An Expanding Problem: Bromus

spp.

S.Türkseven1, M.Demirci2,Y.Nemli1, A.Uludag3

2nd International Conferance Novel and Sustainable Weed Management in Arid and Semiarid AgroecosystemsSeptember 7-10, 2009Santorini - Greece

1 Ege Universty, Faculty of Agriculture, İzmir ,Turkey2 AgroBest Grup, İzmir ,Turkey3 Agriculturel Qurantine Department, İzmir , Turkey

9.300.000 hectare 21.000.000 ton

Wheat Production in Turkey

Central Anatolia Product Region

Çukurova R.

Ege. R.

Marmara R.

20-40% crop is lost due to weeds in wheat in Turkey (Güncan, 2006; Özer, 1997)

Important Weeds in Wheat Fieldsin The Çukurova Region

(Boz, 1992; Boz and Uygur, 1993; Orel, 1996; Boz, 1997; Uygur, 1997)

Avena sterilisVicia sativa Sinapis arvensis Convolvulus arvensisSilybum marianumPhalaris spp.Lolium spp.Matricaria chamomillaAlopecurus myosuroides

Capsella bursa-pastoris Vaccaria pyramidataVicia narbonensisAnagallis arvensisLathyrus spp.Medicago spp.Papaver rhoeasStellaria media

(borrowed from A.ULUDAG)

Important Weeds in Wheat Fieldsin The Central Anatolia Region

(Taştan and Erciş, 1991)

Bifora radians Bromus tectorumBoreava orientalisCentaurea depressaGalium tricornutumPolygonum bellardiiWiedemannia orientalis Sinapis arvensis Alopecurus myosuroides

Aegilops cylindriacaLolium temulentum Turgenia latifoliaEchinaria capitataCirsium arvenseHypecoum imberbeAvena fatuaAcroptilon repensChenopodium album

(borrowed from A.ULUDAG)

Most Important Grass Weeds in Wheat in Turkey

Avena spp.

Phalaris spp.

Lolium spp.

Alopecurus spp.

Bromus spp.

There are 8 Avena species in Turkey; (Davis, 1985)

Avena fatua Avena sterilis

Avena spp.

There are 8 Phalaris species in Turkey; (Davis, 1985)

Phalaris minor Phalaris paradoxa Phalaris brachystachys

Phalaris spp.

There are 6 Lolium species in Turkey; (Davis, 1985)

Lolium temulentum Lolium rigidum Lolium multiflorum

Lolium spp.

Alopecurus spp.There are 18 Alopecurus species in Turkey;

(Davis, 1985)

Alopecurus myosuroides

There are 36 Bromus species in Turkey; (Davis, 1985)

Bromus arvensis Bromus inermis Bromus japonicus Bromus secalinus Bromus sterilis Bromus tectorum

Bromus spp.

Year Active ingredient Trade name

Bromus efficacy

1970s difenzequat Avenge -

1970s flomprop-p-ethyl Suffix -

1981 dichlofop methyl İlloxan -

1989 fenexoprop-p-ethyl Puma Süper -

1991 tralkoxydim Splendor -

1994 clodinofop propargyl Topik -

2001 iodosulfuron methyl sodium + mesosulfuron methyl

Atlantis -

2002 sulfosulfuron Monitor +

2004 propoxycarbazone Attribut +

2007 pinoxaden Axial -

2007 propoxycarbazone + mesosulfuron methyl

Attribut Süper

+

2008 proxylam+cloquintocet methyl Perun +

Registered Graminicides in Wheat in Turkey (Chronological)

Survey area for Bromus spp.

Bromus spp. determined

Bromus tectorum L.Bromus japonicus Thunb.

Location Soil Property

Rotation

Number of Fields

Bromus spp.

B. tectorum alone

B. tectorum & B. japonicus

Çanakkale Kumkale Fertile + 5 1 1 0

Çanakkale Merkez Fertile + 10 1 1 0

Biga Fertile + 10 1 1 0

Biga Barren _ 10 8 6 2

Biga Merkez Fertile + 10 3 3 0

Balıkesir Fertile + 10 0 0 0

Balıkesir Barren - 5 4 4 0

Gönen Fertile + 10 2 2 0

Gönen Barren - 10 7 6 1

Bandırma Fertile + 5 0 0 0

Bandırma Külefli Fertile + 5 1 1 0

Bandırma Orhaniye Fertile + 5 0 0 0

Manyas Fertile + 5 1 1 0

Manyas Gölyaka Fertile + 5 1 1 0

Manyas Kocagöl Fertile + 5 2 2 0

Susurluk Göbel Barren - 5 2 0 2

Susurluk Yahyaköy Fertile - 5 1 1 0

Susurluk Ümiteli Barren + 5 3 2 1

Total 125 38 32 6

Frequency of Bromus spp.

Bromus spp. %30.4

Bromus tectorum alone %84.2

B.tectorum +B.japonicus

%15.8

Use of herbicides control other weeds

Minimum and/or shallow tillage

Lack of crop rotation or rotation in short term

Possible Reasons in Increase of Bromus spp. Infestation

Bromus tectorum in dryland winter wheat presents a major constraint to the adoption of reduced tillage cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Effective suppression of downy brome during fallow periods depletes seed in the soil and reduces infestations in subsequent winter wheat crops. Delayed tillage operations or delayed herbicide applications in the spring increase the risk for production of viable downy brome seed during fallow periods. (Ball et al.2004)

Discussion

It has been observed for six years, which we started checking fields for Bromus infestation, that there has been notable increase the number of fields with Bromus infestation and intensity of Bromus in individual fields.

In the beginning Bromus were observed at field edges.

There has been increasing need to control Bromus in wheat fields of study area.

RESULTS

Thank you very much

2nd International Conferance Novel and Sustainable Weed Management in Arid and Semiarid AgroecosystemsSeptember 7-10, 2009Santorini - Greece