Subject Index

Abdominal pregnancies 282 Abdominal sonography 281 Abnormal mucosal folds 117 Abnormal or defective fold pattern 126 Acidic mucus glycoproteins 230 Acrosome reaction 20,28,83,84 Acrosome reaction to ionophore challenge

(ARIC) test 224 Actinomyces 172 Acute appendicitis 175 Adhesions 107,114,126 Adnexae scanning 248 Adnexal mass 248 Agglutination 114 Albumin 19,65,67 Alpha receptor 7 Amino acids 53,59 Ampullary cell-lines 30 Ampullary cells 80-1 Ampullary isthmic junction (AIJ) 4 Ampullary region 18 Ampullosalpingoscopy 102-3 Anaesthesia, improved acceptability 224 Angiographic embolisation 272 Antegrade white out reflection 99 Antipyrine 11 Antispermatozoal antibodies (ASABs) 215,

222-4 Argon laser 157, 161, 162 Aschheim-Zondek test 257 Aspiration 282

under ultrasonographic control 273 Asthenozoospermia 215,222 Australian Institute of Health (AIH) National

Perinatal Statistics Unit (NPSU) 217 Automatic innervation 7

Bacteroides species 172 Balloon tuboplasty 140, 142 Basal cells 5, 38 Beta adrenergic compounds 7

Beta receptor 7 Bilateral proximal tubal obstruction 146,

155 Bilateral tubal opacification 135 Bipolar diathermy 164 Bipolar tubal disease 140 Black "spots" 117 Blastocysts 34

cavitating 28, 29 coculture 34 formation 48 hCGin 243

"Blind" cannulations 224 Blocking uterotubal junction devices 185 Blood vessels with irregular lumen 117 Bovine oviductal fluid (BOF) 82

Ca-125 levels 245 Capacitation 20, 28, 40, 77, 82 Carbonisation 158 Cardiac arrythmia 273 Catheter membrane advancement 101 Catheter system and techniques 230-3 Cervical cannula 143 Cervical pregnancy 272, 282 Cervix 78 Charring 158 Chemical cauterisation 183 Chemotherapy 282 Chlamydia trachomatis 172-4,176,177 Chocolate cysts 161 Chronic infection 123 Cilia 18,38

in subculture 47 regeneration of 39

Cilia beat 85 Ciliated cells 5, 18,25,38,53,79 Ciliogenesis 5 Citrovorum factor in ectopic pregnancy 258 Clomiphene 279 Clomiphene citrate (CC) 222

296

Clostridia 172 CO2 laser 157-61, 164 Coagulase-negative Staphylococci 172 Coagulating laser 162 Coagulation zone 162 Coaxial catheter systems 142, 143, 152,287 Coaxial falloposcopy 98-9 Coculture 26-33

embryo quality in 28 fertilisation rates in 28-9 mechanism of action 29-30 of blastocysts 34 of epithelial cells with gametes and

embryos 47-8 of human ampullary cell 30-2 of sperm 84-5 specificity of 29

Collapsed sac 250 Colpotomy 281 Columnar cells 5 Combined intrauterine and ectopic

pregnancy 246 Complement 65 Complex adnexal mass 250 Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA)

224 Continuous flow hysteroscopy (CFH) 193 Contralateral ectopic pregnancy 234 Contralateral tube 126,259

status of 259, 260 Cornual polyps 123 Corynebacterium 172 Crabtree effect 54 Cryopreservation of tubal epithelial cells

33 Culdocentesis 281 Cumulus cells 60,83 Curettage 281 Cutting efficiency 162 Cytokeratin 44 Cytoplasmic processes 23 Cytoskeleton 25 Cytosol 39

Daily serum oestradiol (E2) 221-2 Debris 106 Deciliation 19, 121, 122

in luteal phase 39 De novo synthesis of proteins 69,71 2-Deoxyadenosine 224 Desmine 44 Desquamation 122 Diethylstilboestrol 279 Disordered Ovulatory Cycles 222 Dysmenorrhoea 163, 164, 197 Dyspareunia 163

