 431 Mtb mutant 426 Mtb phagosome 423 Mtb PL 420 Mtb recognition - macrophage receptor 415,416 - receptor for 414 mucolipidosis 195 mucopolysaccharidosis 195 mucosa 90 mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

(MALT) 69 multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain 411 multimolecular complex 121-122 multinucleated giant cell (MGC) 428 multiple myeloma 198 multiple sclerosis (MS) 7, 123,277 mumps - vaccinia 68 - ViruS 387 murine M lysozyme gene 96 murine macrosialin protein 98 murine spleen 74 mycobacterium 386 - M. avium 432 - M. chelonei 432 mycobacterium bacillus Calmette-Guerin

(BCG) 379 Mycobacterium leprae 43 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 43, 68, 139, 30~409,411,413,415,41~41~421,

423,425,427,429,431,433,435,437, 439,441,443,445,447,449,451,453, 455,457

myeloid development 13 myeloperoxidase (MPO) 231,238,468 myelopoiesis 16 myxoma viral protein 285 MZF-1, myeloid zinc finger protein 13 MZMM0 74-75

N-butyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ) 201

N203 239 n-3 PUFA 183 NADPH, oxidase 228

Subject Index

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 138

NADPH oxidase 229 nanocarrier 42 nanosphere 46 nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT)

81 natural killer (NK) 182, 344 natural resistance-associated macrophage

protein 1 (NRAMP1) 426 NB-DNJ 201 necrosis 313 Neisseria meningitidis 69, 81 neonatal brain 376 nerve injury, sciatic 44 nervous system 373 - central and peripheral 373,375,377,

379,381,383 - injury 373 - peripheral 373 - repair 373 neurodegeneration, acute or chronic 378 neuroinflammation 91 neurological disease 378 neuromediator 138 neuronopathic 200 neurotrophin 376 neutrophil 117,236,275-276 neutrophil activating peptide (NAP) 270 neutrophil elastase 262 NF-KB 28,214,216-218,358,467 NF-KB family 213 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 112, 228 Niemann-Pick disease 92,204 nitration 235 nitric oxide 232, 261 nitric oxide synthase, NOS 232 nitrogen dioxide (N02) 424 nitrogen oxide species, reactive 232 nitrosation 239 nitrosothiol 468 NO 235-237,239 - autoxidation 239 NOz- 232, 238 N03- 232, 238 N02 238 non-viral vector 101 Northern blot 299 - analysis 256

Subject Index

Northern blotting 262 NOS isoform 233 NOS knock-out mouse model 469 NOS2 422 NOS2 expression 430 Notch ligand 339 Notch-expressing cell 339 NPCl protein 157 NRAMPI 427 nuclear, reticulum 314 nuclear hormone receptor 209 nuclear receptor 209, 2ll, 213, 215, 217-

219,221,223,225 - transcriptional activity 213 nucleic acid 194 nucleoside 138 nucleoside diphosphate 135 nucleoside triphosphate 135 nucleotide 132, 138 Nurr77 213 NX2ll 51

O2- synthesis, lung bacterial 425 O2- 235-236 02 239-240 oily fish 174 oleic acid 176, 185-187 oligodendrocyte process 261 oligonucleotide 343 oligosaccharide 194,385,391,395,463 oligosaccharide chain 194 omeprezole 426 Onco TCS 51 oncogene, viral 15 ONOO_ 235-236 opsonin 461 oral, cavity 50 oral tolerance 50 organs, in contact with the bloodstream

59 orphan nuclear receptor 213 orphan receptor 218 osteoblast 124, 354, 356, 364 osteoblastic 357 osteoblastic cell 357 osteoblasts, resorption 361 osteoclast 124,218,353,355-357,359,

361,363,365,367,369,371 - activation 356 - and macrophage 359

491

- apoptosis 218 - differentiation 356, 360 osteoclast formation 8,357,359 osteoclast integrin ll5 osteoclast-dependent bone destruction 3 osteoclastic enzyme 356 osteoclasts 354 osteocyte 356 osteolysis 359 osteopetrosis 354-355,357,362 osteoporosis 4,9, ll2, 124,219,353-354,

364 osteoprotegerin (OPG) 353,357 osteosclerosis 124 outside in signaling 125 ovalbumin (OVA) 79 ovarian cancer 238 OX2 72 oxidant 162 oxidation 150 oxidative damage 188 oxLDL 154 oxLDL receptor 155 oxygen 240 oxysterol 160

