5
BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES FOLLOWING TH E SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION O F GLUCOSE SOLUTION 1 By T . S . DANOWSKI, A . W. WINKLER,2 A N D J . R . ELKINTON (From t h e Department o f Internal Medicine, Yale University School o f Medicine, Ne w Haven, Connecticut) (Received f o r publication January 3 0 , 1947) I t i s well known that t h e loss o f extracellular electrolyte m a y contribute t o o r even produce cardiovascular collapse. This i s manifest i n i t s most striking form i n t h e crisis o f Addison's dis- ease (1), in diabetic acidosis a n d coma ( 2 , 3 ) a n d i n patients losing large amounts o f fluid from t h e gastrointestinal tract ( 4 , 5 ) . I n these conditions t h e losses o f t h e sodium ion, the chloride ion, a n d water a r e often th e primary a n d sole cause o f cir- culatory collapse. T h e chain o f events which ends i n clinical shock following salt depletion h a s been experimentally studied ( 6 , 7 ) . Abstraction f salt from a healthy animal v i a t h e peritoneal route a c - cording t o t h e Darrow-Yannet technique ( 8 ) pro- duces hypotonicity o f t h e extracellular fluid. Water then moves into t h e cells i n response t o osmotic forces. T h e consequent decrease i n extra- cellular fluid volume occurs i n both t h e interstitial fluid a n d t h e plasma. Diminution i n t h e latter. i s readily detected b y t h e rise i n the hematocrit a n d i n t h e concentration o f t h e total serum protein. I t i s of particular significance that some o f t h e circulating plasma protein i s lost a n d that i n terms o f proportionate change, the plasma volume d i - minishes much more than does the extracellular fluid a s a whole (7). These alterations i n he com- position o f t h e fluid i n t h e extracellular a n d intra- cellular compartments a r e a n invariable accom- paniment o f salt depletion. I f acutely induced, a n d o f sufficient magnitude, th e loss o f salt results i n a shock state akin t o that seen following burns, trauma, o r hemorrhage (9). T h e circulation slows a n d t h e venous pressure falls. These changes a r e associated with a diminished cardiac output (7). I f untreated, death ensues. I t seems highly probable that during absorption o f a glucose hypodermoclysis salt i s removed from the circulation i n a manner identical with that ob- 1Aided b y grant from t h e Fluid Research Fund o f Yale University. Winkler died June 2 6 , 1947. served following t h e injection o f fluid intraperi- toneally. Moreover, i t h a s been recognized clini- cally that t h e subcutaneous administration o non- electrolyte-containing fluid t o certain patients m a y precipitate circulatory collapse a n d death. This h a s been noted i n particular i n patients with mer- cury poisoning a n d with diabetic coma (10, 3 ) . Inasmuch a s these conditions a r e known t o b e fre- quently associated with some measure o f ante- cedent salt a n d water loss, possible that t h e shock state i s precipitated b y further salt depletion during glucose hypodermoclysis (11). Since t h e parenteral administration o f glucose solutions t o a l l types of patients, even those o n the verge o f cardiovascular collapse, i s a commonly accepted procedure, t h e biochemical a n d hemodynamic changes which occur have been studied experi- mentally a n d a r e reported i n this paper. I t h a s been found that t h e subcutaneous administration o f a sufficient volume o f non-electrolyte-contain- i n g fluid usually produces salt depletion, a n d that this c a n result i n peripheral vascular collapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS T h e effects o f glucose solutions o n circulatory efficiency have been studied i n animals a n d i n human patients i n t h e post-absorptive state. Tw o healthy female dogs weighing 7.96 a n d 10.86 kilo- grams were given 5 p er cent glucose solution b y sub- cutaneous injection, 7 2 0 m l . a n d 1,000 m l . respectively, during a 1 0 - t o 15-minute period. I n t h e first experiment, measurements were made prior t o a n d a t 2 . 0 hours after t h e injection o f t h e glucose solution. I n t h e second, o b - servations o f cardiovascular function were made a t i n - tervals during 2 . 5 hours. These included determination o f t h e direct arterial blood pressure, t h e circulation time, t h e cardiac output, a n d t h e volume o f urine elaborated. Th e methods a n d t h e calculations employed have been described i n a previous paper together with t h e pro- cedure employed f o r measurement o f changes i n t h e plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, a n d t h e cir- culating plasma proteins (7). These involve the determi- nation o f t h e whole blood hematocrit a n d nonprotein n i - 8 8 7

Subcutaneous Injection of Glucose

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BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES FOLLOWINGTHE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF GLUCOSE

SOLUTION 1

By T . S . DANOWSKI, A . W. WINKLER,2 A N D J . R . ELKINTON

( F r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f I n t e r n a l M e d i c i n e , Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e ,

New H a v e n , C o n n e c t i c u t )

( R e c e i v e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n J a n u a r y 3 0 , 1 9 4 7 )

I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e l o s s o f e x t r a c e l l u l a re l e c t r o l y t e may c o n t r i b u t e t o o r e v e n p r o d u c e

c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o l l a p s e . T h i s i s m a n i f e s t i n i t s

m o s t s t r i k i n g f o r m i n t h e c r i s i s o f A d d i s o n ' s d i s -

e a s e ( 1 ) , i n d i a b e t i c a c i d o s i s a n d c o m a ( 2 , 3 ) a n d

i n p a t i e n t s l o s i n g l a r g e a m o u n t s o f f l u i d f r o m t h e

g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t ( 4 , 5 ) . I n t h e s e c o n d i t i o n st h e l o s s e s o f t h e s o d i u m i o n , t h e c h l o r i d e i o n , a n d

w a t e r a r e o f t e n t h e p r i m a r y a n d s o l e c a u s e o f c i r -

c u l a t o r y c o l l a p s e . T h e c h a i n o f e v e n t s w h i c h e n d s

i n c l i n i c a l s h o c k f o l l o w i n g s a l t d e p l e t i o n h a s b e e n

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y s t u d i e d ( 6 , 7 ) . A b s t r a c t i o n o f s a l t

f r o m a h e a l t h y a n i m a l v i a t h e p e r i t o n e a l r o u t e a c -

c o r d i n g t o t h e D a r r o w - Y a n n e t t e c h n i q u e ( 8 ) p r o -d u c e s h y p o t o n i c i t y o f t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d .