Early pregnancy factor (EPF) 245 Ectopic gestation sac 248

Subject Index

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) 140, 175, 190,234, 241-54

ablation of gestational site 264 advantages of laparoscopic approach 267-

8 biochemical markers 244-5 clinical features 241-2 combined use of ultrasound and

hCG 249-50 conservative management 147-8,259-61,

281 contralateral 234 definitive sign 281 delayed haemorrhage 282 diagnosis 147-8,248-9,256-7,279-81

by exclusion of intrauterine pregnancy 246-8

expectant treatment 257-8, 272, 282 hCG levels in 242-4,249-51,256-8,280-

2,288-90 incidence of 241,255,279 laparotomy 261-3 local injection therapy

transabdominal approach 272-4 transvaginal approach 274-5

management of 255-69 medical treatment 258, 271-7, 282 mortality 255,279 non-surgical management 271-7,275,

282-3 "persistent" 281 post-operative care 267 post -operative hospital stay 267-8 pregnancy testing in 241-3 prevalence of 256 prior 267 rates 145,155,160,217,255 recurrence 242,260 removal of gestational products 266-7 risk of 241-2 segmental excision 261, 265-6 sonographic criteria 250 surgical management 259-63, 281 tubal abortion 262 ultrasound in 249-50 vaginal sonography in 245-9,251

Ectopic trophoblast 243 Electrocauterisation 183 Electrocoagulation 265 Embryo growth 221 Embryo transfer (ET) 215,217,229 Embryo transport 85-6 Embry%vum retention 86 Embryos

coculture of epithelial cells with 47-8 fragmentation of 28

Endocoagulator 164 Endometriosis 114, 122-3, 164, 175

cytoreduction of 164-5 laser laparoscopic treatment of 161

Endometritis 171

Subject Index

Endometrium 246 Endoscopic clips 164 Endovaginal transducers 245 Enterobacteria 172 Enzyme immunoassays 242 Epithelial cell culture 37-51

confirmation of cell type 44 fibroblast overgrowth in 43

Epithelial cells coculture with gametes and embryos

47-8 human ampullary 21 isolation of 41-2 selection of 43-4

Epithelial folds 96 Escherichia coli 173 Expanded blastocyst 48 Extracellular matrices (ECM) 41

Failed donor insemination (DI) 215 Fallopian tube fluid 19 Fallopian tubes

mucosa of 38-9 normality of 224 recanalisation. See Recanalisation tortuous 112, 125

Falloposcopic cannulations 225 Falloposcopy 95-109,292

classification system for oviduct disease 103

clinical results with coaxial delivery system 105-6

preliminary evaluation with non­hysteroscopic linear eversion catheter delivery system 106-7

scoring system for oviduct disease 103 Falope-Ring Band 198,207

failure of sterilisation 207 Female contraception 183 Fertilisation 20, 86

of supernumerary oocytes 225 rates in coculture 28-9

Fertility Society of Australia (FSA) 217 Fibroblast growth factor 47 Fibroblast overgrowth in epithelial cell

culture 43 Fibronectin 82 Fibrosis 122, 123 Filmy adhesions 126 Filopodia 23 Filshie Clip 198

detachment 199 distal tube 203 failed sterilisation 203-4 macroscopy 199 microscopy 199 proximal tube 202 site of occlusion 200 subsequent migration 199

Fimbrial cells 81

First International Reference Preparation (IRP) 243

Fitzhugh-Curtis syndrome of perihepatitis 171

Fluoroscopy 143,147,152,282,285 Folds 38,96,114,116,117,122,125,126 Follicular fluid 83-4 Follow-up 289 Formed-in-place silicone devices 185-6 Free intraperitoneal fluid 249 Free-radical scavenger 60 Friedman's test 257 Fronds 117 Frozen embryo transfer (FET) 217-19