P lysozyme gene 96 P. carinii 465 PI, subtype 137,140 PI and P2 receptor subtype 137 PI receptor 131-132,135 P2,subtype 137,140 P2 receptor 131-133,136 - P2X 133 - P2Y 133, 135, 140 PAF 309,313,316,319,322-323,327 - actions of 310 - biosynthesis 326 - interaction with macrophages 326 - surface effect 325 - trans cellular metabolism 326 PAFR 310 Paget's disease 4,361,364 PAMP 80,341 Paneth cells of the intestine 96, 295 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 467 parasitic pathogen 386 pathogen-associated molecular pattern

(PAMP) 79,387,414 patocytosis 156

492

pattern recognition receptor (PRR) 386, 414

paxillin 117 PDMP 201 PE 318 pentacarbon alkyl chain 283 peptidoglycan (PGN) 340,395,416 peptidoglycan wall 413 peptidyl dipeptidase 259 periodontitis 364 peripheral mervous system, macrophage

380 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

(PPAR)y 9, 187,209,311 peroxynitrite 235, 468 persister 431 pertussis 68 pertussis toxin 123 Peyer's patch 50 PGE2 182-183 pH, acidic 43 phagocyte 56 phagocyte killing 297, 468 phagocyte oxidase 229 phagocytic/endocytic receptor 42 phagocytic/macropinocytic clearance 42 phagocytized microbe 301 phagocytose free virus 386 phagocytosis 42-43,48,55,57,63,71,

111-112,117,119,156,174,180,188, 194,313,319,324,460

- FcR-mediated 312 - fungus 463 phagolysosome 229,301 phagosome (PG) 418 phagosome killing 468 phagosome-lysosome fusion l39 pharmacokinetics 433 pharmacological intervention 254 phenotype 374 phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 155 phosphatidic acid 177 phosphatidylcholine (PC) 177,307,316 phosphatidylethanolamine 308 phosphatidylglycerol 308 phosphatidylserine (PS) 308, 3l3, 324 phosphoinositil triphosphate (PIP3) 273 phospho inositol transfer protein (PITP)

316 phospholipase 181

phospholipases A2 314 phospholipase C l35

Subject Index

phospholipid 177-178,308,314-315 - aqueus extracellular milieu 319 - bioactive 319, 321 - hydrophilic (amphipathic) 323 - membrane insertion 322 - membrane presentation 323 - plasma membrane 316 - surface receptor 322 - synthesis 314 - translocated 318 - translocation 319 phospholipid binding 320 phospholipid growth-factor, PLGF 306 phospholipid mediator 326 - biologic effect 306 - in vitro 320 - in vivo 320 - secretion 306 phospholipid product, macrophage 305, 30~30~311,313,31~31~319,321,

323,325,327,329,331,333 phospholipid retention 321 phospholipid scrambling 317 phospholipid storage 321 phospholipid vesicle 58 phosphomannosyl moiety 194 phosphorylation 22 phosphorylcholine 321,325 phthisis 432 pinocytosis 156, 194, 416 PLA2 activation 319 placental, macrophage 394 plasma phospholipid transfer protein

(PLTP) 321 platelet activating factor (PAF) 177,308,

309 platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

121, 184 PMN 297 - antimicrobial peptide in 297 pneumococcal glycoconjugate 81 Pneumocystis carinii 463 PNS, peripheral mervous system 380 pOZ 240 polio 68 poliomyelitis virus 75 poloxamer 46, 49 - structure 46

Subject Index

poloxamine 46 - structure 46 polyethylene glycol (PEG) 63 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 256,

299 polymeric nanospheres 42 polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

296 polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)

124 polysaccharide 69,81,461 - fungal cell wall 460 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 153,

174, 177 poxvirus 284 PPAR 26, 160, 162,213 PPAR agonist 153 PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated

receptor 26 PPARy 215,217 - anti-inflammatory effect 216 PPARy ligand 26 PPCA 258 prednisone 213 presenilin 344 (Prf), PU.1-related factor 17 pro-inflammatory signal 21 production, cytokine 56 productive receptor 390 propylene oxide (PO) 46 prostaglandin (PG) 181 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 340 protease 253-255,257,259,261,263-