W a t e r t h e n m o v e s i n t o t h e c e l l s i n r e s p o n s e t o

o s m o t i c f o r c e s . T h e c o n s e q u e n t d e c r e a s e i n e x t r a -

c e l l u l a r f l u i d v o l u m e o c c u r s i n b o t h t h e i n t e r s t i t i a lf l u i d a n d t h e p l a s m a . D i m i n u t i o n i n t h e l a t t e r . i s

r e a d i l y d e t e c t e d b y t h e r i s e i n t h e h e m a t o c r i t a n d

i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l s e r u m p r o t e i n .I t i s o f p a r t i c u l a r s i g n i f i c a n c e t h a t s o m e o f t h ec i r c u l a t i n g p l a s m a p r o t e i n i s l o s t a n d t h a t i n t e r m s

o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e c h a n g e , t h e p l a s m a v o l u m e d i -m i n i s h e s m u c h m o r e t h a n d o e s t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a rf l u i d a s a w h o l e ( 7 ) . T h e s e a l t e r a t i o n s i n t h e c o m -

p o s i t i o n o f t h e f l u i d i n t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r a n d i n t r a -

c e l l u l a r c o m p a r t m e n t s a r e a n i n v a r i a b l e a c c o m -

p a n i m e n t o f s a l t d e p l e t i o n . I f a c u t e l y i n d u c e d ,a n d o f s u f f i c i e n t m a g n i t u d e , t h e l o s s o f s a l t r e s u l t s

i n a s h o c k s t a t e a k i n t o t h a t s e e n f o l l o w i n g b u r n s ,t r a u m a , o r h e m o r r h a g e ( 9 ) . T h e c i r c u l a t i o ns l o w s a n d t h e v e n o u s p r e s s u r e f a l l s . T h e s e

c h a n g e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a d i m i n i s h e d c a r d i a c

o u t p u t ( 7 ) . I f u n t r e a t e d , d e a t h e n s u e s .I t s e e m s h i g h l y p r o b a b l e t h a t d u r i n g a b s o r p t i o n

o f a g l u c o s e h y p o d e r m o c l y s i s s a l t i s r e m o v e d f r o m

t h e c i r c u l a t i o n i n a m a n n e r i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t o b -

1 A i d e d b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e F l u i d R e s e a r c h F u n d o fY a l e U n i v e r s i t y .2 D r . W i n k l e r d i e d J u n e 2 6 , 1 9 4 7 .

s e r v e d f o l l o w i n g t h e i n j e c t i o n o f f l u i d i n t r a p e r i -

t o n e a l l y . M o r e o v e r , i t h a s b e e n r e c o g n i z e d c l i n i -

c a l l y t h a t t h e s u b c u t a n e o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f n o n -

e l e c t r o l y t e - c o n t a i n i n g f l u i d t o c e r t a i n p a t i e n t s may

p r e c i p i t a t e c i r c u l a t o r y c o l l a p s e a n d d e a t h . T h i s

h a s b e e n n o t e d i n p a r t i c u l a r i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m e r -

c u r y p o i s o n i n g a n d w i t h d i a b e t i c c o m a ( 1 0 , 3 ) .I n a s m u c h a s t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e k n o w n t o b e f r e -

q u e n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s o m e m e a s u r e o f a n t e -

c e d e n t s a l t a n d w a t e r l o s s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e

s h o c k s t a t e i s p r e c i p i t a t e d b y f u r t h e r s a l t d e p l e t i o n

d u r i n g g l u c o s e h y p o d e r m o c l y s i s ( 1 1 ) . S i n c e t h e

p a r e n t e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s t o

a l l t y p e s o f p a t i e n t s , e v e n t h o s e o n t h e v e r g e o f

c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o l l a p s e , i s a c o m m o n l y a c c e p t e dp r o c e d u r e , t h e b i o c h e m i c a l a n d h e m o d y n a m i c

c h a n g e s w h i c h o c c u r h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d e x p e r i -m e n t a l l y a n d a r e r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r . I t h a s

b e e n f o u n d t h a t t h e s u b c u t a n e o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o no f a s u f f i c i e n t v o l u m e o f n o n - e l e c t r o l y t e - c o n t a i n -i n g f l u i d u s u a l l y p r o d u c e s s a l t d e p l e t i o n , a n d t h a t

t h i s c a n r e s u l t i n p e r i p h e r a l v a s c u l a r c o l l a p s e .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

T h e e f f e c t s o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s o n c i r c u l a t o r y e f f i c i e n c yh a v e b e e n s t u d i e d i n a n i m a l s a n d i n h u m a n p a t i e n t s i n

t h e p o s t - a b s o r p t i v e s t a t e .

Two h e a l t h y f e m a l e d o g s w e i g h i n g 7 . 9 6 a n d 1 0 . 8 6 k i l o -g r a m s w e r e g i v e n 5 p e r c e n t g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n b y s u b -

c u t a n e o u s i n j e c t i o n , 7 2 0 m l . a n d 1 , 0 0 0 m l . r e s p e c t i v e l y ,d u r i n g a 1 0 - t o 1 5 - m i n u t e p e r i o d . I n t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t ,m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e p r i o r t o a n d a t 2 . 0 h o u r s a f t e r

t h e i n j e c t i o n o f t h e g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n . I n t h e s e c o n d , o b -s e r v a t i o n s o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r f u n c t i o n were made a t i n -

t e r v a l s d u r i n g 2 . 5 h o u r s . T h e s e i n c l u d e d d e t e r m i n a t i o no f t h e d i r e c t a r t e r i a l b l o o d p r e s s u r e , t h e c i r c u l a t i o n t i m e ,t h e c a r d i a c o u t p u t , a n d t h e v o l u m e o f u r i n e e l a b o r a t e d .