Gamete intrafallopian transfer. See GIFT Gamete transport and fertilisation 77-91 Gametes

coculture of epithelial cells with 47-8 nutrition of 53

Gap junctions 6 Gardnerella vaginalis 172 Gelatine resorcinolformaline (GRF) 184 Gestational sac 246 GIFT 26,126,213-27,229

advantages of 223 clinical pregnancy rate 233 cost-effectiveness 222 disadvantages of 223 future developments 223-5 laboratory facilities 225 laparoscopic 231,233-5 male factor cases 217 period of initiation 214-17 period of rationalisation 217-21 period of reduced role 221-3 pregnancy rates 223 procedural protocol 218-21 results from multinational co-operative

study 217 transferring to one tube 220 transvaginal 231-5

f3-Globulin 19, 67 Glucose 53, 56-8

in oviduct fluid 59 role of 54

Glycogen phosphorylase 54-5 Glycoproteins 29, 66-8, 82

oviduct -specific 82-3 f3-Glycoproteins 65 Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 82 GnRH 279 Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

(GnRH) 279

297

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) 222

Gonadotrophins 279 Gonorrhoea 172 Granuloma-producing agents 184 Gynaeco-radiological procedures 138, 143

298

Haemophilus 172 Hatching 28 hCG 214,221, 222

discriminatory level 250 in blastocyst 243 levels in ectopic pregnancy 242-4, 249-

51,256-8,280-2,288-90 levels in normal pregnancy 243-4 serial determinations 244

Hexokinase (HK) 54-5 High pressure perfusion 140-7 HSG catheter 143 Hulka Clip 198

distal tube 207 failures of sterilisation 207 macroscopy 204-5 microscopy 205-7 proximal tube 207 site of occlusion 205-6

Human ampullary cells 23-6 coculture 30-2

Human ampullary epithelial cells 21 Human chorionic gonadotrophin. See hCG Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 30 Human menopausal gonadotrophins

(hMG) 214, 222 Human sperm, hyperactivation of 48 Hydrosalpinges 160,198 Hydrosalpinx 114, 122, 123, 125, 126, 154,

174 Hyperactivated motility 20 Hyperactivation (HA) 83 Hyperactivation of human sperm 48 Hyperechoic mass 250 Hyperosmolar glucose injection 273,282 Hypertonic glucose 258 Hysterosalpingogram 106, 112, 140, 141 Hysterosalpingography 95, 113, 126, 134,

143,151,152,257,281,289 Hysteroscope 97-103 Hysteroscopic cannulations 225 Hysteroscopic electrocauterisation 184 Hysteroscopic guidance 147 Hysteroscopy 292 Hysteroscopy for tubal sterilisation 183

Immunoglobulin 69 Immunoglobulin IgA 71, 172 Immunoglobulin IgG 65, 71 Immunometric assays 243 Implantation rates 30-2

per embryo 216 Index tubal pregnancy 259 Indifferent cells 5 Infertility 121-3

cytoreduction of 164-5 ineffectiveness 224

Inflammatory vascular patterns 114 Infundibular region 18 Intercalary cells 5, 39

Interstitial implantations 271 Interstitial pregnancy 282 Interval sterilisation 183

Subject Index

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 217 Intraluminal plaque formation 134 Intramural oviduct 96 Intramural tube 97 Intratubal adhesions 117, 174 Intratubal contraceptive devices (lTD) 185 Intratubal lesions 116 Intrauterine contraceptive device

(IUCD) 172,241,242,279 Intrauterine insemination (lUI) 213,222,

223 Intrauterine sac 246, 256 Intravaginal culture tube 225 In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) 213, 215, 216,

217,221,223,229,256,289 In-vitro fertilisation and embryo replacement

(IVF-ER) 26-8 In-vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer

(IVF-ET) 216, 220, 256 Isthmus 18

Kinks 112 KJITS-2000 catheter system 230 Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium 57-8 KTP/532 laser 160-2, 164

Labelling 40 Lactate 53,56-8

in oviduct fluid 59 Lactobacillus species 172 Lancefield groups, A, B, C, D, H & K

Streptococci 172 Laparoscopic laser salpingostomy for tubal

infertility 160 Laparoscopic neosalpingostomy 160 Laparoscopic salpingolysis or

Salpingostomy 162 Laparoscopic salpingotomy 250 Laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation 163 Laparoscopy 224,229,258,260,263-8,281,

