Upload
ledan
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY
Syllabus For Master of Pharmacy
(M. Pharm) Effective from 2009 - 10
(Two year full time course)
1. Pharmacognosy – Herbal Drug Technology 2. Pharmaceutics 3. Pharmaceutical Bio‐technology 4. Pharmacology 5. Quality Assurance 6. Medicinal Chemistry
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Saurashtra University
Rajkot - 360 005
Subject Specialization in M. Pharm. Course:
1. M. Pharm. in Pharmacognosy – Herbal Drug Technology
2. M. Pharm. in Pharmaceutics
3. M. Pharm. in Pharmaceutical Bio‐technology
4. M. Pharm. in Pharmacology
5. M. Pharm. in Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
6. M. Pharm. in Medicinal Chemistry
Saurashtra University ‐ RAJKOT Semester & Credit system
For Various Subject specialization of M. Pharm. Course
M. Pharm. Semester – I
M. Pharm. Semester – II
Sr. No. Subject Teaching Scheme
Theory Practical Credits 1 Research
Methodology 4 ‐ 4
2 Subject specialization ‐ III
4 6 10
3 Subject specialization ‐ IV
4 ‐ 4
Sr. No. Subject Teaching Scheme Theory Practical Credits
1 Modern Analytical Technique
4 4 8
2 Subject specialization ‐ I
4 4 8
3 Subject specialization ‐ II
4 ‐ 4
M. Pharm. Semester – III
M. Pharm. Semester – IV
Sr. No. Subject Teaching Scheme
Theory Practical Credits1 Dissertation (By
Research) ‐ 30 30
Total Credits: 90
Sr. No. Subject Teaching Scheme
Theory Practical Credits 1 Patent, Design of
experiments and Biostatistics
4 ‐ 4
2 Subject specialization ‐ V
4 4 8
3 Introduction to Dissertation
‐ 10 10
Saurashtra University ‐ Rajkot
M. Pharm. Evaluation System • The evaluation system will consist of a component of internal evaluation
by the Department as well as final semester end examination conducted by the Saurashtra University. The former will carry a 20% weight and later 80% weight towards the total marks obtained by the student in a given subject.
• After adding the internal marks (maximum 20) with the marks secured by the student in the university examination (maximum 80), the marks will be converted to letter grade as per the following:
1. 85 ‐ 100 marks ‐ AA grade 2. 75 – 84 marks ‐ AB grade 3. 65 ‐ 74 marks ‐ BB grade 4. 55 ‐ 64 marks ‐ BC grade 5. 45 ‐ 54 marks ‐ CC grade 6. 40‐44 marks ‐ DD grade 7. Less than 40 ‐ FF grade
• Student failing in examinations may take Remedial University Examination to be held during mid semester exam slots.
• At any point of time student can have maximum 2 backlogs/FF grade pending.
• The performance of a student during semester is indicated in grade card by “Semester Performance Index” or SPI, Which is calculated as follows: Each letter grade (AA to FF) will have a corresponding grade point assigned as follow: AA = 10 AB = 9 BB = 8 BC = 7 CC = 6 DD = 5 FF = 0
If C(i) is the credit of course I and the grade point secured by the student is G(i) in that course, the SPI is given by the formula n n
SPI = ∑ CiGi / ∑ Ci i=1 i=1 Where the sum is overall the ‘n’ courses taken during a semester. In the same way, the cumulative performance of the student is indicated by “Cumulative Performance Index (CPI)” which is calculated essentially by the same formula but the sum being over all the courses taken in the current semester as well as in the preceding semesters. However, in calculating the CPI, any fail grade which the student might have earned but has subsequently passed will be replaced by the passing grade in that subject. The SPI of the corresponding semester will, however, continue to reflect such failures and will not be recalculated.
• Class and Distinction etc. will be awarded for the degree on the basis of
cumulative performance index
ANNEXURE ‐ I
M. Pharm. Semester – I
* MPH – 1102 Methods in Biological Evaluation of Drugs – theory is common to subject
specialization of M. Pharm. in Pharmacognosy (Herbal Drug Technology) & M. Pharm. in Pharmacology but practical examination will be only for the subject specialization of M. Pharm. in Pharmacology.
Subject code
Name of Subject Internal Examination
Mark ‐ Theory
Internal Examination
Mark ‐ Theory
Internal Examination
Mark ‐ Practical
Internal Examination
Mark ‐ Practical
MPH ‐ 5001 Modern Analytical Techniques 20 80 20 80MPH ‐ 1101 Advance Pharmacognosy 20 80 20 80MPH – 1102 Methods in biological evaluation
of drugs 20 80 20* 80*
MPH ‐ 1203 Pharmaceutical Formulation, Development & Biopharmaceutics
20 80 20 80
MPH ‐ 1204 Industrial Pharmacy 20 80 ‐ ‐MPH ‐ 1305 Fundamentals of Biotechnology 20 80 20 80MPH ‐ 1306 Advanced biochemistry,
Bioprocessing and Immunotechnology
20 80 ‐ ‐
MPH ‐ 1407 Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology
20 80 ‐ ‐
MPH ‐ 1508 Biological Evaluations and Clinical Research
20 80 ‐ ‐
MPH – 1509 Good Manufacturing and Good Laboratory Practice and Quality Audit
20 80 20 80
MPH ‐ 1610 Advanced Organic Chemistry – I 20 80 20 80MPH ‐ 1611 Chemistry of Natural Products 20 80 ‐ ‐
MPH – 5001 Modern Analytical Techniques (Common to all disciplines) Theory – Four hours per week
UNIT‐1 UV‐VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY : 6 Hours Brief review of electromagnetic spectrum and absorption of radiations. The chromophore concept, absorption law and limitations. Theory of electronic spectroscopy, absorption by organic molecules, choice of solvent and solvent effects. Applications of UV‐Visible spectroscopy, Woodward –Fischer rules for calculating absorption maximum, interpretation of spectra, multi‐component assay, difference spectra and derivative spectra. INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY : 6 Hours Introduction, basic principles, and sampling techniques, interpretation of spectra, applications in Pharmacy. FT‐IR, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Near infra red Spectroscopy (NIR) ‐theory and applications. ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY: 3 Hours Principle, instrumentation, interferences and applications in Pharmacy. REFERENCE STANDARDS 2 Hours Reference standards source, preparation, characterization, usage, storage and records.