Th e m e t h o d s a n d t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s e m p l o y e d h a v e b e e n

d e s c r i b e d i n a p r e v i o u s p a p e r t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p r o -

c e d u r e e m p l o y e d f o r m e a s u r e m e n t o f c h a n g e s i n t h e

p l a s m a v o l u m e , e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d v o l u m e ,a n d

t h ec i r -

c u l a t i n g p l a s m a p r o t e i n s ( 7 ) . T h e s e i n v o l v e t h e d e t e r m i -n a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e b l o o d h e m a t o c r i t a n d n o n p r o t e i n n i -

8 8 7

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T . S . DANOWSKI, A . W. WINKLER, AND J . R . ELKINTON

t r o g e n , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f serum p r o t e i n , a n d t h e b a l -ance o f serum c h l o r i d e .

G l u c o s e h y p o d e r m o c l y s e s h a v e a l s o b e e n g i v e n t o 4

p a t i e n t s i n amounts r a n g i n g f r o m 3 2 m l . t o 7 2 m l . pe r

k i l o g r a m o f b o d y w e i g h t . I n 2 o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s , a n d i n

one o t h e r , t h e e f f e c t s o f i n t r a v e n o u s g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s onc i r c u l a t o r y e f f i c i e n c y h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d i n c o n t r o l ex-

p e r i m e n t s as w e l l . T h e s t u d i e s w i t h p a t i e n t s d i f f e r e d f r o m

t h e a n i ma l e x p e r i me n t s i n t h a t t h e p a r e n t e r a l f l u i d s were

a d m i n i s t e r e d over a p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l h o u r s , a n d t h ec a r d i a c o u t p u t was n o t m e a s u r e d . I n 2 o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s

t he n i t r o g e n c l e a r a n c e s were f o l l o w e d as w e l l as t h ec h a n g e s i n e f f e c t i v e r e n a l p l a s m a f l o w a s m e a s u r e d b y

t h e c l e a r a n c e o f p a r a - a m i n o h i p p u r a t e (PAH)8 ( 1 2 ) .

RESULTS

A t 2 . 0 a n d 2 . 5 h o u r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o l l o w i n g t h e

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s u b c u t a n e o u s l yi n d o g s 1 1 i A a n d 5 5 P , p r o f o u n d c i r c u l a t o r y c o l -

l a p s e was p r e s e n t . T h e c i r c u l a t i o n t i m e rose t o

1 2 a n d 1 5 s e c o n d s f r o m i n i t i a l v a l u e s o f 8 a n d 7

( T a b l e I ) . T h e mean a r t e r i a l b l o o d pressure d e -c l i n e d 2 5 a n d 3 5 mm. H g , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The c a r -

d i a c o u t p u t d i m i n i s h e d t o % or o f t h e p r e -

d e p l e t i o n v a l u e s . 4 U r i n e e l a b o r a t i o n c e a s e d a l m o s t

e n t i r e l y .T h e b i o c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s were e q u a l l y d e f i n i t e .

T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c h l o r i d e i n e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d

a O b t a i n e d t h r o u g h c o u r t e s y o f t h e M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h

D i v i s i o n o f S h a r p a n d D o h m e , I n c o r p o r a t e d .'I n d o g 1 1 0 A a p r e l i m i n a r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c a r d i a c

o u t p u t was n o t d o n e . I f t h e mean v a l u e f o r c a r d i a c i n d e x ,as d e t e r m i n e d b y us i n a l a r g e s e r i e s o f n o r m a l d o g s , o f

5 . 4 5 + 1 . 4 3 l i t e r s pe r m i n u t e pe r square m e t e r i s t a k e n as

t h e i n i t i a l v a l u e ( 7 ) , t h e f i n a l v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s a d e -

crease i n c a r d i a c o u t p u t o f 5 6 pe r c e n t .

d e c r e a s e d b y more t h a n 1 0 m e q . per l i t e r . Hemo-

c o n c e n t r a t i o n a p p e a r e d as i n d i c a t e d b y t h e i n -

crease i n h e m a t o c r i t a n d serum p r o t e i n c o n t e n t ;

p l a s m a v o l u m e d i m i n i s h e d .

I n p a t i e n t L . M . , e q u a l l y s t r i k i n g b i o c h e m i c a la n d h e m o d y n a m i c c h a n g e s f o l l o w e d t h e s u b c u -

t a n e o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n ( T a b l e

I I ) . H y p o c h l o r e m i a , h e m o c o n c e n t r a t i o n , d i m i n u -

t i o n o f p l a s m a v o l u m e , l o s s o f c i r c u l a t i n g p l a s m a

p r o t e i n , h y p o t e n s i o n , a n d l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e c i r c u -

l a t i o n t i m e o c c u r r e d . I n t h i s p a t i e n t , t h e r e f o r e ,t h e i n j e c t i o n o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n , 7 2 m l . per k g m .

o f b o d y w e i g h t , p r o d u c e d u n e q u i v o c a l c i r c u l a t o r y

c o l l a p s e w h i c h r e s p o n d e d t o t r e a t m e n t w i t h p l a s m a

a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l s a l i n e .

I n p a t i e n t s C . M . , W. O . , a n d M . W. t h e b i o -c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s a t t h e e n d o f 4 . 0 t o 5 . 6 h o u r s

were l e s s p r o n o u n c e d , b u t n o n e t h e l e s s d e f i n i t e .

