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[Help with translations!]Sturm und DrangFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to naigation, search "Storm and Stress" redirects here. For other uses, see Storm and Stress (disambiguation).

 Sturm und Drang  "#erman pronunciation [ t m nt d aŋ]ˈʃ ʊʁ ʊ ˈ ʁ $ "literally %Storm and &rge%, althoughusually translated as %Storm and Stress%[']$ is a proto()omantic moement in #erman literature andmusic taking place from the late '*+s through the early '*-s, in which indiidual su./ectiity and, in particular, e0tremes of emotion were gien free e0pression in reaction to the perceiedconstraints of rationalism imposed .y the 1nlightenment and associated aesthetic moements23he philosopher Johann #eorg Hamann is considered to .e the ideologue of Sturm und Drang , and

Johann Wolfgang on #oethe was a nota.le proponent of the moement, though he and FriedrichSchiller  ended their period of association with it .y initiating what would .ecome Weimar4lassicism24ontents[hide]' Historical .ackground'2' 4ounter(1nlightenment'25 6rigin of the term'27 )elated aesthetic and philosophical moements5 Sturm und Drang in literature52' 4haracteristics525 8ota.le literary works7 9n music72' History725 Haydn727 :o;art72< 8ota.le composers and works< 9n isual art= Footnotes+ )eferences* 10ternal links

[edit] Historical .ackground[edit] 4ounter(1nlightenment:ain article 4ounter(1nlightenmentFrench 8eoclassicism, a moement .eginning in the early >aro?ue, and its preoccupation withrational congruity was the principal target of re.ellion for adherents of the Sturm und Drang  moement2 3he oert sentimentalism and need to pro/ect an o./ectie, anti(personalcharacteri;ation or image was found to .e at odds with the latent desire to e0press trou.ling

 personal emotions and an indiidual, su./ectie perspectie on reality2 9t was considered that the1nlightenment ideals of rationalism, empiricism, and uniersalism had failed to ade?uately capturethe human e0perience ( its emotional e0tremes and the inherent impurity of personal motiations2[edit] 6rigin of the term

3he term Sturm und Drang  first appeared as the title to a play .y Friedrich :a0imilian @linger , pu.lished in '**+, a.out the unfolding American )eolution, in which the author gies iolent

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e0pression to difficult emotions and e0tols indiiduality and su./ectiity oer the preailing orderof rationalism2 3hough it is argued that literature and music associated with Sturm und Drang  

 predate this seminal work, it was from this point that #erman artists .ecame distinctly self(conscious of a new esthetic2 3his seemingly spontaneous moement was em.raced .y a wide arrayof #erman authors and composers of the mid to late 4lassical period2[5]

Sturm und Drang  came to .e associated with literature or music aimed at frightening the audienceor im.uing them with e0tremes of emotion2 3he moement soon doetailed into Weimar4lassicism and early )omanticism, whereupon a socio(political concern for greater human freedomfrom despotism was incorporated along with a religious treatment of all things natural2[7] 3here ismuch de.ate regarding whose work should or should not .e included in the canon of Sturm und

 Drang 2 6ne point of iew would limit the moement to #oethe, Johann #ottfried Herder , Jako.:ichael )einhold Ben;, and their direct #erman associates writing works of fiction andCor

 philosophy .etween '** and the early '*-s2[<] 3he alternatie perspectie is that of a literarymoement ine0trica.ly linked to simultaneous deelopments in prose, poetry, and drama, e0tendingits direct influence throughout the #erman(speaking lands until the end of the '-th century2

 8eertheless, it should .e noted that the originators of the moement came to iew it as a time of

 premature e0u.erance that was then a.andoned in faor of often conflicting artistic pursuits2[=]

[edit] )elated aesthetic and philosophical moementsSee also 1mpfindsamkeit, rimitiism, and 6ssian

Johann #eorg Hamann3he literary topos of the %@raftmensch% e0isted as a precursor to Sturm und Drang  amongdramatists .eginning with F2:2 @linger , the e0pression of which is seen in the radical degree towhich indiiduality need appeal to no outside authority outside the self nor .e tempered .yrationalism2[+] 3hese ideals are identical to those of Sturm und Drang , and it can .e argued that thelater name e0ists to catalog a num.er of parallel, co(influential moements in #erman literature rather than e0press anything su.stantially different than what #erman dramatists were achieing in

the iolent plays attri.uted to the @raftmensch moement2:a/or philosophicalCtheoretical influences on the literary Sturm und Drang  moement were Johann#eorg Hamann "especially the '*+5 te0t Aesthetica in nuce. Eine Rhapsodie in kabbalistischer