UNIT‐2 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY : 8 Hours Fundamental Principles and Theory, Instrumentation, solvents, chemical shift, and factors affecting chemical shift, spin‐spin coupling, coupling constant, and factors influencing the value of coupling constant, spin‐spin decoupling, proton exchange reactions, simplification of complex spectra, FT‐NMR, 2D ‐NMR and applications in Pharmacy, interpretation of spectra. C13 NMR‐Introduction, Natural abundance, C13 NMR Spectra and its structural applications. MASS SPECTROSCOPY : 8 Hours Basic principles and instrumentation, ion formation and types, fragmentation processes and fragmentation pattern, Chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (CIMS), Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (FIMS), Fast Atom Bombardment MS (FAB MS), Matrix Assisted laser desorption / ionization MS (MALDI‐MS), interpretation of spectra and applications in Pharmacy.
UNIT‐3 CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES : 15 Hours a) Classification of chromatographic methods based on mechanism of separation. Theories of chromatographic separation. b) Principles, elution techniques, instrumentation, derivatization and applications of gas chromatography, HPLC and HPTLC.
c) Principles, elution techniques, applications of ion exchange and ion pair chromatography, affinity chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, chiral chromatography, super fluid chromatography (SFC), GC‐MS and LC‐MS. ELECTROPHORESIS : 3 Hours Theory and principles, classifications, instrumentation, moving boundary electrophoresis, Zone Electrophoresis (ZE), Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and applications.
UNIT‐4 THERMAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS : 5 Hours Theory, instrumentation and applications of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo Mechanical Analysis (TMA). X‐RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS : 4 Hours Introduction, generation of X‐rays, X‐ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, X‐ray powder diffraction, interpretation of diffraction patterns and applications. OPTICAL ROTARY DISPERSION : 2 Hours Principle, Plain curves, curves with cotton effect, octant rule and its applications with example, circular dichroism and its relation to ORD. RADIO IMMUNO ASSAY : 4 Hours Introduction, Principle, Theory and Methods in Radio Immuno Assay, Related Immuno Assay procedures and Applications of RIA Techniques. Enzyme immuno assay‐ ELISA and EMIT
PRACTICALS ‐ MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Four hours per week 1. Use of colorimeter for analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations. 2.Use of Spectro photometer for analysis for Pharmacopoeial compounds and their formulations. 3. Simultaneous estimation of combination formulations (minimum of 4 experiments) a. Vitamins b. Oral antidiabetics c. NSAIDs d. Antimicrobials e. Antihistamines f. Antihypertensive etc. 4. Effect of pH and solvent on UV Spectrum of certain drugs. 5. Experiments on flame photometry. 6. Use of fluorimeter for analysis of Pharmacopoieal compounds. 7. Experiments on Electrophoresis. 8. Experiments of Chromatography. (a) Thin Layer Chromatography. (b) Paper Chromatography. 9. Experiments based on HPLC & GC.
10. IR, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy – Interpretation of spectra & Structural elucidation (atleast for 4 compounds each). 11. Any other relevant exercises based on theory.
Recommended books 1. Spectrometric identification of Organic Compounds, Robert. M. Silverstein, Basseler,
Morril (John Wiley and Sons. N.Y). 2. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds by P. S. Kalsi.
3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Donglas A. Skoog, James, J. Leary, 4th Edition. 4. Pharmaceutical Analysis – Modern Methods – Part A, Part B, James W. Munson 2001. 5. Organic Spectroscopy – William Kemp, 3rd Edition. 6. Chromatographic Analysis of Pharmaceuticals, John A. Adamovics, 2nd Edition. 7. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part two, A. H. Beckett & J. B. Stenlake – 4th Edition. 8. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis – B. K. Sharma ‐ 9th Edition. 9. Instrumental Methods of Analysis – Willard, Merritt, Dean, CBS, Delhi. 10. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography – Raymond P. W. Scott, Vol. 70. 11. Identification of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Formulations by Thin Layer Chromatography – P. D. Sethi, Dilip Charegaonkar, 2nd Edition. 12. HPTLC – Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations – P. D. Sethi. 13. Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry, W. M. A. Niessen, J. Van Der Greef, Vol. 58. 14. Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vol 1,2,RE Schirmer,Franklin Book 15. Colorimetric Methods of analysis‐ F. D. Snell and C. T. Snell (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, N.Y.). 16. Indian Pharmacopoeia 17. British Pharmacopoeia 18. U.S. Pharmacopoeia 19. Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, A.C.Moffat, M. David Osselton, Brain Widdop, L. Y. Galichet. 3rd edition, Pharmaceutical Press 20. Text book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, K. A. connors, 3rd Ed. Johnwiley & sons, New York
MPH – 1101 Advance Pharmacognosy Theory – Four hours per week
Unit – I 1.1 General Introduction to Pharmacognosy and its importance in herbal drug industry. 1.2 The classification and vegetable drug with special reference to chemotaxonomy. 2.1 WHO Guidelines for cultivation and collection of Herbal Drugs. 2.2 Factors affecting cultivation of crop including Plant Growth Regulators. 2.3 Influence of Mutation, Polyploidy, Hybridization in chemo demes. 2.4 Insecticides & pesticides of herbal origin and their suitable utilization. Unit ‐ II 3.1 Application of microscopy in evaluation – T.S./L.S./Surface views of Plant drugs. 3.2 Use of microtome and preparation of histological slides. 3.3 Determination of various diagnostic features of identification of different organs as per
different herbal pharmacopoeias. Determination of Numerical values. Unit ‐ III 4.1 Detailed studies on phytochemical screening methods including TLC & HPTLC fingerprinting. 4.2 Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction techniques in phytochemical screening. Unit ‐ IV 5 Commercial sources, method of isolation and separation, chemical properties,
characterization (excluding synthesis) and therapeutic uses of some medicinally important class of Plant Phenolics, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoides, Steroids and Resinous substances.