T h e h e m a t o c r i t , t h e h e m o g l o b i n , a n d t h e serum

p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n a l l r o s e . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o no f serum c h l o r i d e f e l l i n 2 o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s a n d

wa s u n c h a n g e d i n 1 ; t h e p l a s m a v o l u m e f e l l

i n a l l 3 s u b j e c t s ; p l a s m a p r o t e i n l e f t t h e c i r c u l a -

t i o n . T h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s e c h a n g e s on c i r c u l a t o r ye f f i c i e n c y were e i t h e r m i n i m a l or a b s e n t . T h e

c i r c u l a t i o n t i m e wa s p r o l o n g e d i n o n l y 1 o f t h e s e

s u b j e c t s ( p a t i e n t C . M . ) . N i t r o g e n c l e a r a n c e d e -c l i n e d t e m p o r a r i l y i n 1 o f t h e 2 p a t i e n t s i n whom i t

was m e a s u r e d ( p a t i e n t M . W . ) . R e n a l p l a s m a

f l o w as m e a s u r e d b y s o d i u m p a r a - a m i n o h i p p u r a t e

d i d n o t c h a n g e s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( p a t i e n t s W. 0. a n d

M . W . ) .

I n t h e c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

TABLE I

E f f e c t o f g l u c o s e h y p o d e r m o c l y s i s o n b o d y f l u i d s a n d t h e c i r c u l a t i o n i n d o g s :C h a n g e s i n b l o o d a n d serum a n a l y s e s , k e m o d y n a m i c s , a n d p l a s m a

S e r u m t B l o o d O x y g e n C h a n g e i nTime Hypo-f r o m d e r m o - Ue C i r c u - Mean

D o g s t a r t o f W e i g h t c l y s I U v o l n e R e l a - l a t i o n a r t e r i a l C a r d i a c C I r c u -e x p e r i - 5 p e r c e n t Vo.Toa t i v e Hemo- t i m e p r e s - C o n - A . . V I n d e x P l a s m a l a t i n g

m e n t g l u c o s e | _ | p r o t e i n c e l l g l o b i n s u r e s u m p - d i f f e r - v o l u m e p l a s m aV o l . t i o n e n c e p r o t e i n

m e q . grams p e r grams M M. m l . v o l u m e l i t e r s p e rh o u r s k g m . m l m l . p e r p e r c e n t p e r s e c . Hg p m r p e r m i x . p e r ml . grams

l i t e r c e n t C e l l s c e n t m i n . c e n t s q . m e t e r

1OA 0 7 . 9 6 1 0 4 . 0 7 . 2 6 3 7 . 8 1 0 . 1 8 1 2 52 7 2 0 1 2 9 3 . 9 8 . 1 6 4 3 . 3 1 1 . 0 1 2 1 0 0 8 5 8 . 8 2 . 4 2 - 7 1 - 2

5 5 P 0 1 0 . 8 6 1 0 5 . 2 5 . 5 9 3 0 . 8 8 . 2 7 1 3 5 1 1 8 3 . 3 5 . 9 4

2 . 5 1 1 . 6 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 9 . 9 7 . 8 1 4 0 . 8 1 0 . 2 1 5 1 0 0 6 6 8 . 0 1 . 6 7 -186 - 1

G i v e n i m m e d i at e l y a f t e r i n i t i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e m a d e a t s t a r t o f e x p e r i m e n t s .t W a t e r c o n t e n t o f s e r u m ( W . ) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e s e r u m t o t a l p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( P . ) b y t h e f o r m u l a :

W . - 9 9 . 3 0 - 0 . 8 8 9 P . ( 1 5 ) .

8 8 8

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8 8 9FFECTS OF GLUCOSE SOLUTIONS ON CIRCULATORY EFFICIENCY

TABLE II

E f f e c t s o f g l u c o s e h y p o d e r m o c l y s i s on b o d y f l u i d s a n d c i r c u l a t i o n o f 4 h u m a n s u b j e c t s

I n t a k e U r i n e S e r u m s B l o o d C l e a r a n c e o f Chane I n

S u b J e c t i T i m e ] --a n d f r o m S u b - RIIr-l o o d

E X . d o s e o f s t a r t W i h c u t . R e l a - c t i o n p r e s - Crux . 5 p e r o f W e x -ghtalAHoNPNrePlasma L a t i n sr a l 5 p e r I n t r a - V o l - C l 1 H e m o - t i m e Pe n t p e r l - HsO cetvenous ueC Czpoce.globin HNNvolume p l a s m ag l u c o s e ment c o s e umel p r o t e i n

m l . m e a . m e g . g r a m s p e r g r a m s m l . m l .p e r h o u r s k g m . m l - m l . m l . m l . m e g . p e r p e r p e r c e n t P e r s e c . mmlHg P e r P e r m l . gramsk g m . l i t e r l i er n x t c e l l s c e n t mix..

I L . M . 0 3 7 . 6 1 0 1 . 9 2 4 . 7 6 . 5 2 3 3 . 8 1 2 . 5 1 2 1 0 5 / 6 57 2 4 . 3 3 9 . 1 0 2 7 0 0 7 9 0 4 0 8 7 . 8 7 . 9 3 4 5 . 8 1 5 . 6 1 5 9 0 / 6 4 - 5 9 5 -23

2 0 . 0 3 8 . 8 1 4 0 0 2 1 0 0 ? ? 9 6 . 9 2 3 . 2 7 . 2 1 3 6 . 8 1 3 . 6 1 2 9 0 / 6 0 +383 +19

2 C . M . 0 7 2 . 6 9 4 . 3 2 9 . 5 6 . 9 5 4 6 . 0 1 6 . 2 1 6 1 1 4 / 6 03 9 5 . 6 0 2 8 5 0 5 5 5 2 6 9 2 . 5 2 9 . 4 7 . 2 1 4 9 . 0 1 6 . 6 2 2 1 2 4 / 7 6 -270 -11

2 4 . 0 7 1 . 3 1 2 0 0 1 7 0 0 2 1 9 4 . 0 2 9 . 6 6 . 8 0 4 7 . 3 1 5 . 6 1 6 +320 + 1 0

