Studying the mind of the Studying the mind of the individualindividual

Aim: How does understanding the individual contribute to our study of Forces That Influences Social Change?

Who are these Who are these Psychologists? Psychologists?

What is Psychology? – The study What is Psychology? – The study how and why humans act as how and why humans act as they do.they do.

Instead of studying how humans Instead of studying how humans function in cultures or societies, function in cultures or societies, psychologistspsychologists are specialist who are specialist who focus on the individual, and the focus on the individual, and the personal and unique experiences that personal and unique experiences that influence how the individual acts and influence how the individual acts and thinks thinks

Types of Psychology Types of Psychology

Experimental Psychology Experimental Psychology The branch of the discipline The branch of the discipline

that sets up experiments to that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in see how individuals act in particular situationsparticular situations

QuestionQuestion - - Would you help a Would you help a complete stranger that was complete stranger that was being threatened with violence being threatened with violence from another person? from another person?

The Case of Kitty Genovese The Case of Kitty Genovese The Case of Kitty Genovese - Kitty was murdered The Case of Kitty Genovese - Kitty was murdered

on the street outside her New York City apartment on the street outside her New York City apartment after loud shouting was heard - 38 people after loud shouting was heard - 38 people witnessed the murder but did nothing to stop it witnessed the murder but did nothing to stop it

Psychologists have long been interested in our Psychologists have long been interested in our unwillingness to get involved in uncomfortable unwillingness to get involved in uncomfortable situations even if someone’s personal safety is at situations even if someone’s personal safety is at risk risk

People have a tendency see themselves as People have a tendency see themselves as bystanders in such situations rather than as bystanders in such situations rather than as ACTORSACTORS

ACTORSACTORS are people who become active are people who become active participants in a situationparticipants in a situation

The Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese

Case Study:Case Study:“When Bystanders Join In”“When Bystanders Join In”

Pg. 16. Questions 1 &2Pg. 16. Questions 1 &2

DO NOWDO NOW

When Bystanders Join InWhen Bystanders Join In 4 years after Genovese was murdered, two 4 years after Genovese was murdered, two

psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latane, psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latane, wanted to identify the factors that influence wanted to identify the factors that influence bystanders’ decisions to get involved in public bystanders’ decisions to get involved in public situationssituations

Experiment: Experiment: What would affect whether or not What would affect whether or not people would get involved in a Frisbee game with people would get involved in a Frisbee game with strangersstrangers

Conclusions?Conclusions?

Relation to Genovese case?Relation to Genovese case?

Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY is the is the

branch of the discipline that branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioral disordersillnesses and behavioral disorders

E.g. Psychologists treat dangerous E.g. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from re-attempt to prevent them from re-offending on release offending on release

Psychological Schools of Psychological Schools of Thought Thought

Like the other social sciences, Like the other social sciences, psychology has been divided into a psychology has been divided into a number of schools of thought number of schools of thought

Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Behaviouralism Behaviouralism Learning TheoryLearning Theory

Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory The mind is divided into two The mind is divided into two

parts: the parts: the consciousconscious and the and the unconsciousunconscious

We are aware of our conscious We are aware of our conscious but not aware of our unconsciousbut not aware of our unconscious

According to psychologists, our According to psychologists, our unconscious mind has more unconscious mind has more influence than our conscious mind influence than our conscious mind on our personalities and our on our personalities and our behavior behavior

The Unconscious Mind The Unconscious Mind The Unconscious mind is divided The Unconscious mind is divided

into three parts: into three parts: 1.1. IdId – which encourages us to – which encourages us to

seek physical satisfaction seek physical satisfaction

2.2. SuperegoSuperego – prompts us to do – prompts us to do the moral thing, not the one the moral thing, not the one that feels best that feels best

3.3. EgoEgo – the referee between the – the referee between the two and deals with external two and deals with external reality, this is our most reality, this is our most conscious selfconscious self

The Central Approach to The Central Approach to Psychoanalytical TheoryPsychoanalytical Theory

Is that the unconscious mind can Is that the unconscious mind can be unlocked through Dream be unlocked through Dream Analysis and HypnosisAnalysis and Hypnosis

Criticisms of this approach Criticisms of this approach - - problems can arise from bringing up problems can arise from bringing up repressed memories, raises repressed memories, raises questions as to creating false questions as to creating false memories.memories.

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud The founder of The founder of

psychoanalytic theory psychoanalytic theory

He believed our early He believed our early childhood experiences, childhood experiences, usually involving our usually involving our relationships with relationships with parents and family, are parents and family, are stored in our stored in our unconscious mind unconscious mind

While we are normally While we are normally unaware of these unaware of these memories, they can memories, they can have a powerful have a powerful influence on the way we influence on the way we functionfunction

For those that live with a For those that live with a general sense of frustration, general sense of frustration, our behavior may become our behavior may become neurotic neurotic and connected with and connected with anxiety or obsessiveness which anxiety or obsessiveness which can be treated using dream can be treated using dream analysis, hypnosis and analysis, hypnosis and individual counselingindividual counseling

Freud felt that individual sexual Freud felt that individual sexual satisfaction or frustration was satisfaction or frustration was the key element in personality the key element in personality developmentdevelopment

1. Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856, Czech Republic

He abbreviated his name to Sigmund Freud in 1877.