Unit ‐ V 6 Review of recent literature along with methods used for bio screening of Antiallergic,
Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Antihepatotoxic, Anti‐inflammatory agents, Immunomodulator, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Psychotropic and Neurotropic, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti‐obesity, Anti‐atherosclerotic of herbal origin.
Practicals: Laboratory examination including oral and practical examination in general course illustrative of theory section in the syllabus. The industrial visit and in national/ international conferences is also required to attend during the course. Books Recommended: 1. Manske‐ The Alkaloid‐ Chemistry and Physiology. 2. Sim ‐ Medicinal Plant Glycosides. 3. Sim ‐ Medicinal Plant Alkaloids. 4. IUPAC ‐ Chemistry of Natural Products ‐ International symposium. 5. Zechmeister ‐ Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 6. Reinhold ‐ Liwschitz ‐ Progress in Phytochemistry. 7. Wagner ‐ Wolf‐ New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with Pharmacological, Biological or
Therapeutic Activity
8. Finar‐ Organic Chemistry. 9. Peach ‐ Tracey ‐ Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. 10. Geissman ‐ Modem Methods of Plant Analysis. 11. Garatt ‐ The Quantitative Analysis of Drugs. 12. Backett ‐ Stenlake ‐ Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 13. Arthur‐Symposium on Phytochemistry. 14. Pridham ‐ Swain ‐ Biosynthetic Pathways in Higher Plants. 15. Greenbury ‐ Metabolic Pathways. 16. Margaret ‐ Brain ‐ Secondary Plant Metabolism. 17. Wagner ‐ Horhammer ‐ Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 18. Harborne ‐ Comparative Biochemistry of Flavonoids. 19. Lehninger ‐ Principles of Biochemistry, 20. Bonner ‐ Plant Biochemistry. 21. Harborne ‐ Phytochemical Methods. 22. Rosenthaler ‐ The Chemical Investigation of Plants. 23. Cheronis ‐ Organic Functional Group Analysis. 24. Nakanishi ‐Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 1 & Vol. 2
MPH – 1102 Methods in biological evaluation of drugs Theory – Four hours per week
Unit‐1
A. Biological standardization, general principles, Scope and limitation of bio‐assay, bioassay of some official drugs. 4
B. Preclinical drug evaluation of its biological activity, potency and toxicity‐Toxicity test in animals including acute, sub‐acute and chronic toxicity, ED50 and LD50 determination, special toxicity test like teratogenecity and mutagenecity. Various guidelines for toxicity studies. Animal experiments assessing safety of packaging materials. 6
C. Selected topics in screening of drugs: 2 a. Recent advances in Transgenic and Knockout animals b. Administration of Neuropeptides and Neurohormones by Intracerebroventricular
(ICV) route in rats. c. Screening models for drug abuse like alcohol addiction, dependence and withdrawal
syndrome. d. Biostatistics and calculation of doses in experimental pharmacology
Unit ‐2 A. Pyrogens: Sources, Chemistry and properties of bacterial pyrogens and endotoxins, Official
pyrogen tests 2 B. Microbiological assay of antibiotics and vitamins. 4 C. Biological evaluation of drugs‐‐Screening and evaluation ( including principles of screening ,
development of models for diseases : In vivo models / In vitro models / cell line study ) techniques of the following:
Unit ‐3 A. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympathetic blocking agents, Sympathomimetics, Sympathetic
blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and blockers, Neuromuscular stimulants and blockers. 8
B. General and local Anesthetics, Sedatives and Hypnotics, Antiepileptics, Psychopharmacological agents, Analgesics, Anti‐inflammatory agents, Anti‐Parkinson’s drugs, CNS Stimulants. 12
C. Cardiotonics, Anti‐hypertensive drugs, Anti‐arrhythmic drugs, Drugs used in Ischemic Heart Diseases, Drugs used in Atherosclerosis. 10
Unit ‐4
A. Drugs used in Peptic Ulcer, Respiratory disorders, Hormone and Endocrine disorders. Anti fertility agents and diuretics. 8
B. Various models for Cataract, glaucoma, inflammatory bowel disease 4
Methods in biological evaluation of drugs
Practicals (six hours per week)
1. Bioassays of drugs: Bioassay of agonists (Graphical, Matching, 3 Point, 4 point method) and Bioassay of antagonists using various isolated preparations.
2. Toxicity studies 3. Evaluation of drugs based on theory syllabus.
Illustrative examples Evaluation of the antiepileptic activity of drug using maximum electro convulsive shock seizures (M. E. S.) and chemical induced convulsions methods. 1. Determination of the time required for induction and recovery from anesthesia for various
volatile general anesthetics. 2. Evaluation of the effect of pentobarbitone sodium and diazepam in mice. 3. Evaluation of the effect of various tranquilizers and sedatives on motor co‐ordination by rota
rod test in mice. 4. Evaluation of the effects of drugs on spontaneous motor activity and to evaluate their
nature as CNS stimulants or depressants. 5. Evaluation of the antiparkinsonian activity of drugs by pheno‐thiazine induced catatonia. 6. Evaluation of the effect of psychotropic drugs on condition avoidance response. 7. Evaluation of the compulsive behavior (stereotypy) induced by apomorphine and its
modification by chlorpromazine in mice. 8. Evaluation of anxiolytic (antianxiety) effect of diazepam in mice using elevated plus‐maze
apparatus. 9. Study the effect of caffeine in human volunteers. 10. Evaluation of the effect of cimetidine in drug induced gastric (peptic) and duodenal ulcers
and hyper secretion of gastric acid in rats. 11. Evaluation of the antisecretory and ulcer protective effect of cimetidine in pylorus‐ligated
rats. 12. Evaluation of the analgesic potency of drug by thermal method. 13. Evaluation of analgesic effect of morphine in mice using hot plate method. 14. Evaluation of the analgesic effect of drugs by acetic acid induced writhing method in mice. 15. Evaluation of the anti‐inflammatory property of indomethacin against carrageenan‐induced
acute paw oedema in rats. 16. Evaluation of the effects of various drugs (diuretics) on the output of the urine in rats.