3 W. O . 0 9 8 . 9 2 5 . 4 6 . 6 6 4 7 . 8 1 6 . 4 1 3 1 1 8 / 7 44 1 0 . 5 7 0 t 2 2 1 7 4 6 2 8 . 5

4 . 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 0 0 t 7 1 0 6 9 0 . 3 2 6 . 6 7 . 1 6 5 4 . 0 1 7 . 3 5 7 8 2 8 . 3 -490 -204 . 5 6 6 . 6 3 0 t 6 2 1 2 1 1 6 / 6 4 7 5 2 2 5 . 4

4 M. W. 0 6 2 . 2 9 7 . 7 2 7 . 6 7 . 1 6 4 5 . 2 1 5 . 0 1 3 1 2 8 / 8 83 2 0 . 5 8 0 t 2 1 7 6 6 9 3 1 . 3

4 . 0 0 2 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 8 9 2 . 3 2 5 . 7 8 . 7 4 5 4 . 0 1 7 . 0 1 2 1 3 0 / 9 0 1 9 . 0 -730 - 204 . 3 6 3 . 2 4 0 t 4 2 5 6 1 3 5 . 0

* W a t e r c o n t e n t o f s e r u m ( W . ) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e s e r u m t o t a l p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( P . ) b y t h e f o r m u l a :

W. 9 8 . 5 - 0 . 7 4 5 P . ( 1 6 ) .B a l a n c e d a t a a r e e x p r e s s e d p e r i n d i v i d u a l p e r i o d r a t h e r t h a n c u m u l a t i v e l y . T h e h y p o d e r m o c l y s e s w e r e g i v e n a t s t a r to f e x p e r i m e n t s . T i m e f r o m s t a r r o f e x p e r i m e n t i n d i c a t e s e n d o f p e r i o d a t w h i c h t i m e s e r u m a n a l y s e s a n d h e m o d y n a m i cm e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e .

t L . M . : 3 3 - y e a r - o l d w h i t e f e m a l e , ? t u b e r c u l o s i s o f a b d o m i n a l l y m p h n o d e s .C . M . : 4 4 - y e a r - o l d w h i t e m a l e , t e r t i a r y c e r e b r o s p i n a l l u e s , p e n i c i l l i n t r e a t m e n t .W. 0 . : 2 7 - y e a r - o l d w h i t e m a l e , i d i o p a t h i c e p i l e p s y .M. W . : 2 6 - y e a r - o l d n e g r o m a l e , l a t e n t l u e s , p e n i c i l l i n t r e a t m e n t .P AH i n 5 p e r c e n t g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n .

TABLE I I I

C o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s : e f f e c t s o f g l u c o s e i n f u s i o n s o n b o d y f l u i d s a n d c i r c u l a t i o n o f 3 h u m a n s u b j e c t s

I n t a k e U r i n e S e r u m * B l o o d C h a n g e i n

Subject**frome--______

a n d d o s eE x p . o f 5 p e r " W e i g h tnlt i o n B l o o d u r C i r i u -

c e n t OfOral venous T o t a l t i v e Heo iePlasmai n t i n gg l u c o s e e x l p e r l . H s O 5 p e r V o l . C l C l C 0 s p r o t e i n c e l l H e m o b timepresur

ment

cetVol.-lbnvluepaml u c o s e umeprti

ml.ergm.oursg m . m l . m l . m l . m e g . m e g . m e g . grams p e r grams

| m l . p e r k g m . h o u r s |kgm.| m M i . m i . m e q . | |r p e r c e n t p e r s e c . mm.Hg m i . grams

s t r c e n t c e l l s c e n t5 L . M. 0 3 6 . 9 9 6 . 9 6 . 4 7 3 3 . 8 1 2 . 5 1 1 1 0 0 / 7 07 0 5 . 6 3 7 . 4 4 0 0 2 6 0 0 1 9 6 0 3 0 9 8 . 0 6 . 6 4 3 4 . 0 1 2 . 5 1 1 1 1 0 / 7 8 - 8 + 2

2 3 . 0 3 7 . 0 1 0 5 5 1 0 3 . 6 2 4 . 3 7 . 3 3 3 8 . 7 1 2 . 7 1 1 -144 + 1

6 C . M. 0 7 1 . 3 9 4 . 0 2 9 . 6 6 . 8 0 4 7 . 3 1 5 . 6 1 64 2 5 . 5 7 2 . 4 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 2 9 7 . 1 2 8 . 2 6 . 1 9 4 3 . 8 1 5 . 6 1 4 +230 - 7

2 4 . 0 7 0 . 4 2 4 0 0 2 9 7 0 9 1 9 5 . 9 2 8 . 4 6 . 1 9 4 1 . 1 1 5 . 0 +320 +20

7 D . P . 0 7 7 . 8 9 9 . 9 2 3 . 2 7 . 0 9 4 0 . 7 1 3 . 9 1 1 6 / 7 03 9 5 . 0 7 7 . 8 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 4 2 1 0 2 . 2 2 4 . 0 7 . 0 1 4 0 . 8 1 3 . 9 1 2 2 / 7 0 - 1 0 - 3

2 4 . 0 7 7 . 9 a d . l i b . 1 4 7 5 7 3 9 7 . 1 2 4 . 2 7 . 4 3 3 9 . 7 1 4 . 1 1 3 2 / 7 8 + 2 0 + 16

* S e e f o o t n o t e t o T a b l e I I .B a l a n c e d a t a a r e e x p r e s s e d p e r i n d i v i d u a l p e r i o d . I n f u s i o n s w e r e g i v e n a t s t a r t o f e x p e r i m e n t s . S e r u m a n a l y s e s a n d

h e m o d y n a m i c m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e a s i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e I I .* * L . M. a n d C . M . : S e e T a b l e I I . D . P . : 6 3 - y e a r - o l d w h i t e m a l e , b e n i g n g a s t r i c u l c e r , s u b s e q u e n t s u b t o t a l g a s -

t r e c t o m y .