282,285 comparison with hysterosalpingography

113 external appearance 112-14 in PID 175 internal appearance 114 vs salpingoscopy 128

Laparotomy 224,250,261-3,281 external appearance 111-12 internal appearance 112

Laser adhesiolysis 160 Laser energy 157 Laser laparoscopic tubal surgery 159-60 Laser salpingolysis 159 Laser technology 157-68 Laser wounds 158

Subject Index

Lasers CO2 157-61, 164 Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP/532)

visible light 160-2, 164 Lee-Frankenhauser plexus 163 Leucocytic cell reaction (LCR) 78 Linear eversion catheter (LEe) 99, 142, 143

falloposcopy delivery system 99-101, 106-8

Linear salpingotomy 262, 264 Lipid transfer activity (LTA) 83 Listeria 172 Live-born pregnancy rate 220 Luteinising hormone (LH) 221-2

Major folds 125 Male factor infertility 217, 224 Menorrhagia 197 Mesosalpinx 6 Methotrexate, in ectopic pregnancy 250,

258,271-7,282,285,288-9 Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate (MCA) 184 Microanatomy 4-6,17-18 Microbiopsies 112, 121, 122 Micro-diathermy needle 158 Micromanipulation procedures 217 Microvascular architecture (MY A) 8-10 Microvilli 25,40, 44 Migration 188 Minilaparotomy 224 Minor folds 125 Mobiluncus curtisii, M. muliensis 172 Morcellation 267 Mucopolysaccharides 67 Mucoproteins 67 Mucosa of the fallopian tube 38-9 Mucosal adhesions 126 Mucosal folds 114,116 Mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts 4, 17 Multicentre Balloon Tuboplasty study 140,

141 Multicentre TBT Study 145 Multipronuclear development 215 Musculature 18 Mycoplasma hominis 172 Myosalpinx 6

Neisseria gonorrhoea 173, 174, 176 Neodymium:YAG laser 160,163 Nervi erigentes 163 Neuroanatomy 7-8 Non-ciliated (secretory) cells 53, 79 Norepinephrine 7 Normal fold pattern 126 Nuclear receptors 39

Occlusion rate 184 Oligospermia 222

Oligozoospermia 215 Ovabloc intratubal device (lTD) 186-94

adverse experiences 191 clinical application 191-4 continuation rates 194 failed attempts 190 fertility after removal 195 installation rate 194 phase II and III clinical trials 189-90

Ovarian cycle 39-40 Ovarian endometriomas 161-3, 165 Ovarian stimulation 213,222,223 Ovarian tumour 175 Ovarian venous to ovarian artery counter­

current exchange 11 Oviduct

blood flow 10-11 environment 79-81 epithelial cell culture 41

Oviduct fluid 64-7, 82-3 glucose in 59 lactate in 59 protein concentrations in 65

Oviduct fluid-specific proteins 65-6 Oviduct mucosa 39-40 Oviduct proteins 63-75

299

Oviduct -specific glycoproteins 82-3 Oviduct-specific secretory glycoproteins 19 Oviduct tissue protein content 67-8 Oviductal cells 84-5

cyclical changes in 80 Oviductal cycle 18-19 Oviductal oestradiol receptors 80 Ovulation, effect of 58-9 Ovulatory disorders 215 Ovum donation 216 Ovum maturation 85-6 Ovum migration 85 2-0xoglutarate dehydrogenase 54-5 Oxygen consumption 54 Oxygen free radicals 56 Oxytocin 7

Parasympathetic innervation 7, 163 Partial salpingectomy 198 Partial zona dissection (PZD) 217 P-block 185 Peg cells 5 Peg (intercalary) cells 38 Pelvic endometriosis 161 Pelvic infection following tubal

catheterisation 155 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 123, 171-

9,242,255,279 acute phase 173 diagnosis 175 incidence 174 infertility following 174 laparoscopy in 175 pathogenesis 171-4

300

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - cont. prevalence 174 repair 173-4 sequelae of 174-5 treatment 176-7

