Subject Index

AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scales, 105

Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), 99,

101–102

abnormal self-mutilation, 4

Abolishing Operations (AO), 51–52

adjunctive behavior, 40–41

affect modulation, 10

affect regulation models, 10

aggressive and destructive impulses, 33

alexithymia, 35

alexithymia model. see anxiety-hostility theory

alpha-adrenergic blockers, 192

alternative behaviors, for SIB treatment,

174–176

anesthesia (or hypoesthesia) hypothesis, for

SIB, 75

anticonvulsants, 195–196

antidepressant drugs, 190

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors

(SSRIs), 191

serotonin uptake inhibitors, 190–191

antipsychotic drugs:

aripiprazole, 189–190

atypical antipsychotics, 185–190

classic antipsychotics, 183–184

clozapine (Clozaril), 185

olanzapine, 189

risperidone, 185–189

antisocial behavior problems, 101

anxiety-hostility theory, 35–36

anxiety-reducing model. see anxiety-hostility

theory

applied behavior analysis of SIB, 38, 155–158

accelerating and decelerating operations,

principles of, 159

alternative behaviors, treatment by

promoting, 174–176

automatic reinforcement, for SIB

maintenance, 164–166

discriminative stimulus control for,

171–172

external negative reinforcement, for SIB

maintenance, 162–164

extinction and other changes to

prevailing schedules of reinforcement,

166–167

mild verbal punishment procedure, 157

motivating operations (MO) based

interventions, 172–174

positive reinforcement, for SIB

maintenance, 159–162

punishment procedures, 167–171

Self-injurious Behavior Inhibitory System

(SIBIS), 170–171

treatment packages, 176–177

aripiprazole, 189–190

Ashura, 6

Assessment of Dual Diagnosis (ADD), 102

attachment theory, 34–35

autism, 71

auto-aggressive behavior, 2

automatic reinforcement, for SIB

maintenance, 164–165

differential reinforcement procedures, 166

noncontingent delivery of competing or

substitution reinforcers, 165

sensory extinction, 165

behavioral assessment, steps for, 95

behavioral contrast, 57

Behaviour Disturbance Scale (BDS), 15

behavioral interventions, for SIB. see

prevention and early identification, of

SIB, tertiary prevention

294 Subject Index

behavioral parameters, direct assessment of,

95–96

uses of, 100

Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01), 2,

98–99

behavior therapy, for SIB, 177

desensitization, 178

relaxation training, 177–178

bereavement, 56

bio-behavioral models, 80

compulsive behavior hypothesis, 82–83

dynamic model of self-injurious,

stereotypic, and aggressive behavior,

88–89

endogenous neurochemical self-

administration, 86

genetic and perinatal risk factors and stress,

89–90

isolate-rearing model, 87–88

neonatal dopamine depletion hypothesis,

83–84

opioid peptide hypotheses, 85–86

physiological states hypothesis, 81–82

serotonin hypothesis, 84–85

biological conditions, reducing SIB:

neurochemical imbalance, 145–147

physiological state conditions, 144

sensory integration, 144–145

biological models, for SIB, 62–64

behavioral phenotypes, 66–67

autism, 71

Cornelia de Lange syndrome,

69–70

Fragile X syndrome, 73

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 67–68

Prader–Willi syndrome, 72

Rett’s syndrome, 70–71

Riley–Day syndrome, 71

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS),

68–69

Tourette’s syndrome, 72–73

genetic risk factors

family studies, 65

genetic methodology, 64–65

high-risk populations studies, 65

linkage analysis, 66

molecular genetic analysis, 66

segregation analysis and pedigree

analysis, 66

twin and adoption studies, 65

neurological risk factors

pain and self-injurious behavior,

neuropathology of, 75–76

seizures and degenerative neurological

conditions, 74–75

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), 71

brain development, in infants, 137

brain neuroplasticity, in children, 139–141

buspirone, 191

carbamazepine, 195

care takers, SIB effects on, 32

Challenging Behavior Interview (CBI), 97

Challenging Behavior Survey: Individual

Schedule (CBS:IS), 97–98

chronic suicide, 4

clonidine hydrochloride. see alpha-adrenergic

blockers

clozapine (Clozaril), 185

comorbid conduct disorder, 104

competing behavior model, 158

competing behavior training, 160

compulsions and self-injurious behavior, 78

compulsive behavior hypothesis, 82–83

compulsive self-mutilation, 7

conditional probability analysis, 126–129

congenital insensitivity to pain disorder.