265, 267 - ectoprotease 255 - function 255 protease-integrin association 122 proteases, acting at the cell surface 263 protein 28, 194,385 - identification 28 proteoglycan 112,376,396,398 proton pump 355 protoporphyrin IX (hemin) 238 PRR 387 - germline-encoded 414 PS 313,319 PS receptor 313, 327 PS-binding protein 325 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 80 psoriasis 216

PU.1 16-17,19,93,98 PU.1 gene 18 pulmonary context, macrophage

specialisations 429 pulmonary fibrosis 21 pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) 411 pupillary membrane 377

493

purinergic receptors 131-133,135,137, 139, 141, 143, 145

Purkinje cell, cerebellar 259 pyk2 117

Rab7-RILP 420 rabies 68 raloxifene 212 RANK 357-359 RANKL 353, 358-360 RANTES receptor 277 RANTES/CCL5 271,276-277,280-282 reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) 424 reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS)

227-228 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 227-228 reactive oxygen species and reactive nitro­

gen oxide species, relationship between 227,229,231,233,235,237,239,241, 243,245,247,249,251

recombinant adenovirus 100 recombinant lentiviral vector 100 recombinant vaccinia virus 75 red pulp macrophage 45 Rei protein 22 renal cell carcinoma 347 renal fibrosis 282 resident macrophages in contact with

blood 45 resorption 361 respiratory burst 174,180,188,228 respiratory disease 92 respiratory infection 436 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 68, 393 respiratory virus 393-394 retinoid acid receptor (RAR) 214 retinoid X receptor a (RXRa) 210 retrocyclin 299 retroviral vector 100 rheumatoid, disease 422 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 3-4,6-7,9,

21,25,216-217,277 rho 120

494

rho kinase 119 RILP 420 RNA interference, RNAi 92 RNI 424,426 RNI production 424 RNOS 237,240 - reactive nitrogen oxide species 232 RNOS and ROS interaction 235 Robert Koch 412 ROI 425-426 RORa 213 ROS 236,240 rotavirus 68 rubella, vaccinia 68 RXR 210,218

S-nitrosothiol (SNO) 435 S. cerevisiae blastospore 465 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 460 Salla disease 195 Salmonella 238 Salmonella typhi 68 Salmonella typhimurium 298, 300, 436 Sandhoff disease 201 saponin 76 sarcoidosis 139, 204 scavenger receptor 56, 150, 152, 162,324,

342,374,378 - Class B 152 - SR-A 77,90,98,99, 150 scavenger receptor expression 97 scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine

and oxidized lipoprotein, SR-PSOX 155

scavenging cell 57 Schwann cell 380 scramblase 317 scrambling 315,317,319 selective oestrogen receptor modulator

(SERMS) 364 Sendai infection 396 sentinel 340 septic patient 233 septic shock 21 serine 306 sialoadhesin 73, 263 signaling enzyme 122 signalling receptor 79 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) 387 Sinerem 52

Subject Index

SIP 312 smooth muscle cell 125, 149 SOD 237 SP-A 393 SP-D 393 Sp1 19 sphingolipidosis 195 sphingomyelin (SM) 158,311,318,307 sphingomyelin metabolism 308 spi -1 genes 102 Spi-B transcription factor 17 spinal cord injury 44 spleen, white pulp 58 splenic, conduit network 60 splenic interendothelial cell slit, (IES) 46 splenic macrophage 45 splenomegaly 197 spoligotype 413 sputum 435 sputum smear, positive 432 SR-A 152 SR-A gene promoter 98,102 SR-BI 153, 159 SR-PSOX 155 starch oil 76 STAT 234,273,433 STAT activation 23 STATl (signal transducer and activator of

transcription-I) 13,421 STATl/IRF1 422 STEM 156 stem cell factor (SCF) 339 sterol response element binding protein