Pentoxifylline 217, 224 Perforation 125, 155 Peritonitis 159, 171 Phenol 184 6-Phosphofructokinase (PFK) 54-5 Placental Protein 4 (PP4) 71 Placental Protein 5 (PP5) 67 Placental Protein 7(PP7) 71 Placental Protein 10 (PP10) 67 Placental Protein 14 (PPI4) 67, 71 Placental proteins 244 Plasminogen activator activity (PAA) 158-9 Polarised cells 41, 44 Polarised epithelial cell culture 47 Polydimethyl siloxane 186 Polyethylene devices 185 Polyphosphoinositide metabolism 84 Post-coital tests (peTs) 215,221-2 Post-sterilisation syndrome 197 Post-surgical adhesion formation 159 Potassium chloride 282 Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP/532)

visible light laser 160-2, 164 Pouch of Douglas 163, 199 Pregnancy 30-2 Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A

(PAPP-A) 67,245,280 Pregnancy rates 154-5, 163 Pregnancy rates per transfer procedure 220 Pregnancy-specific beta-I-glycoprotein

(SP-1) 244, 280 Pregnancy tests, in ectopic pregnancy 241-3 Preimplantation embryos 53 Pre-sacral neurectomy 163, 164 Primary cultures 21-3 Primary folds 96 Prior ectopic pregnancy 267 Progesterone 11,221,222,245,256,280 Progesterone antagonist RU486 272 Progesterone receptors 80 Pronuclear stage tubal transfer

(PROST) 216,217,220,223 Propofol 224 Prostaglandins 282

PGE1 5 PGE2 5,272 PGFza 5,258,272-4

Proteins de novo synthesis of 69,71 oviduct fluid-specific 65-6 secretory 68-71

Proximal tubal block 122 Proximal tubal disease 133-49

diagnosis 134-8 treatment 139-47

Proximal tubal occlusions 133, 140, 145

Pseudogestational sac 246, 248 Pulmonary oedema 273

Subject Index

Pulsed doppler and colour flow 249 Pyosalpinges 198 Pyosalpinx 174 Pyruvate 53,57,59-60

Quartz fibres 163 Quartz tips 160 Quinacrine 184

Radioimmunoassays (RIA) 242, 243 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 224 Recanalisation 154

and dilatation 283 of one or both tubes 155 repeat catheter 155

Reciliation 19 Reconstructive tubal surgery 256 Relaxin levels 245 Renin production 280 Reocclusion rate 155 Repeat catheter recanalisation 155 Retrograde cannulation 96 Risquez-Zorn catheter system 283,288, 292 Ruby laser 157 Ruptured fallopian tube 250

Sac-like adnexal ring 250 Sacral nerves, third and fourth 163 Salicylic acid 184 Salpingectomy 259,261,266,281,289 Salpingitis 171 Salpingitis isthmica nodosa 122, 123, 154 Salpingo-oophoritis 171 Salpingoscopy 114-16,121,126

clinical value 126-8 technique 123-6 vslaparoscopy 128

Salpingostomy 126, 282 Salpingotomy 259,260,262 Sapphire tips 160, 163 Sclerosing agents 184 Secondary folds 38, 96 Secretory cells 18,21,25,38-40,81 Secretory proteins 68-71 Secretory vesicles 23 Selective salpingography (SS) 134, 139, 141-

2, 151, 154 Selective tubal cannulation 283 Severe adhesions 126 Severe pelvic endometriosis 215 Sexually transmitted diseases 174, 279 Side effects 273, 275 Silicone devices 185 Silicone-quartz waveguides 158 Simple coagulation (ablation) 266 Sodium hydrochloride 184

Subject Index

Sonography 285 Sperm, coculture of 84-5 Sperm endometrial attachment 79 Sperm motility enhancers 217 Sperm transport 77-85

and interaction 81-5 in vitro 82-4 in vivo 82

Spermatozoa 77 Stannous octo ate 186 Staphylococci, coagulase-negative 172 "Stiff" tubes 134 Streptococci, Lancefield groups, A, B, C, D,