see Riley–Day syndrome

contingencies, SIB maintenance, 50–51

Contingency Analysis Questionnaire

(CAQ), 118

Cornelia de Lange syndrome, 69–70

criterion-oriented validity, 99–101

culturally sanctioned self-mutilation, 5

desensitization principle, for SIB, 178

desolation, 11

Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC),

102–103

developmental psychopathology model, of

SIB, 36–37

schematic representation, 37

developmental risk factors:

chronological age, 79–80

level of intellectual disability, 80

sensory and communication deficits, 80

Subject Index 295

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), 12–13

Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely

Handicapped (DASH-II), 103

Diagnostic precision, 100

Differential Negative Reinforcement (DNR),

163–164

Differential reinforcement procedures:

automatic reinforcement, 166

Differential Negative Reinforcement

(DNR), 163–164

Differential Negative Reinforcement of

Incompatible Behavior (DNRI),

163–164

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative

Behavior (DRA), 160

Differential Reinforcement of Other

Behavior (DRO), 159–160

in reducing problem behaviors, 175

direct behavior observation, 95–96

dopamine depletion, and SIB, 134

dopaminergic super-sensitivity model, 146

drive models, 10

drug–behavior interaction studies, 196

behavior pharmacology studies of SIB, 198

drug effects

on caregivers as well as the target cases,

198

on cognition and social behavior,

196–197

functional analysis studies of, 197–198

drugs, for SIB, 183

alpha-adrenergic blockers, 192

antidepressant drugs, 190

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors

(SSRIs), 190–191

antipsychotic drugs

aripiprazole, 189–190

atypical antipsychotics, 185–190

classic antipsychotics, 183–184

clozapine (Clozaril), 185

olanzapine, 189

risperidone, 185–189

beta-adrenergic blockers, 192

buspirone, 191–191

clonidine hydrochloride, 192

mood stabilizers, 194

carbamazepine, 195

lithium, 194–195

topiramate, 195–196

Valproic Acid (VPA), 195

narcotic analgesic drugs, 192–194

propranolol (Tofranil), 192

serotonin 5HT1A agonists, 191–192

dynamic model of self-injurious, stereotypic,

and aggressive behavior, 88–89

dysesthesia hypothesis, for SIB, 75

early intervention method, for SIB. see

prevention and early identification, of

SIB

ecobehavioral approach, 96

ecobehavioral assessment instrument, 96

environmental models, 10

episodic self-mutilation, 7

Establishing Operations (EO), 51

ethical concerns, of SIB treatment, 202

humaneness judgement, 202

treatment effectiveness judgement, 202–204

extinction procedure:

and other changes to prevailing schedules

of reinforcement, 166–167

in negative reinforcement, 162–163

in positive reinforcement, 159

sensory, in automatic reinforcement, 165

factor validity, 99

focal suicide, 4

force dynamics analysis, 96

Fragile X syndrome, 73

functional analysis studies of drug effects,

197–198

functional analysis:

automatic reinforcement condition, 109

control condition, 109–110

functional diagnostics, 116–117

procedural considerations with functional

analyses

addition of discriminative stimuli, 112

experimental design, 110–111

full versus brief functional analyses,

112–113

intersession interval durations, 111–112

required time, 112

safety precautions and caveats, 114–116

session durations, 111

type of conditions, 113–114

296 Subject Index

social positive reinforcement condition,

108

socially mediated negative reinforcement

condition, 108–109

Functional Analysis Screening Tool (FAST),

120

functional assessment, in SIB, 41–42

Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation

(FASM), 11

Functional Assessment for Multiple Causality

(FACT), 120

Functional Assessment Interview (FAI),

121–122

functional behavioral assessment, 106

behavioral diagnostics, 107

four-step hierarchical approach, 108

three-step hierarchical approach, 107–108

Functional Communication Training (FCT),

175–176

gating theory, 76

gene–brain–behavior model of self-injurious

behavior, 90–93

genetic risk factors, for SIB:

family studies, 65

genetic methodology, 64–65

high-risk populations studies, 65

linkage analysis, 66

molecular genetic analysis, 66

segregation analysis and pedigree analysis,

66

twin and adoption studies, 65

homicidal self-sacrifices, 6

hostility-reducing model, 35–36

idiosyncratic response pattern, 2

immediacy, 4

infants, brain development in, 136–139

influencing others, 11

intellectually typical populations, SIB

classifications in

combined functional and topographical, 12

functional, 8–12

structural, 3–8

International Statistical Classification of

Diseases and Related Health Problems,

13

interpersonal models, 10

inter-rater agreement, 99, 100

interspersal training, 172

isolate-rearing model, 87–88

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 67–68, 79–80, 134,

135, 146–147

lethality, 4

Likert scale, 100, 102, 103–104

lithium, 194–195

living environment, SIB and, 30–31

magical control, 11

maintenance of SIB:

contingencies, by maintaining, 50–51

motivating operations, 51–52, 56–57

Abolishing Operations (AO), 51–52

behavioral contrast, 57

bereavement, 56

Establishing Operations (EO), 51

neglect, deprivation, and environmental

impoverishment, 54–55

physical or sexual abuse, 55–56

physiological and medical issues, 53–54

sleep disturbance, 53

negative reinforcement

negative external reinforcement, 48–49

negative internal (automatic)

reinforcement, 49–50

positive reinforcement

positive external reinforcement, 42

positive internal (automatic)

reinforcement, 46–48

social external reinforcement, 42–44

tangible external reinforcement, 45

major self-mutilation, 7

male circumcision, 6

management and treatment, of SIB. see also

psychopharmacology, for SIB

applied behavior analysis. see applied

behavior analysis

behavior therapy (respondent conditioning

methods), 177

desensitization, 178

relaxation training, 177–178

historical overview, 149–154

trends effecting

aversives controversy, 153–154

behavioral and bio-behavioral research,

152–153

Subject Index 297

behavioral intervention in State

residential facilities, 151–152

parent advocacy and legal rights, 151

medical risk factors, general, 78–79

menses, 79

otitis media, 79

Mensur, 5

mental health risk factors, 76

mild verbal punishment procedure, 157

moderate/superficial self-mutilation

compulsive, 7

episodic, 7

repetitive, 7

mood disorders and self-injurious behavior,

77–78

mood stabilizers, 194

anticonvulsants, 195–196

carbamazepine, 195

lithium, 194–195

topiramate, 195–196

Valproic Acid (VPA), 195

Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS),

118–119

motivating operation (MO)-based

interventions, 172–174

motivating operations (MO), and SIB, 51–52,

56–57

Abolishing Operations (AO), 51–52

behavioral contrast, 57

bereavement, 56

Establishing Operations (EO), 51

neglect, deprivation, and environmental

impoverishment, 54–55

physical or sexual abuse, 55–56

physiological and medical issues, 53–54

sleep disturbance, 53

naloxone, 192–193

naltrexone, 193–194

narcotic analgesic drugs:

naloxone, 192–193

naltrexone, 193–194

negative reinforcement:

negative external reinforcement, 48–49

negative internal (automatic) reinforcement,

49–50

negative reinforcement, external, for SIB

maintenance, 159, 162

Differential Negative Reinforcement

(DNR), 163–164

extinction procedure, 162–163

intervening early in the response chain,

164

noncontingent negative reinforcement, 163

neglect, deprivation, and environmental

impoverishment, 54–55

neo-analytic theories, in SIB treatment, 34

anxiety-hostility theory, 35–36

attachment theory, 34–35

developmental psychopathology, 36–37

object relations theory, 34

psychosomatic theories, 35

neonatal dopamine depletion hypothesis,

83–84

neurochemical models, for SIB intervention,

145–146

dopaminergic super-sensitivity model, 146

opiod peptide model, 147

serotonin model, 146–147

neuroleptic drugs, 146

neurological hypotheses, for SIB, 75

neurotic self-mutilation, 4

Nisonger Child Behavior-Rating Form

(N-CBRF), 103–104

noncontingent negative reinforcement, 163

noncontingent reinforcement, 161–162

non self-injurious behavior, movements of, 13.

see also SIB

object relations theory, 34

olanzapine, 189

omission training. see differential

reinforcement of other behavior

operant and respondent mechanisms, for SIB,

57–62

opioid peptide hypotheses, 85–86

opiod peptide model, 147

organic self-mutilation, 4

organic suicide, 4

pain mechanisms, in SIB, 76

parental stress, 32

parents, SIB effects on, 32

persons with intellectual disabilities, SIB

classification in:

298 Subject Index

combined functional and topographical,

21–22

functional, 20–21

structural, 14–20

PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI), 104

Pervasive Developmental Disorder

(PDD), 13

pervasive developmental disorder subscale,

102

physical damage, degrees of, 5

physical or sexual abuse, in SIB people,

55–56

physiological state conditions, for SIB,

144

physiological states hypothesis, 81–82

Positive Behavior Support (PBS) procedure,

154

positive reinforcement:

positive external reinforcement, 42

positive internal (automatic) reinforcement,

46–48

social external reinforcement, 42–44

tangible external reinforcement, 45

positive reinforcement, for SIB maintenance,

159–162

competing behavior training, 160

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative

Behavior (DRA), 160

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible

Behavior (DRI), 160

Differential Reinforcement of Other

Behavior (DRO), 159–160

extinction, 159

noncontingent reinforcement, 161–162

Prader–Willi syndrome, 72

prevention and early identification, of SIB:

brain neuroplasticity and sensitive periods

of development, 139–141

early intervention

neurobiological importance, 136–139

significance, 133–136

preventive intervention studies, overview of,

141–142

primary prevention, 142–143

secondary prevention, 143–147

neurochemical models. see

neurochemical models

physiologic state conditions, 144

sensory integration, 144–145

success in prevention, 142

tertiary (behaviorally based) prevention,

147–149

propranolol (Tofranil), 192

psychiatric diagnostic systems, in SIB,

12–13

psychodynamic theories, for SIB:

neo-analytic theories, 34–37

anxiety-hostility theory, 35–36

attachment theory, 34–35

developmental psychopathology,

36–37

object relations theory, 34

psychosomatic theories, 35

psychoanalytic interpretations, traditional,

33–34

psychopharmacology, for SIB, 199

drug-behavior interaction studies, 196

behavior pharmacology studies of SIB,

198

drug effects on caregivers as well as target

cases, 198

drug effects on cognition and social

behavior, 196–197

functional analysis studies of drug effects,

197–198

methodological considerations, 180–182

pharmacotherapy, historical overview,

178–180

psychosomatic theories, 35

psychotic self-mutilation, 4

puberty rites, 4

punishment procedures, for SIB treatment,

167–171

guidelines, 168

negative punishment, 167

positive punishment, 167

Self-injurious Behavior Inhibitory System

(SIBIS), 170–171

side effects, 168, 169

punitive duality, 11

QABF. see Questions About Behavioral

Function

Questions About Behavioral Function

(QABF), 22

questionnaire on aggressive behavior,

97

Subject Index 299

rapid cycling bipolar disorder, 77

Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior

(RSMB), 104–105

relaxation training, 177–178

religious self-mutilation, 4

examples of, 6

Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R),

99–101

repetitive self-mutilation, 7

residential settings, in SIB prevalence, 30–31

response-independent reinforcement. see

noncontingent reinforcement

Rett’s syndrome, 70–71

Riley–Day syndrome, 71

risperidone, 99, 185–189

ritualistic/sameness behavior, 100–101

Scales of Independent Behavior – Revised

(SIB-R), 105

scatterplots, 124–126, 129

schedule-induced behavior. see adjunctive

behavior

self-destructive behavior dimensions

immediacy, 4

lethality, 4

self-directed behavior, 2

self-esteem, self-regulation of, 38

self-flagellation, 6

Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB). see specific SIB

entries

Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibitory System

(SIBIS), 170–171

Self-Injurious behavior site preference charts,

132

Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire

(SIB-Q), 101

Self-Injurious Behavior Trauma (SIT) Scale,

130–131

Self-Injury Motivation Scale – Version 1

(SIMS), 10–11

self-mutilation

abnormal, 4

compulsive, 7

culturally sanctioned, 5

episodic, 7

major, 7

moderate/superficial, 7

neurotic, 4

normal, 4

organic, 4

practices, 6–7

psychotic, 4

religious, 4, 6

repetitive, 7

stereotypic, 8

self-stimulation, 11

sensory integration theory, 144–145

serotonin hypothesis, 84–85

serotonin model, 146–147

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors

(SSRIs), 190–191

SIB:

and living environment, 30–31

behavior types in, 4

classifications. see specific classifications

dopamine depletion and, 134

effects, on care takers and parents, 32

estimates of overlap of, 77

hypothetical classification, 10

incidences, 25–26

level of functioning, 29

measurement of pain, 132

operant and respondent mechanisms, 57–62

prevention of. see prevention and early

identification, of SIB

psychiatric diagnostic systems in, 12–13

reasons inducing, 9

SIB development, behavior analytic

models of, 38

adjunctive behavior, 40–41

control transfer from one operant to

another type of operant, 39

operant behavior, inadvertent shaping, 40

respondent behavior, 39

response transfer, 39

SIB, dynamic characteristics:

impact force, 20

sequential, 19–20

SIB, prevalence in intellectually typical

populations, 22

in gender, 24

in specific topographies, 23–24

SIB, prevalence in persons with intellectual

disabilities:

in chronological age, 29–30

in gender, 26–29

in residential settings, 30–31

300 Subject Index

in specific topographies, 26

SIB, topographical classification:

boundaries, 14–17

construct robustness, 17

methodological problems of, 17–19

SIB in intellectual disabilities, functional

assessment:

behavioral diagnostics

Functional Assessment Interview (FAI),

121–122

comparison of methods, 129–130

conditional probability analysis, 126–129

contingency (A-B-C) event recording,

123–124

interviews

Functional Assessment Interview (FAI),

121–122

rating scales, 118, 121

Contingency Analysis Questionnaire

(CAQ), 118

Functional Analysis Screening Tool

(FAST), 120

scatterplots, 124–126, 129

SIB treatment, neo-analytic theories:

anxiety-hostility, 35–36

attachment, 34–35

object relations, 34

psychosomatic, 35

SIMS. see Self-Injury Motivational

Scale-Version 1

sleep disturbance, 53

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS), 68–69

social acceptability, 5

stereotyped self-injurious behavior, types, 13

stereotypic movement disorder, 13

stereotypic self-mutilation, 8

stress-induced analgesia theory, 76

suicide

chronic, 4

focal, 4

organic, 4

superego in SIB, 33

synaptogenesis, in embryonic development, 137

taxonomies. see specific SIB classifications

entries

temporal dynamics, assessment of, 96

test–retest reliability, 99, 100

topiramate, 195–196

topographical classification. see SIB,

topographical classification

Tourette’s syndrome, 72–73

Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

(TENS), 169

Treatments, of SIB. see also management and

treatment, of SIB

ethical concerns, 202

humaneness judgement, 202

treatment effectiveness judgement,

202–204

multisensory environments, 201

noncontingent restraints, 199–200

sensory integration therapy, 200–201

Valproic Acid (VPA), 195

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS),

2nd Edition, 106