Books recommended (Latest Edition):
1. Screening methods in pharmacology (vol I & II)–R.A. Turner 2. Drug Discovery and Evaluation in Pharmacology assay: Vogel 3. Design and analysis of animal studies in pharmaceutical development, Chow, Shein, Ching. 4. Evaluation of Drug Activity: Pharmacometrics D.R. Laurence 5. Animal and Clinical pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation‐Nodine and Siegler 6. Pharmacology and Toxicology‐ Kale S.R. 7. Fundamentals of experimental Pharmacology‐ Ghosh M.N. 8. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology‐ Goyal R.K. 9. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology‐ Kulkarni S.K.
MPH – 1203 Pharmaceutical Formulation, Development & Biopharmaceutics Theory – Four hours per week
Unit ‐ I
1. Preformulation studies 8 hour (a) Physical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical factors influencing formulation (b) Solid‐state characterization: Crystallinity, hygroscopicity, Particle size and particle size
distribution, compaction properties, distribution and measurement of forces within the powder mass undergoing compression, effect of particle size, moisture content, lubrication, etc on strength of tablet.
(c) Crystalline and polymorphism and its evaluation. Rationale for selecting the preferred polymorph/crystalline form
(d) General principles and applications of various characterization techniques viz: Differential thermal analysis Differential scanning calorimetry, X‐Ray diffraction, FTIR in Preformulation study.
(e) Drug‐excipient compatibility study (f) Traces of organic volatile impurities (OVIs) and their regulatory limits (residual solvents). (g) Preformulation studies of Biotechnological derived products and reference guidelines.
2. Stability Study 8 hour (a) Basic concept and objectives of stability study, (b) Order of reaction and their applications in predicting shelf life and half life of
pharmaceutical formulations, (c) Importance of accelerated stability study, (d) Effect of various environmental/ processing factors like light, pH, temperature, etc. on
stability of the formulation and techniques for stabilization of product against the same. (e) Regulatory requirements related to stability testing with emphasis on matrixing /
bracketting techniques, climates zone, impurities in stability study, photostability testing, ICH guidelines, USFDA guidelines etc.
(f) Impurities in stability study. (g) Applications of microcalorimetry in stability study.
Unit – II
1. Solubilization and solubilized system 8 hour (a) Theoretical aspects and applications. (b) Techniques for improvement in drug solubilization for development of various
dosage forms.
2. Dissolution study 8 hour (a) Importance, objectives, equipments, (b) Biological classification system (BCS); its significance on dissolution study and
application in dosage form development.
(c) Selection of dissolution media and conditions. (d) Comparison of dissolution profile by model independent (similarity and
dissimilarity factor) and dependent methods. (e) Dissolution study for NDDSs. (f) Modification in dissolution condition to mimic in‐vivo conditions for oral dosage forms,
Parenteral: depots, implants and ophthalmic dosage forms, Topical and targeted drug delivery systems.
Unit ‐ III
1. Drug Absorption 8 hour (a) Factors affecting drug absorption; i.e. Physicochemical, Physicality and Pharmaceutical. (b) Method of studying bioavailability and bioequivalence. (c) Transport across CACO 2 monolayers, Other Cell‐lines to predict‐ Biological, Pharmaceutical
and Analytical considerations 2. In‐vitro In‐vivo Correlation (IVIVC) 6 hour (a) Methods of establishing IVIVC (b) Factors affecting IVIVC Unit ‐ IV 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters 8 hour (a) Basic concept and importance of biological half‐life, volume of distribution,
renal clearance, total body clearance, plasma protein binding, absorption rate constant, elimination rate constant.
(b) Analysis of blood and urine data, compartment models, kinetics of one and two compartment model.
(c) Non‐Linear Pharmacokinetics.
2. Cosmetic, Dental and Herbal products 6 hour (a) Formulation and evaluation of various cosmetic and dental products (b) Formulation and evaluation of products containing herbal ingredients.
Book Recommended: 1. Remingtons “Pharmaceutical Sciences” 19th edition. 2. Lachman “The theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy” 3rd edition. 3. Pharmaceutics “The Science of Dosage form design” by Aulton 4. Pharmaceutical dispensing by Husa. 5. Modern pharmaceutics by G. S. Banker. 6. Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology Volumes: 1 to 19. 7. Pharmaceutical dissolution testing by Banaker. 8. United States Pharmacopeia. 9. Techniques of Solubilization of Drugs by Yalkowsky. 10. Drug stability (Principles and Practices) by Jens. T. Carstensen. 11. Stability of drug and dosage forms by Yoskioka. 12. Applied Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics by Leon Shargel, 4th edition. 13. Pharmacokinetics by Welling and Tse. 14. Pharmacokinetics by Gibaldi and Perrier 15. Biopharmmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: An introduction by Notari. 16. Pharmacokinetics for pharmaceutical scientist by John Wagner.
17. Dissolution, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence by Abdul. 18. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Concepts and applications by Rowland and Tozer. 19. Novel Cosmetic Drug Delivery Systems, by Magdassi and Touitou. 20. Cosmetics by Sagerin. 21. Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps by Poucher.
Practicals ‐ Six hours per week 1. To prepare, evaluate and supply microspheres. 2. To prepare, evaluate and supply Aspirin microspheres. 3. To prepare, evaluate and supply microcapsules. 4. To prepare, evaluate and supply Aspirin Effervescent Tablets. 5. To prepare, evaluate and supply Chewable Antacid Tablets. 6. To prepare, evaluate and supply Floating Tablets. 7. Direct Warm Spheronization. 8. To prepare and evaluate Suppositories. 9. To prepare, evaluate and supply Cold Cream. 10. To optimize the formula for vanishing cream and to evaluate it. 11. To prepare Toothpaste. 12. To optimize the formula for gel and to evaluate it. 13. To optimize the formula for Lather Shaving Cream and to evaluate it. 14. Tablet Coating ( Dip Coating ) 15. Preparation and evaluation of multiple emulsion. 16. To carry out pan coating of tablets. 17. Preparation and evaluation of Fast Dispersible Tablets. 18. Industrial Visit.
Any other practical related to the Theory portion of this syllabus.