H&K 172 Stricture 114 Subocclusive tubal infertility 215 Subsequent fertility 259 Subsequent viable pregnancy rate 260 Subzonal insemination (SUZI) 217 Sulphuric acid 184 Supernumerary oocytes 225

fertilisation of 225 Superpulse mode 159 Surgical tubal occlusion 197-209 Swellings 112 Sympathetic fibres 163 Sympathetic innervation 7, 81 Systemic medical treatment 271

Teflon cannulas 98 Tertiary folds 38 Third International Standard 243 Threatened abortion 243 Time-resolved fluorometry 243 Tissue adhesives 184 Toxic side effects 271 Transabdominal gamete intrafallopian

transfer 213-27 Transabdominal salpingoscopy 121-9 Transabdominal tubal endoscopy 111-19 Transcervical balloon tuboplasty

(TBT) 140-6, 154 Transcervical cannulation techniques 224 Transcervical hysteroscopic tubal

contraception 184-6 Transcervical hysteroscopic tubal

occlusion 183 Transcervical intratubal insemination 234 Transcervical introduction of small-diameter

fibre optics 290 Transcervical sterilisation 183 Transcervical tubal cannulation 151-6,

282 diagrammatic representation 285 equipment 283 future role of 292 methodology of 283-92 preliminary series 283 study design and results 288-92 technique 285-8

301

Transcervical tubal catheterisation (TCTC) 288-90

Transcervical tubal endoscopy 95-109 Transuterine tubal cannulation 275 Transvaginal catheterisation 230 Transvaginal gamete intrafallopian

transfer 229-37 catheter system and techniques 230-3 complications 234 indications and anatomical

considerations 229-30 infection 234 outcome 233-4 pain and vaso-vagal reactions 234

Transvaginal sonography 281 Trichomonas vaginalis 172, 173 Tubal agenesis 4 Tubal blocking 86 Tubal cannulation 37 Tubal catheterisation 139, 140-7

pelvic infection following 155 procedures 142-7

Tubal contraception, novel techniques in 183-96

Tubal diathermy 198 Tubal disease 217 Tubal embryo stage transfer (TEST) 216,

217, 220, 221 Tubal embryo transfer (TET) 26 Tubalendoscopy 111,121 Tubal epithelial cells

cryopreservation of 33 in vitro behaviour 20 setting-up and maintaining 20-1

Tubal epithelium, functional aspects of 40-1

Tubal factor 221 Tubal haematoma 248,250 Tubal implantations 271 Tubal infertility, laparoscopic laser

salpingostomy for 160 Tubal microvasculature 8 Tubal morphology 4 Tubal mucosa 5-6, 18, 114

lesions in infertility 121-3 Tubal musculature 6 Tubal obstruction 279, 283

diagnosis and treatment 151-6 Tubal occlusion 151

pathological consequences 198-207 reversal procedure 198 surgical consequences of 197-8

Tubal perforation 106 Tubal perfusion pressure 134, 136 Tubal phimosis 121 Tubal pregnancy. See Ectopic pregnancy

(E;P) TUbal ring detection 248 Tubal rupture 290 Tubal secretions, biochemistry of 53-62 Tubal spasm 140, 151

302

Tubal sterilisation 256, 283 Tubal tuberculosis 123 Tubal vasculature 8 Tubocornual block 126 Tuboscopy 112, 114 Tubo-tubal anastomosis 260 Two-site sandwich-type immunofluorometric

assay 243

Ultrapulse mode 159 Ultrasonography 256 Ultrasound 282

in ectopic pregnancy 249-50 Unexplained infertility 215 Unilateral pain 234 Unipolar disease 140 Unruptured tubal pregnancy 257 Ureaplasma urealyticum 172,173 Ureter 164 Uterine cells 84-5 Utero-sacral ligament 163, 164 Uterotubal junction devices 185 Uterus 78-9

Vaginal sonography, in ectopic pregnancy 245-9,251

Vaporisation 160 Vascular abnormalities 125

Subject Index

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) 7, 81

Vero cells 85 Viable embryo 246 Vimentin 44

White out reflection 98 Wire guide cannulation 142 Wire guide catheterisation 140 Wolffian duct 4

Yeasts 172 Yolk sac 246

Zona pellucida 20 ZP2 86 ZP3 86