 Prose$ and Johann #ottfried Herder , .oth from @Enigs.erg, and .oth formerly in contact with9mmanuel @ant2 Significant theoretical statements of Sturm und Drang aesthetics .y themoements central dramatists themseles include Ben; Anmerkungen bers !heater  and #oetheson deutscher #aukunst  and $um Sch%kespears !ag  " sic$2 3he most important contemporarydocument was the '**7 olume on deutscher Art und &unst. Einige 'liegende #l%tter , a collectionof essays that included commentaries .y Herder on 6ssian and Shakespeare, along withcontri.utions .y #oethe, aolo Frisi "in translation from the 9talian$, and Justus :Eser 2[edit] Sturm und Drang  in literature

[edit] 4haracteristics

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3he protagonist in a typical Sturm und Drang  stage work, poem, or  noel is drien to actionGofteniolent actionGnot .y pursuit of no.le means nor .y true moties, .ut .y reenge and greed2#oethes unfinished Prometheus e0emplifies this along with the common am.iguity proided .y

 /u0taposing humanistic  platitudes with out.ursts of irrationality2[*] 3he literature of Sturm und

 Drang  features an anti(aristocratic slant while seeking to eleate all things hum.le, natural, or

intensely real "especially whateer is painful, tormenting, or frightening$23he story of hopeless loe and eentual suicide presented in #oethes sentimental noel  Die eiden

des ungen *erthers "'**<$ is an e0ample of the authors tempered introspection regarding his loeand torment2 Friedrich Schiller s drama, Die R%uber  "'*-'$, proided the groundwork formelodrama to .ecome a recogni;ed dramatic form2 3he plot portrays a conflict .etween twoaristocratic .rothers, Fran; and @arl :oor 2 Fran; is cast as a illain attempting to cheat @arl out ofhis inheritance, though the moties for his action are comple0 and initiate a thorough inestigationof good and eil2 >oth of these works are seminal e0amples of Sturm und Drang  in #ermanliterature2[edit] 8ota.le literary worksJohann Wolfgang on #oethe "'*<I'-75$

 $um Sch%kespears !ag  "'**'$Sesenheimer ieder  "'**I'**'$

 Prometheus "'**5I'**<$+t- on #erlichingen "'**7$/laigo "'**<$

 Die eiden des ungen *erthers "'**<$ 0ahomets +esang  "'**<$ Adler und !aube "'**<$ An Sch1ager &ronos "'**<$+edichte der Stra2burger und Frank'urter $eit  "'**=$Stella. Ein Schauspiel 'r iebende "'**+$

 Die +esch1ister  "'**+$Friedrich Schiller  "'*=I'-=$

 Die R%uber  "'*-'$ Die ersch1rung des Fiesko -u +enua "'*-7$ &abale und iebe "'*-<$ An die Freude "'*-=$Jako. :ichael )einhold Ben; "'*='I'*5$

 Anmerkung ber das !heater nebst angeh%ngtem berset-ten Stck Shakespeares "'**<$ Der 3o'meister oder orteile der Priater-iehung  "'**<$ ustspiele nach dem Plautus 'rs deutsche !heater  "'**<$

 Die Soldaten "'**+$Friedrich :a0imilian @linger  "'*=5I'-7'$ Das leidende *eib "'**=$Sturm und Drang  "'**+$

 Die $1illinge "'**+$Simsone +risaldo "'**+$#ottfried August >rger  "'*<*I'*<$

 enore "'**7$+edichte "'**-$*underbare Reisen -u *asser und -u ande, Feld-ge und lustige Abenteuer des Freiherren on

 0nchhausen "'*-+$

Heinrich Wilhelm on #ersten.erg "'*7*I'-57$+edichte eines Skalden "'*++$

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und Drang , one can certainly perceie the influence of contemporary trends in musical theatre onhis instrumental works during this period2[edit] :o;art:o;arts Symphony 8o2 5= "the Bittle #(minor symphony, '**7$ is one of only two minor(keysymphonies .y the composer2 >eyond the atypical key, the symphony features rhythmic

syncopation along with the /agged themes associated with Sturm und Drang2['] :ore interesting isthe emancipation of the wind instruments in this piece, with the iolins yielding to colorful .urstsfrom the o.oe and flute2 Howeer, it is likely the influence of numerous minor(key works .y the4;ech composer Johann >aptist Lanhal "a Liennese contemporary and ac?uaintance of :o;art$,rather than a self(conscious adherence to a #erman literary moement, which is responsi.le for theharmonic and melodic e0periments in the Symphony no2 5=2['']

[edit] 8ota.le composers and works4arl hilipp 1manuel >achSymphonies, key.oard concertos and sonatas including Symphony in 1 minor W?2 '*- "'*=*(+5$Johann 4hristian >achSymphony in # minor op2+ 8o2+