MPH ‐ 1204 Industrial Pharmacy Theory – Four hours per week
Unit – I (20 hrs)
1 Pharmaceutical factory location: Selection, layout and planning. Utilitiy services, Service facilities, HVAC and personnel facilities. 2 Preparation of qualitative and quantitative departmental layout with equipments
required for different dosage forms like Aerosols, Powders, Tablets, Hard and Soft gelatin capsules, Liquid and Semisolid preparations, Sterile products, Cosmetic products, Veterinary and Surgical products, NDDSs (Liposome, TDDS).
Unit – II (10 hrs) 1 Preparation of documents like batch manufacturing record, batch packing record, validation protocols. 2 Preparation of standard operative procedure (SOPs) for equipments
and manufacturing or processing steps.
Unit – III (15 hrs) 1 Detailed study of the equipments required in the manufacture of different dosage forms as per Schedule‐M. 2 GMP and its implementation
Unit – IV (15 hrs)
1 Production planning and materials control. 2 Pilot plant, scale up technique, SUPAC guidelines. 3 Validation master plan, change control and sampling plans.
References
1. Lachman “The theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy 2. Remingtons “Pharmaceutical Sciences” 3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics. 4. Pilot plants model and scale‐up methods, by Johnstone and Thring. 5. GMP practices for pharmaceutical –James Swarbrick. 6. How to practice GMPs by P.P.Sharma. 7. Chemical Engineering Plant Design by Vibrant. 8. Pharmaceutical Process Validation by Loftus and Nash. 9. Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules.
MPH – 1305 Fundamentals of Biotechnology Theory – Four hours per week
Unit ‐ I 1. Microbial biotechnology :
• Bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and viruses‐ structure, chemistry, morphology, nomenclature, general classification, molecular & genotypic taxonomy, cultural, physiological and reproductive features, methods of isolation, cultivation, and maintenance of pure cultures. Industrially important micro organisms‐ examples and applications.
• Microbial pathology – identifying features of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses, mechanism of microbial pathogenicity, etiology and pathology of common microbial diseases and currently recommended therapies for common bacterial, fungal & viral infections.
Unit ‐ II
2. Molecular Biology : • Structure of nucleus and chromosome, Nucleic acids and composition, Different structures
of DNA, DNA packaging, C‐value paradox, genomic organization in prokaryotes and Archaebacteria. Bacterial characteristics determined by plasmids, Molecular properties of plasmid, Plasmid stability, method for studying plasmids.
• Central dogma of molecular biology: Replication, Transcription and post‐transcriptional/transcriptional controls, transcription factors.
• Gene regulation: Gene copy number, transcriptional control and translational control. RNA processing: Modification and Maturation, RNA splicing, RNA editing, RNA amplification. Control of diversity in protein synthesis through alternate RNA splicing mechanisms.
Unit ‐ III
3. Cellular Biology :
• Cell structure & function‐ cell organelles, cytoskeleton & cell movements, basic aspects of cell regulation, bioenergetics and fuelling reactions of aerobics and anaerobics, secondary metabolism & its applications. Intracellular vesicular traffic, cell communication, cell cycle and apoptosis, mechanism of cell division. Cell junctions/adhesion and extra cellular matrix, germ cells and fertilization, histology – the life and death of cells in tissues.
• Cell Cycle and Cytoskeleton: Cell Division and its Regulation, G‐Protein Coupled Receptors, Kinases, Nuclear receptors, Cytoskeleton & cell movements, Intermediate Filaments. Microtubules, Functional Role and Therapeutic Potential of Cytoskeleton.
• Apoptosis and Oncogenes: ‐ Programmed Cell Death, Tumor cells, Proto‐oncogenes, oncogenic mutations, cell cycle & controls, carcinogens & repair.
• Differentiation and Developmental Biology : Fertilization, Events of Fertilization, In‐Vitro Fertilization, Embryonic Germ Cells, Stem Cells and its Application
Unit ‐ IV
4. Genomics : • Basic understanding of genome and its structure & function‐ genome, difference between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome, transcriptome, proteome, phylogenetics. : Genes in development, the dynamic genome; DNA in flux, Control of Prokaryotic gene expression. Studying mapping, sequencing human genome & understanding genome sequence, genetic disorders, Positional cloning, mutation, repair & recombination.
• Functional analysis of gene variation, Genotyping techniques, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Pharmacogenomic Management.
Practicals : Laboratory examination including oral and practical examination in general course illustrative of theory section in the syllabus ‐
1. Basic Laboratory Procedure – Instrument Introduction and Handling, Maintenance, Aseptic condition maintenance, Sterilization, Microscopy, etc.
2. Basic Microbiology Practicals : Culturing and harvesting of microbes. Staining and identification. Maintenance.
3. Isolation of human DNA, quality assessment by spectrophotometer and gel electrophoresis, restriction digestion of DNA, and separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis, staining of bands with ETH‐Br, DNA visualization.
4. Isolation of RNA from microbial sources and estimation.
Books Recommended:
1. Microbiology : Pelczar 2. General microbiology by R.Y. Steiner 3. Essential and application of microbiology, ZUDYKANDAL 4. Actionomyocytes : Waxman S.A. 5. Genomes by T. A. Brown. 6. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish. 7. Genes V And VI by Lewin Benjamin. 8. Biotechnology the biological principles by M. D. Trevan, S. Bofley. 9. Modern Biotechnology by Primrose. 10. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation by David Lachman. 11. Microbial genetics by David Friefelder. 12. Functional genomics‐Methods & Applications by Brown. 13. Molecular cloning by Sambrooke. 14. Industrial Microbiology by LE Casida
MPH ‐ 1306 Advanced biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Immunotechnology Theory – Four hours per week
Unit – I 1. Biochemistry
• Brief introduction to carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, methyl keto urea, galactosmias glycogen storage disease, lactose intolerance and glucose tolerance test.
• Lipid metabolism: Oxidation of fatty acid, alpha, beta, gamma‐oxidation and energetics, control of metabolism, essential fatty acids and ecosinoids, (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotriene) phospholipids, sphingolipids clinical orientation of lipid metabolism. Disease related to lipid metabolism. Hyper lipidamiya, cholesterol metabolism, fatty liver and lipotropic factors, hypolipoproteinous atherosclerosis.
• Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers: Nitrogen balance, essential amino acid, transamination, deamination, conversion of amino acids to specialized product assimilation of ammonia urea cycle, metabolic disorders, formation of bile salts and pigment and clinical significance.
• Biological oxidation: Redox potential, energy rich compounds. The respiratory chain, mechanism and energetics of oxidative phoshosporylation, study of cytochromes, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance.
Unit ‐ II 2. Enzymology :
• Introduction, classification, general properties of enzymes, sources of enzymes, extraction and purification, Enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, applications of enzymology: biological preparations/ analytical reagents, diagnostics, therapeutics, inborn errors of enzymes, of production of important enzymes (examples), Techniques of immobilization of enzymes and their applications in industry, Biosensor technology, Immobilized Enzyme engineering, Kinetics of immobilized enzymes.
Unit ‐ III 3. Immunology :
• Cellular basis of Immune response, Immunity to Viruses, Bacteria and fungi, Immunodeficiency diseases, Immune system, cells‐tissues‐organs of immune system, immunological tolerance, immunity to virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms. Primary and secondary immuno deficiency, autoimmune diseases, cell migration, inflammation, cytokines and cytokine receptors, T cell receptors, MHC, antigen presentation, antibodies and cell cooperation in antibody response, Hypersensitivity TYPE I, II, II, IV, Hypersensitivity reactions, Vaccine technology: Immuno‐diagnostics.
• Vaccine technology: conventional vaccines, novel methods for vaccine production, anti‐idiotype vaccine, DNA vaccine, genetically engineered vaccine, iscoms, synthetic peptides, and immunodiagnostics
• Hybridoma techniques – fusion methods for myeloma cells and B‐Lymphocytes, selection and screening techniques. Production and purification of monoclonal antibodies and their applications in clinical diagnosis, immunotherapy and pharmaceutical research.
Unit ‐ IV 4. Fermentation technology:
• Fermenter design, aeration agitation, mass transfer in fermentation, Reactors of immobilized enzymes: design and application, theory of fermentation system, fermentation kinetics scale up, screening techniques of microorganisms, detailed study of few industrial important microbial metabolites, computerized control of fermentation process: system configuration, Scale up of fermentation processes: principles, theoretical considerations and techniques used, Product recovery, isolation and purification of fermentation products: filtration, solvent extraction, adsorption and partition, paper/gas/thin‐layer and ion‐exchange chromatography, electrophoresis and counter‐current distribution, crystallization, turbidity analysis and cell yield determination, metabolic responses, enzymatic assays, bioautographic techniques, disintegration of cells for product recovery.
• Products of fermentation: Organic solvents (alcohol. Acetone, butane) Organic acids (citric acid, lactic and gluconic acid). Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin , tetracycline , erythromycin , griseofulvin, neomycin , cephalosporins , novobiocin Na, amphotericin B, Nystatin , Bacitracin , Gentamycin , Kanamycin , Lycomycin HCL , Rifampicin, Ant tumor, antiviral and semi‐synthetic antibiotics, ergot alkaloids, vitamins (vitamin C, Vitamin B12 and riboflavin), Amino acids: glutamic acid and lysine.
Books Recommended:
1. Immunology by Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostooff and David Male. 2. Immunology by Weir. 3. Biochemical Engineering by Steel. 4. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry by Robert K. Murray. 5. The foundations of biochemistry by Lehninger. 6. Biochemistry by Jeremy M. Berg, 5th edition. 7. Principles of Biochemistry by Zubay. 8. Principles of Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayan. 9. Encyclopedia of Bioprocess technology: Fermentation, biocatalysis, And Bioseparation
by Michael C. Flickinger and Stephen W. Drew. 10. Microbiology : Pelczar. 11. Fermentation and biochemical engineering handbook: Henry C Vogel.
MPH ‐ 1407 Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Theory – Four hours per week
Unit ‐1
A. Molecular structure of biological membrane and transport mechanism across the cell membrane 3
B. Molecular biology of receptor system: structure, receptor pharmacology, signal transduction mechanism and termination of receptor activity, regulation of receptor, their involvement in various biological processes including diseases resulting from receptor malfunction and their role in pharmaco‐therapeutics. Radio ligand binding studies. Theories of drug receptor interaction. Dose response relationship, potency and efficacy and different types of antagonisms 15
Unit ‐2 A. Classification of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, their signal transduction mechanism,
agonists and antagonists 4 B. NMDA, GABA, Glycine, Serotonin, , Dopamine, Histamine and Endothelin (ET) receptors,
their classification, signal transduction mechanism, agonists and antagonists 10 C. Pharmacology of sodium, calcium and potassium channels and their modulators
5
Unit ‐3
A. The role of nitric oxide in various physiological functions and its importance in pharmacotherapy of disorders like hypertension, angina and erectile dysfunction. 4
B. Pharmacology of purines and peptides. 3 C. Role of Cytokines, Prostaglandins, TNF‐α, Bradykinins, Leucotrienes, PAF, Interferons and
Adhesion molecules in various immunological and inflammatory disorders. 6
Unit ‐4
A. Cellular and molecular pharmacology of apoptosis and necrosis, stress induced expression of genes and their role in neurochemistry of aging and anti‐aging drugs. (With special emphasis on CNS) 7
B. Gene therapy 3
Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Practical
(Six hours per week) 1. Introduction to experimental animals, ethics in pharmacological experiments, CPCSEA
Guidelines 2. Methods for euthanasia, anesthesia, dosing (i.v., oral, i.p., s.c., i.m.) and blood collection by
various techniques 3. To study the effects of various agonists (pD2) and antagonist (pA2) using isolated
preparations (rat ileum, guinea pig ileum, rat fundus strip, rat anococcygeus muscle, rat vas deference, rat uterus, guinea pig taenia coli, rat/guinea pig heart, guinea pig tracheal chain, rat aortic strip)
4. To study the effects of calcium channel blockers on responses of various agonists on rat/guinea pig ileum
5. To study the effect of various drugs on rat blood pressure by invasive/non invasive techniques
Books recommended (Latest Edition):
1. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics‐Goodman and Gilman 2. Pharmacology‐Rang and Dale 3. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology – Bertam G. Katzung 4. Principles of Pharmacology – Paul L. Munson 5. Lewis’s Pharmacology – James Crossland – Churchil Livingstone 6. Review of Medical Physiology – Ganong William F. 7. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology‐ Ghosh M.N. 8. Basic and Clinical Immunology‐ Peakman, Mark 9. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology‐ Goyal R.K. 10. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology‐ Kulkarni S.K. 11. Pharmacology and Toxicology‐ Kale S.R.