(SREBP) 218 stomatitis virus 75 Streptococcus pneumoniae 69, 80 stroke 374 stroma, inflammatory site 273 stromal cell 118 substrate deprivation 201 substrate deprivation therapy 204 sunflower oil 187 superoxide, oxidase 228 superoxide dis mutase (SOD) 230 surfactant homeostasis 394 surfactant protein (SP) 429 surfactant receptor 429 syndecan 344 synovial cavity of joint, intra-articular

injection in 62

Subject Index

systemic lupus erythematosus 216-217 T cell, autoreactive 70 T cell-dependent antigens (TD) 70 T helper cells 21 T lymphocyte 275 T lymphocyte, cytotoxic 43 talin 119 Tangier disease 159, 218 TAT, trans-activating transcriptional

activator 44 TATAA 19 Tay-Sachs disease 195,201 TB 411 - African and Asian population 423 - Brazilian population 427 - extrapulmonary 432 - Japanese 427 - Korean 427 - patient 432 - reactivation 413 - treatment 436 - West African 427 TB vaccination 410 TBP, TATAA-binding protein 19 testicular macrophage 62 tetanus antitoxin 76 tetanus toxoid 69 tetramer 134 tetraspanin 121 Tetraspanin-integrin complex 122 TGF-,8, transforming growth factor 26,

57,234 thiazolidinedione treatment 160 THP-1 cells 154, 161 thrombocytopaenia 5, 197 thrombosis 185 thrombospondin 122, 342 thromboxane 181,324 thymic epithelium 78 thymus, lymphoid-derived 338 thyroid receptor (TR) 214 Thy 1.1 trans gene 95 tissue, localization of macrophage 58 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases

(TIMP) 261 tissue-resident 90 TLR 395,416 - family 395 - toll-like receptor 467 7TM receptor 272

TNF sequestrant therapy 3, 6 TNF-a 6-7,25-26,471 - osteoblastic cell 359 - osteoclast 353, 362 - tumor necrosis factor 57

495

TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) 6, 263 TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a 22 TNFR 422 Toll-like receptor 56, 385,463 - TLR 395,416,467 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 79,386,415 Toll-like receptor (TLR) family 340 tooth eruption 354 Toxoplasma gondii 43, 300, 435 Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite antigen 73 TRANCE/RANKL 358 transcription 21 - co-factor 21 transcription factor 11-12,14,20,28 - macrophage development 11, 13, 15, 17,

19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39 - myeloid-restricted 91 - STAT 15 transcriptional regulation 89 trans endothelial migration 116 transferrin 418-419 transferrin receptor 435, 469 transforming growth factor,81 376 transforming growth factor (TGF)-a 263 transforming growth factor (TGF)-,8 7~ 118, 155,32~353,359

trans gene expression 89 transgenic animals 94 translocation 315 transplant rejection 216 traumatic injury, acute 374 triacylglycerol 175, 177 triglyceride 152 Trypanosoma cruzi 324 tubercle bacillus 412-413 tubercular animals, resistant 412 tuberculoid granuloma 427 tuberculosis (TB) 6, 139, 409 tuberculostatic, mechanism 423 tuberculous lymphadenitis 428 tuftsin receptor 45 tumor, MMP9 261 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 4, 181 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a 139, 155,

263,416

496

tumour 347 tumour antigen 346 tumour immunotherapy 338 tumourigenesis 344 tyrosine phosphatase 120 tyrosine phosphorylation 317 TZD, thiazolidinedione 26

ulcerative colitis 7,26 uPAR 122 uridine diphosphate (UDP) 132 uri dine triphosphate (UTP) 132 urokinase receptor (uPAR) 122

vaccine 68, 80, 89 - bacterial 68 - immunogenicity 80 - viral 68 vaccine design 67,69,71,73,75,77,79,

81,83,85,87 vaccine development 80 vaccine strategy 346 vaccines, prophylactic 71 vascular cell adhesion molecule

(VCAM)-l 116 vascular smooth muscle, cell 228 VDR 217,423 - anti-inflammatory effect 216 vector 89 vesicle 315,321 Vibrio cholerae 68 vinculin 119

viral carbohydrate 394 viral infection 69,387,389 viral transmission 282

Subject Index

viral vaccine, future development 399 viral vector 102 virus 385-386 - innate recognition 385,387,389,

391,393,395,397,399,401,403,405, 407

- interaction of macrophage 389 virus infection 398 virus-macrophage interaction 385 virus-infected cell 387 visceral leishmaniasis 51 vitamin D 218 vitamin D receptor (VDR) 2lO,215 vitamin E 153 vitellogenin-like 256 von Willebrand factor 113 Western blot, analysis 256 Western diet 152 white, matter 374 Wolman disease 204 World Health Organisation 431 wound healing and repair 344

Xenopus oocyte 137

zinc finger family 14 zinc finger protein 13 Zn-SOD 237 zymosan 180, 467