Johann 4hristoph Friedrich >ach6ratorio  Die Au'er1eckung des a-arus 4antata /assandra Wilhelm Friedemann >achAdagio und Fuge in D minor Falk +=Joseph HaydnSymphony 8o2 < in F minor a Passione "'*+-$Symphony 8o2 << in 1 minor !rauer  " 0ourning $ "'**5$Symphony 8o2 <= in F sharp minor Fare1ell  "'**5$Symphony 8o2 5+ in D minor amentatione String Muartet 8o2 57 in F minor , 6p2 5 8o2 = "'**5$Joseph :artin @rausSymphony in 4 minor S7mphonie 'unebre Symphony in 4(sharp minorWolfgang Amadeus :o;artSymphony 8o2 5= in # minor , @2 '-7 "'**7$Johann >aptist LanhalSymphony in D minor ">ryan d'$Symphony in # minor ">ryan g'$Symphony in A minor ">ryan a5$Symphony in 1 minor ">ryan e'$

Johann #ottfried :thelWorks for key.oard1rnst Wilhelm Wolff Works for key.oard[edit] 9n isual art3he parallel moement in the isual arts can .e witnessed in paintings of storms and shipwrecksshowing the terror and irrational destruction wrought .y nature2 3hese pre(romantic works werefashiona.le in #ermany from the '*+s on through the '*-s, illustrating a pu.lic audience foremotionally proocatie artwork2 Additionally, distur.ing isions and portrayals of nightmares were gaining an audience in #ermany as eidenced .y #oethes possession and admiration of

 paintings .y Fuseli capa.le of giing the iewer a good fright2['5] 8ota.le artists included Joseph

Lernet, 4aspar Wolf , hilip James de Bouther.ourg, and Henry Fuseli2[edit] Footnotes

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^ 12g2 H> #arland, Storm and Stress "Bondon, '=5$^ reminger, Ale0K >rogan, 32 L2 F2 "1ds$2 "'7$ !he 8e1 Princeton Enc7clopedia o' Poetr7 and Poetics2 rincetonrinceton &niersity2 pg2 '^ ascal, )oy2 "Apr2, '=5$2 !he 0odern anguage Reie1, Lol2 <*, 8o2 52 pp2 '5I'='2 pg2 752^ ascal2 g '52^ Heckscher, William S2 "'++I'+*$ Simiolus 8etherlands 9uarterl7 'or the 3istor7 o' Art , Lol2 ', 8o2 52 pp2 <I 

'=2 g2 <2^ Beidner, Alan2 ":ar2, '-$2 42 :BA, Lol2 '<, 8o2 5, pp2 '*-('-2 g2 '*-^ Alan Biedner g2 '*-^ Heart;C>ruce, Daniel and Alan >rown2 "Accessed 5' :arch 5*$2 Sturm und Drang, +roe 0usic :nline,%httpCCwww2groemusic2comCsharedCiewsCarticle2htmlNsectionOmusic25*7=%^ >rown, A2 eter2 "Spring, '5$2 !he 6ournal o' 0usicolog7, Lol2 ', 8o2 52 pp2 '5(572 g2 '-^ Wright, 4raig and >ryan Simms2 "5+$ :usic in Western 4iili;ation2 >elmont 3homson Schirmer2 g2 <57^ A2 eter >rown2 g2 '-^ Daniel Heart;C>ruce g2 '[edit] )eferences>aldick, 4hris2 "'$ !he /oncise :;'ord Dictionar7 o' iterar7 !erms2 60ford 60ford&niersity2

>rown, A2 eter2 "Spring, '5$2 !he 6ournal o' 0usicolog7, Lol2 ', 8o2 52 pp2 '5I572Heart;C>ruce, Daniel and Alan >rown2 "Accessed 5' :arch 5*$2 Sturm und Drang , #roe :usic6nline, %httpCCwww2groemusic2comCsharedCiewsCarticle2htmlNsectionOmusic25*7=%Heckscher, William S2 "'++I'+*$ Simiolus 8etherlands 9uarterl7 'or the 3istor7 o' Art , Lol2 ',

 8o2 52 pp2 <I'=2Beidner, Alan2 ":ar2, '-$2 42 :BA, Lol2 '<, 8o2 5, pp2 '*-I'-2ascal, )oy2 "Apr2, '=5$2 !he 0odern anguage Reie1, Lol2 <*, 8o2 52 pp2 '5I'='2reminger, Ale0K >rogan, 32 L2 F2 "1ds$2 "'7$ !he 8e1 Princeton Enc7clopedia o' Poetr7 and

 Poetics2 rinceton rinceton &niersity2Wright, 4raig and >ryan Simms2 "5+$ 0usic in *estern /iili-ation2 >elmont 3homsonSchirmer2

[edit] 10ternal links>>4 audio file2 )adio < discussion programme 5n our time2Sturm und Drang2 3he 4olum.ia 1ncyclopedia Sturm und Drang2 Biterary 1ncyclopedia )etrieed from %httpCCen2wikipedia2orgCwikiCSturmPundPDrang%Liew page ratings)ate this pageWhats thisN3rustworthy6./ectie4omplete

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