MPH ‐ 1508 Biological Evaluations and Clinical Research Theory – Four hours per week
UNIT‐1 Biological Standardization: General Principles, Scope & limitations of Bioassays. Bio‐ assays of some Official Drugs. Analysis of drugs from biological samples including, selection of biological sample, extraction of drugs by various methods as LLE, SPE and Membrane filtration
UNIT‐2 Sterility Tests: Methodology & Interpretation. Pyrogen ‐ chemistry and properties of bacterial pyrogens and endotoxins, Mechanisms of action of pyrogens. Pharmaceutical aspects, pyrogens test of IP compared to that of BP & USP. Interpretation of data, Comparison of LAL & other pyrogens tests.
UNIT‐3 Microbiological Limit Tests. Tests for effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives. Radio immunoassay: General principles, scope and limitations, radio immunoassay of some drugs like insulin, digitalis etc.
UNIT‐4 Preclinical Drug Evaluation, acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity studies, LD50 & ED50 determination, evaluation of compound for its biological activity, study of special toxicities like teratogenicity and mutagenicity. Clinical Research—Clinical Research Protocols, objective & protocol design, Helsinki declaration, US‐FDA & ICH guideline for Clinical trials for drugs & dosage forms, reviews & approval of Clinical Study, Good Clinical Practices. Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence study. Requirement criteria for Bioequivalence study.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND CLINICAL RESEARCH PRACTICAL ‐ FOUR HOURS PER WEEK
1. Bioanalytical method development and its validation. 2. Analysis of biological fluids. 3. Analysis of drug in biological fluids. 4. Dissolution study of simple and modified release solid oral dosage forms. 5. Any other relevant exercises based on theory.
Recommended books:
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia 2. British Pharmacopoeia 3. U.S. Pharmacopoeia 4. Bengt Ljunggvist and Berit Davis “Microbiological Risk Assessment in Pharm. Clean rooms”.
Harwood International Publishing. 5. Richard Prince, “Microbiology in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing”. Davis Harwood
International Publishing. 6. Akers, “Parenteral Quality Control: Sterility, Pyrogen, and Package Integrity Testing,” 2nd
Edition (Marcel Dekker). 7. D. C. Garratt, The Quantitative Analysis of Drugs, CBS Publishers, 2001, New Delhi.. 8. Mark C. Rogge and David R Taft, “Prclinical Drug Development”, Drugs and Pharm. Sci.
Series, Vol. 152, Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 1. Donald Monkhouse, Charles Carney and JimClark, “Drug Products For Clinical Trials”. 2nd Ed.
v Drugs and Pharm. Sci. Series, Vol. 147, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 2. Leon Shargel, “Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics”. 3. Welling and Tse.‐Pharmacokinetic 4. Gibaldi and Perrier‐Pharmacokinetics 5. G. S, Banker & C.T. Rhodes, "Modern Pharmaceutics", Drugs and Pharm. Sci. Series, Vol. 121,
4th Ed., Maracel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 6. Rowland and Tozer‐Clinical Pharmacokinetics, concepts and application. 7. Notari.‐Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics‐An introduction. 8. John Wagner‐ Pharmacokinetics for Pharmaceutical scientist. 9. R V Smith, J T Stewart, Textbook of Bio Pharmaceutical Analysis.
MPH – 1509 Good Manufacturing and Good Laboratory Practice and Quality Audit
Theory – Four hours per week
UNIT‐1 Concepts of Philosophy of QA, GMP, GLP Good Laboratory Practices. UNIT‐2 Good Manufacturing Practices: a. Organization & Personnel, responsibilities, training, hygiene. b. Premises: Location, design, Plant Layout, Construction, Maintenance and Sanitation,
Environmental control, utilities and services like gas, water, maintenance of sterile areas, and control of contamination.
c. Equipments: Selection, purchase specifications, maintenance, clean in place, sterilize in place, Methods (TP & STP)
d. Raw Materials: Purchase specifications, maintenance of Stores, selection of Vendors, control on raw materials & finished dosage forms.
e. Manufacture of & control on dosage forms: manufacturing documents, master formula, batch formula records, standard operating procedures, quality audits of manufacturing processes and facilities.
f. In Process quality controls on various dosage forms: Sterile & non sterile, standard operating procedures for various operations like cleaning, filling, drying, compression, coating, disinfections, sterilization, membrane filtration etc
g. Packaging and labeling control, Line clearance, reconciliation of labels, cartons and other packaging materials.
h. Quality control Laboratory: Responsibilities. Routine controls instruments, reagents, sampling plans, standard test Procedures, protocols, data generation and storage, quality control documents, retention samples, records, audits of quality control facilities.
i. Finished product release, quality review, quality audits and batch release documents.
j. Warehousing, design, construction, maintenance and sanitation; good warehousing practice, materials and management.
k. Distribution and distribution records, handling of returned goods, recovered materials and reprocessing.
l. Complaints and recalls, evaluation of complaints, recall procedures, related records and documents.
m. Waste disposal, scrap disposal procedures and records. UNIT‐3 WHO certification Quality Audit.
UNIT‐4 Testing of Packaging materials. Specifications for materials, intermediates & finished product. Recommended books: 1. Sidney H. Willig, "Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals", Drugs and
Pharm. Sci. Series, Vol. 109, Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 2. S. Bolton, "Pharmaceutical Statistics: Practical & Clinical Applications", Drugs and P harm. Sci. Series, Vol. 135, 4th Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y 3. G. S, Banker & C.T. Rhodes, "Modern Pharmaceutics", Drugs and Pharm. Sci. Series,
Vol. 121, 4th Ed., Maracel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 4. P. P .Sharma “How to practice GMPs”, 3rd edition Vandana Publi. 5. P. P. Sharma “How to practice GLP” Vandana Publi. 7. S. Weinberg, “Good Laboratory Practice Regulation” Drugs and Pharm. Sci. Series,
Vol. 124, 2nd Ed., Maracel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 8. WHO’s “Drug” Bulletins 9. Remingtons “Pharmaceutical Sciences 10. GMP practices for pharmaceutical‐James Swarbrick.