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T . S . DANOWSKI, A . W. W I N K L E R , AND J . R . ELKINTON

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f c o m p a r a b l e a m o u n t s o f g l u c o s es o l u t i o n i n t r a v e n o u s l y f a i l e d t o i n d u c e h y p o c h l o r e -m i a , h e m o c o n c e n t r a t i o n , a n d l o s s o f c i r c u l a t i n gp l a s m a p r o t e i n , o r t o a f f e c t a d v e r s e l y t h e c i r c u l a -t o r y d y n a m i c s ( T a b l e I I I ) . U r i n e v o l u m e s w e r e

m a i n t a i n e d , o r a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e d , t h r o u g h o u t t h ep e r i o d s o f o b s e r v a t i o n .

DISCUSSION

T h e s e s t u d i e s w i t h a n i m a l a n d h u m a n s u b j e c t sp r o v i d e u n e q u i v o c a l p r o o f t h a t t h e s u b c u t a n e o u s

i n j e c t i o n o f f l u i d w h i c h d o e s n o t c o n t a i n e l e c t r o -

l y t e may p r o d u c e a f o r m o f s a l t d e p l e t i o n . E v e n

t h o u g h t h e e l e c t r o l y t e s w h i c h d i f f u s e i n t o t h e s u b -c u t a n e o u s p o o l o f f l u i d a r e s t i l l w i t h i n t h e b o d y a s

a w h o l e , t h e y h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c i r c u -l a t o r y s y s t e m a n d f r o m t h e u s u a l c o n f i n e s o f i n -

t e r s t i t i a l f l u i d . S u c h s e g r e g a t i o n d e p l e t e s t h er e s t o f t h e b o d y o f s a l t . T h i s c a n p r o d u c e c i r c u -

l a t o r y c o l l a p s e .I n t h e s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d h e r e , d e f i n i t e i m p a i r -

m e n t o f c i r c u l a t o r y e f f i c i e n c y o c c u r r e d i n t h e d o g

e x p e r i m e n t s a n d i n 1 o f t h e 4 e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h

h u m a n s . S a l t d e p l e t i o n d e f i n i t e l y w a s p r e s e n t ,

h o w e v e r , i n 5 o f t h e 6 s u b j e c t s g i v e n g l u c o s e s o l u -

t i o n b y s u b c u t a n e o u s i n j e c t i o n . H e n c e , i n t h e p a -

t i e n t s w h o f a i l e d t o d e v e l o p e v i d e n c e s o f c a r d i o -v a s c u l a r c o l l a p s e t h e s a l t d e p l e t i o n w a s e i t h e r o fi n s u f f i c i e n t m a g n i t u d e o r o n l y a t r a n s i e n t p h e -n o m e n o n . T h e 2 d o g s r e c e i v e d 9 2 m l . a n d 9 0 m l .

o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n p e r k g m . o f b o d y w e i g h t . I f

n o n e o f t h e i n j e c t e d f l u i d h a d b e e n a b s o r b e d a n d

i f c h l o r i d e h a d d i f f u s e d i n t o i t t o t h e p o i n t o f e q u i l -i b r i u m w i t h t h e b o d y f l u i d s , 3 2 a n d 3 3 p e r c e n t r e -

s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e t o t a l b o d y c h l o r i d e w o u l d h a v e

b e e n s e g r e g a t e d . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , e v e n t h o u g h

a l l 4 p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 l i t e r s o f

f l u i d s u b c u t a n e o u s l y a t c o m p a r a b l e r a t e s o f f l o w ,t h e p e r k i l o g r a m d o s e s v a r i e d w i d e l y . P a t i e n t L .

M . w h o d e v e l o p e d s h o c k r e c e i v e d 7 2 m l . p e r

k g m . ; 3 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e c h l o r i d e w a s t h e r e b y r e -

5 U n d o i u b t e d l y t h e s e a s s u m e d c o n d i t i o n s w e r e n o t r e a l -i z e d ; t h e d e g r e e o f a b s o r p t i o n o f t h e f l u i d a n d i t s c h l o r i d ec o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e n o t m e a s u r a b l e . B u t t h e v a l u e s f o r

c h l o r i d e s e g r e g a t i o n o b t a i n e d o n t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s i n d i -c a t e maximum l i m i t s a n d a r e v a l i d f o r c o m p a r i s o n b e -t w e e n e x p e r i m e n t a l s u b j e c t s . T h e i n i t i a l e x t r a c e l l u l a rf l u i d v o l u m e i s a l s o a s s u m e d t o b e 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e

b o d y w e i g h t i n d o g s a n d 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e b o d y w e i g h ti n h u m a n s .

m o v e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d .

T h e o t h e r 3 p a t i e n t s w e r e g i v e n o n l y 3 2 t o 4 1 m l .p e r k g m . As a c o n s e q u e n c e , a d i s t i n c t l y s m a l l e ra m o u n t o f b o d y c h l o r i d e , 1 6 t o 1 9 p e r c e n t , w a s

s e g r e g a t e d i n t h e s u b c u t a n e o u s p o o l . T h i s w a s

e n o u g h t o p r o d u c e t h e t y p i c a l b i o c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s

b u t n ot s u f f i c i e n t l y g r e a t t o r e s u l t i n c a r d i o v a s c u l a rc o l l a p s e . T h e s e a r e a p p a r e n t l y t h e l i m i t s o f t h ec h a n g e s i n m o s t p a t i e n t s , s i n c e a g l u c o s e h y p o -

d e r m o c l y s i s i s u s u a l l y a b e n i g n p r o c e d u r e . U n -

d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e a b s t r a c t i o n o f b o d y

e l e c t r o l y t e s i s b o t h m i n i m a l a n d t e m p o r a r y , s i n c et h e s a l t i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d a s a

w h o l e a s t h e c l y s i s i s a b s o r b e d . T h i s s a l t d e p l e -t i o n m a y , h o w e v e r , b e a u g m e n t e d a n d c a r d i o v a s -c u l a r c o l l a p s e p r o d u c e d , a s e v i d e n c e d i n t h e d o g

e x p e r i m e n t s a n d i n 1 o f t h e 4 s t u d i e s w i t h h u m a n

s u b j e c t s , b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e r e l a t i v e v o l u m e o f t h eg l u c o s e s o l u t i o n .