MPH ‐ 1610 Advanced Organic Chemistry – I Theory – Four hours per week
Unit‐1 1. Chemical Bonding and Structure: Chemical Bonding, Bond Energies, Orbital Theory, Orbital Hybridization, Resonance, Electronegativity, Polarity, Hyperconjugation. 2. Chemical Reactivity and Molecular Structure Kinetics, Stearic, Inductive and electrostatic effect on reactivity, Acids and Bases
Unit‐2 Various Reaction Mechanisms
a. Substitution Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution reaction in aliphatic systems, SN1, SN2 reactions, Hydride transfer reaction, Cram’s rule, Participation of neighbouring group in nucleophilic substitution reaction and rearrangements. Aromaticity, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution in aromatic systems, Reactivity, orientation in electrophilic substitution.
b. Elimination Reaction: Beta Elimination reactions, E1, E2 and E1cb mechanisms, Hoffman and saytzeff’s rule for elimination.
c. Addition Reaction: Electrophilic and Nucleophilic additions, Stereochemiistry involved, Markonikov’s rule.
d. Rearrangement Reactions: Transannular rearrangement, Pinacol rearrangements, Beckman rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement.
Unit‐3 1. Reactions of carboxylic acids and esters BAC2, AAc2, BAL2, BAL1, AAL1, Claisen condensation, decarboxylation, carbanions, enolisation, keto‐enol equilibria 2. Y‐lides: Introduction, generation and reactions involving phosphorus, sulphur and nitrogen y‐lides. Unit‐4 Photochemistry: Theory, energy transfer, characteristics of photoreactions, typical photochemical reactions Free Radical Reaction: Formation, Detection, Reactions, Homolysis and free radical displacements, addition and rearrangements of free radicals.
Practicals: Laboratory examination including oral and practical examination in general course illustrative of theory section in the syllabus. The industrial visit and in national/ international conferences is also required to attend during the course.
Books Recommended: (Latest Edition)
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry – Reaction, Mechanism and Structure – J. March, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part – A & B – F. A. Carey & R. J. Sundberg, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York.
3. Organic Chemistry, Clayden, Greeves, Waren and Wothers, Oxford University Press, New York.
4. Organic Chemistry, G. Marc Loudon, Oxford University Press., New York. 5. Organic Synthesis, Collective Volumes, Ed. W. E. Noland, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 6. Strategic Application of named reaction in organic synthesis by Laszlo Kurti & Barbara Czako,
Elsevier Academic Press. 7. Vogel’s textbook of practical organic chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd. 8. “Experimental Organic Chemistry” L. M. Harwood, L. J. Moody, J. M. Percy, Blackwell
Science. 9. Techniques and Experiment of Organic Chemistry, Addison Ault, University Science Books. 10. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques, A Microscale Approach, Donald L. Pavia,
Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz, Harcourt College Pub.
MPH ‐ 1611 Chemistry of Natural Products Theory – Four hours per week
Unit‐1
Carbohydrates:
Brief introduction, Configuration of monosaccharids, ring structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides – determination of structures of sucrose, maltose and lactose, Polysaccharides – cellulose and starch, Introduction to pectin and pectic substances
Amino acids and polypeptides:
Introduction, classification, synthesis of amino acids, protein classification, Synthesis of naturally occurring proteins, structure of polypeptides, amino and carboxyl end degradation, polypeptide synthesis, composition, structure and chemistry of oxytocin, insulin and angiotensin, peptides of medicinal importance.
Unit‐2
Alkaloids:
Classification, general methods of degradation and structure determination, morphine, ergotamine, reserpine, colchicine, vinca and podophyllum alkaloids.
Anthocyanins:
Introduction, general nature, synthesis, structure of anthocyanidin, flavones, isoflavones and depsides.
Unit‐3
Steroids:
Stereochemistry, conformational studies of steroidal nucleus, chemistry of cholesterol, stereochemistry of side chain at C‐17, cholic acid, vit. D3, cortisone, aldosterone.
Unit‐4
Heterocyclic Chemistry
Introduction, nomenclature, properties, synthesis and reactions involved in five and six member heterocycles. Heterocycles with one, two or more than two hetero atoms, biological importance of heterocles.
Purines and nucleic acids
Books Recommended:
1. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I & II by Finar, Pearson Education. 2. Organic Chemistry, R. T. Morrison, R. N. Boyd, Prentice‐Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Organic Chemistry, G. Marc Loudon, Oxford University Press., New York. 4. Dani V. R. Organic Spectroscopy, 1st edition‐1995. Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company,
New Delhi 5. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N. Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition‐1996, Prentice Hall of India
Private Ltd. New Delhi 6. Chatwal G. Organic Chemistry ofNatural Products, Vol‐I and II, 7th Reprint 1998, Himalaya
Publishing House, Mumbai 7. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoia, Volume I and II‐1999, a Joint publication of IDMA and RRL
Jannu Tawi. 8. Trease and Evants‐Pharmacognosy, 14th Edition, 1997, W. B. Sounders Company, Singapore 9. Wallis, T. E. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 5th Edition‐1997, CBS Publisher 10. Tyler, Brady, Robberts‐Pharmacognosy, 8th Edition‐1981, K. M. Varghese Company, Mumbai 11. Sim. S. K. Medicinal Plant Alkaoids and Glycosides, 2nd Edition‐1966 University of Toronto
Press, Toronto. 12. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Edited by Atal and Kapur, 1982, RRL Jammu
Tawi 13. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Edited by Atal and Kaur, 1982, RRL Jammu
Tawi. 14. Harbone J. B. Phytochemical Methods, 3rd Edition‐1998 Champan and Hall London