S h o c k m a y d e v e l o p , h o w e v e r , e v e n a f t e r a c o m -

p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l h y p o d e r m o c l y s i s . T h i s i s p a r t i c u -l a r l y t r u e i n p a t i e n t s w h o a l r e a d y h a v e s o m e m e a s -

u r e o f s a l t d e p l e t i o n a s a c on s e q u e n c e o f t h e i ri l l n e s s , a n d i n t h o s e w h o a r e o n t h e v e r g e o f c i r c u -

l a t o r y c o l l a p s e b e c a u s e o f t r a u m a , b u r n s , e t c . I n

t h e s e p a t i e n t s e v e n a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l l o s s o f e x t r a -

c e l l u l a r e l e c t r o l y t e may p l u n g e t h e m i n t o m a n i f e s ts h o c k . T h i s h a s b e e n n o t e d c l i n i c a l l y a n d r e -

p o r t e d ( 3 , 1 0 ) . I n p a t i e n t s s u c h a s t h e s e , w i t ht h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a l r e a d y p a r t i a l l y

c o m p r o m i s e d , s u b c u t a n e o u s f l u i d i s p o o r l y a b s o r b e da n d t h e s a l t d e p l e t i o n o r d i n a r i l y p r o d u c e d b y s m a l l

v o l u m e s o f f l u i d i s m a g n i f i e d a n d p r o l o n g e d .S h o c k i s , t h e r e f o r e , n o t o n l y p r e c i p i t a t e d , b u t

p e r p e t u a t e d a s w e l l .

I t c a n n o t b e a s s u m e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t g l u c o s es o l u t i o n c a n b e a d m i n i s t e r e d s u b c u t a n e o u s l y w i t hi m p u n i t y t o a l l p a t i e n t s . P a r t i c u l a r c a r e m u s t b e

e x e r t e d t o w a r d t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p a t i e n t s i n i m -

m i n e n t c i r c u l a t o r y c o l l a p s e , w i t h o r w i t h o u t s a l t

d e p l e t i o n . I n s u b j e c t s s u c h a s t h e s e i t i s i m p e r a -t i v e t h a t t h e s u b c u t a n e o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f g l u -c o s e s o l u t i o n b e e i t h e r p r e c e d e d o r a c c o m p a n i e d b y

m e a s u r e s t o p r e v e n t o r c o m b a t s h o c k . I t s h o u l db e a n i n v a r i a b l e r u l e t h a t , w h e n e v e r s u b c u t a n e o u s

p a r e n t e r a l f l u i d i s t o b e a d m i n i s t e r e d , t h e s a l i n e

f l u i d s p r e c e d e s a l t - f r e e g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s . I f i n -

c i p i e n t s h o c k i s s u s p e c t e d t h e p a t i e n t s h o u l d b e

t r e a t e d w i t h b l o o d , p l a s m a , o r g e l a t i n a n d b y r e s -

8 9 0

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EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE SOLUTIONS ON CIRCULATORY EFFICIENCY

, t o r a t i o n o f s a l t d e f i c i t s p r i o r t o t h e u s e o f s u b c u -

t a n e o u s g l u c o s e .E x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s p r o v i d e a l o g i c a l b a s i s f o r

t h e r a p y o f p a t i e n t s i n whom s h o c k h a s d e v e l o p e d

t h r o u g h t h e i n a d v e r t e n t u s e o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n

s u b c u t a n e o u s l y . I t h a s b e e n s h o w n t h a t , w i t h i nc e r t a i n l i m i t s o f t i m e , s h o c k p r o d u c e d b y a c u t es a l t d e p l e t i o n c a n b e c o m p l e t e l y , o r a l m o s t c o m -

p l e t e l y , r e v e r s e d b y t h e s i m p l e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h es a l t d e f i c i t w i t h h y p e r t o n i c s o l u t i o n s o f s a l i n e ( 1 3 ) .I t h a s b e e n f o u n d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e u s e o f c o l l o i d

s o l u t i o n s t o g e t h e r w i t h r e p l a c e m e n t o f s a l t p r o -v i d e s a d i s t i n c t m a r g i n o f s a f e t y ( 1 4 ) . H e n c e

b l o o d o r p l a s m a s h o u l d b e a d m i n i s t e r e d i n a d -d i t i o n t o s a l t s o l u t i o n s i n t r e a t i n g s a l t d e p l e t i o ns h o c k .

T h e l a c k o f a d v e r s e e f f e c t s f o l l o w i n g i n t r a -v e n o u s g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s i n t h e c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s

i n T a b l e I I I d o e s n o t i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s i s i n -

v a r i a b l y a s a f e p r o c e d u r e . T h e p a t i e n t s s t u d i e dh a d n o d e m o n s t r a b l e d i s o r d e r o f t h e c a r d i o v a s c u -l a r - r e n a l s y s t e m a n d w e r e n o t s a l t - d e p l e t e d . T h e

e x t r a f l u i d m e r e l y i n c r e a s e d t h e v o l u m e o f u r i n e .No d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e t o i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r s u c h a

p r o c e d u r e w o u l d b e e q u a l l y b e n i g n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

a n t e c e d e n t s a l t d e p l e t i o n , o n t h e v e r g e o f c i r c u l a -t o r y c o l l a p s e , a n d u n a b l e t o e x c r e t e w a t e r .

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1 . F i v e p e r c e n t g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n w a s a d m i n i s -t e r e d b y s u b c u t a n e o u s i n j e c t i o n t o d o g s a n d t o h u -

man s u b j e c t s . T h e c h a n g e s i n d u c e d i n t h e b o d y

f l u i d s a n d c i r c u l a t o r y d y n a m i c s w e r e s t u d i e d .2 . T h e s u b c u t a n e o u s i n j e c t i o n o f g l u c o s e s o l u -

t i o n u s u a l l y p r o d u c e d t r a n s i e n t s a l t d e p l e t i o n .3 . L a r g e o r r a p i d l y a d m i n i s t e r e d h y p o d e r m o -

c l y s e s o f g l u c o s e s o l u t i o n s r e s u l t e d i n m a r k e d s a l t

d e p l e t i o n a n d c i r c u l a t o r y c o l l a p s e .4 . I t s e e m s p r o b a b l e t h a t c i r c u l a t o r y c o l l a p s e may

b e p r e c i p i t a t e d e v e n w i t h s m a l l g l u c o s e h y p o -d e r m o c l y s e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h i n c i p i e n t s h o c k .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 . L o e b , R . F . , E f f e c t o f s o d i u m c h l o r i d e i n t r e a t m e n t o fa p a t i e n t w i t h A d d i s o n ' s d i s e a s e . P r o c . E x p . B i o l .& M e d . , 1 9 3 3 , 3 0 , 8 0 8 .

2 . A t c h l e y , D . W . , L o e b , R . F . , R i c h a r d s , D . W . , J r . ,

B e n e d i c t , E . M . , a n d D r i s c o l l , M . E . , On d i a b e t i ca c i d o s i s ; a d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f e l e c t r o l y t e b a l a n c e sf o l l o w i n g w i t h d r a w a l a n d r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f i n s u l i nt h e r a p y . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 3 3 , 1 2 , 2 9 7 .

3 . D a n o w s k i , T . S . , W i n k l e r , A . W . , a n d P e t e r s , J . P . ,

S a l t d e p l e t i o n , p e r i p h e r a l v a s c u l a r c o l l a p s e , a n dt h e t r e a t m e n t o f d i a b e t i c a c i d o s i s . Y a l e J . B i o l . &M e d . , 1 9 4 6 , 1 8 , 4 0 5 .

4 . G a m b l e , J . L . , E x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d ; e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i da n d i t s v i c i s s i t u d e s . B u l l . J o h n s H o p k i n s H o s p . ,1 9 3 7 , 6 1 , 1 5 1 .

5 . P e t e r s , J . P . , S y m p o s i u m o n f l u i d a n d e l e c t r o l y t e n e e d so f s u r g i c a l p a t i e n t ; t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e b l o o d i n r e -l a t i o n t o s u r g i c a l p r o b l e m s . A n n . S u r g . , 1 9 4 0 , 1 1 2 ,4 9 0 .

6 . N a d a l , J . W . , P e d e r s e n , S . , a n d M a d d o c k , W. G . , A:c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n d e h y d r a t i o n f r o m s a l t l o s s a n d

f r o m w a t e r d e p r i v a t i o n . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 4 1 , 2 0 ,6 9 1 .

7 . E l k i n t o n , J . R . , D a n o w s k i , T . S . , a n d W i n k l e r , A . W . ,

H e m o d y n a m i c c h a n g e s i n s a l t d e p l e t i o n a n d i n d e -h y d r a t i o n . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 4 6 , 2 5 , 1 2 0 .

8 . D a r r o w , D . C . , a n d Y a n n e t , H . , M e t a b o l i c s t u d i e s o f :t h e c h a n g e s i n b o d y e l e c t r o l y t e a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o fb o d y w a t e r i n d u c e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y b y d e f i c i t o f e x - Z

t r a c e l l u l a r e l e c t r o l y t e . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 3 6 , 1 5 ,4 1 9 .

9 . B l a l o c k , A . , P r i n c i p l e s o f S u r g i c a l C a r e : S h o c k a n d -

O t h e r P r o b l e m s . C . V . M o s b y C o . , S t . L o u i s , 1 9 4 0 . (1 0 . P e t e r s , J . P . , E i s e n m a n , A . J . , a n d K y d d , D . M . , =

M e r c u r y p o i s o n i n g . Am . J . M . S c i . , 1 9 3 3 , 1 8 5 , 1 4 9 . -1 1 . E l k i n t o n , J . R . , D a n o w s k i , T . S . , a n d W i n k l e r , A . W . ,

T h e e t i o l o g y a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e o f h y p o c h l o r e m i a( u n p u b l i s h e d ) .

1 2 . G o l d r i n g , W . , a n d C h a s i s , H . , H y p e r t e n s i o n a n d H y -

p e r t e n s i v e D i s e a s e . T h e C o m m o n w e a l t h F u n d , New

Y o r k , 1 9 4 4 .1 3 . D a n o w s k i , T . S . , W i n k l e r , A . W . , a n d E l k i n t o n , 3 .

R . , T h e t r e a t m e n t o f s h o c k d u e t o s a l t d e p l e t i o n ;c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e h e m o d y n a m i c e f f e c t s o f i s o t o n i cs a l i n e , o f h y p e r t o n i c s a l i n e , a n d o f i s o t o n i c g l u c o s es o l u t i o n s . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 4 6 , 2 5 , 1 3 0 .

1 4 . W i n k l e r , A . W . , D a n o w s k i , T . S . , a n d E l k i n t o n , J . R . ,T h e r 6 l e o f c o l l o i d a n d o f s a l i n e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t

o f s h o c k . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 4 6 , 2 5 , 2 2 0 .

1 5 . D a n o w s k i , T . S . , E l k i n t o n , J . R . , a n d W i n k l e r , A . W . ,T h e d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t i n d o g s o f a d r y p r o t e i n r a -

t i o n . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 1 9 4 4 , 2 3 , 8 1 6 .

1 6 . E i s e n m a n , A . J . , M a c k e n z i e , L . B . , a n d P e t e r s , J . P . ,P r o t e i n a n d w a t e r o f s e r u m a n d c e l l s o f h u m a n

b l o o d , w i t h a n o t e o n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f r e d b l o o dc e l l v o l u m e . J . B i o l . C h e m . , 1 9 3 6 , 1 1 6 , 3 3 .

8 9 1