2. His family constellation was unusual because Freud's two half-brothers, Emmanuel and Philipp, were almost the same age as his mother. Freud was slightly younger than his nephew John, Emmanuel's son. This odd situation may have triggered Freud's interest on family dynamics, leading to his ulterior formulations on the Oedipus Complex.

3. Freud's father, a Jewish wool merchant of modest means, moved the family to Leipzig, Germany (1859), and then settled in Vienna (1860), where Freud remained until 1938.

4. Having considered studying law previously, he decided instead on a career in medical research, beginning his studies at Vienna University (1873). Became a doctor of medicine in 1881.

6. He married her in 1886. The couple had six children

7. He established a private practice, specializing in nervous disorders. His interest in Hysteria* was stimulated by Breuer's and Charcot's use of Hypnotherapy

7. Freud and Breuer published their findings in Studies on Hysteria in 1895In the same year, Freud was able to analyze, for the first time, one of his own dreams, subsequently known as "The Dream of Irma's Injection".The Interpretation of Dreams which Freud considered the most important of all his books

8. The term psychoanalysis'* (free association) was named by Freud in 1896.The medical world still regarded his work with hostility and he worked in isolation

5. From 1884 to 1887 Freud published several articles on Cocaine. – Freud at the time was suffering from depression, chronic fatigue, and other neurotic symptoms. Freud "tried the effect of a 20th of a gram and found it turned the bad mood he was in into cheerfulness, giving him the feeling of having dined well 'so that there is nothing at all one need bother about,' but without robbing him of any energy for exercise or work." He became addicted

SIGMUND FREUD(1856-1939)

“FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY”

"I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious in psychic life. People did not believe in my facts and thought my theories unsavory"

Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Alfred Adler (1870-1937) AdlerAdler - believed that - believed that

difficulties people difficulties people encounter in gaining encounter in gaining self-esteem and self-esteem and recognition, if not recognition, if not overcome by the overcome by the normal means lead to normal means lead to compensatory behavior compensatory behavior and resultant and resultant personality disorders personality disorders which are now widely which are now widely referred to as an referred to as an inferiority complexinferiority complex. .

Carl Jung (1875-Carl Jung (1875-1961)1961) Responsible for the Responsible for the

identification of the identification of the ExtrovertedExtroverted (outward- (outward-looking) and looking) and IntrovertedIntroverted (inward-looking) personality (inward-looking) personality types. types.

Worked closely with Freud Worked closely with Freud but split later in their but split later in their careers careers

The other aspect of Jung's The other aspect of Jung's work which has been very work which has been very influential is his approach to influential is his approach to the analysis of dreams. the analysis of dreams.

BehavioralisBehavioralismm Behaviorists believe that Behaviorists believe that

psychologists can predict and control psychologists can predict and control or modify human behavior by or modify human behavior by identifying the factors that motivate identifying the factors that motivate it in the first placeit in the first place

Behaviorists placed particular stress Behaviorists placed particular stress on the early childhood years, and the on the early childhood years, and the rules or practices parents use to raise rules or practices parents use to raise their children.their children.

They believe these methods have a They believe these methods have a huge influence on the character of huge influence on the character of individuals even into adulthood.individuals even into adulthood.

Criticisms includeCriticisms include: It is difficult to : It is difficult to substantiate results, ignores the substantiate results, ignores the influence of heredity.influence of heredity.

Charles B. Watson (1878-Charles B. Watson (1878-1958) 1958)

The founder of The founder of behaviouralism behaviouralism

He used animal He used animal experiments to determine experiments to determine whether strict or flexible whether strict or flexible learning patterns are more learning patterns are more effective effective

He believed children He believed children should be brought up should be brought up using strictly using strictly scheduled, rules-based scheduled, rules-based models.models.

Benjamin Spock (1903-Benjamin Spock (1903-1998) 1998)

He believed that a He believed that a permissive permissive approach to child approach to child rearing, rather rearing, rather than a strict one, than a strict one, would result in would result in successful, well-successful, well-adjusted adults. adjusted adults.

He encouraged He encouraged parents to be loving, parents to be loving, flexible and flexible and supportivesupportive

Learning Theory Learning Theory Learning Theorists agree that Learning Theorists agree that

humans are born with little instinct humans are born with little instinct but much learning potentialbut much learning potential

They believe that most human They believe that most human behavior is learned, especially in behavior is learned, especially in child and youth.child and youth.

By controlling the way in which By controlling the way in which humans learn behavior, society can humans learn behavior, society can have a great influence on their have a great influence on their ultimate personalities.ultimate personalities.

Criticisms includeCriticisms include: Treats people : Treats people like robots – assumes we behave like robots – assumes we behave the same way given identical the same way given identical rewards and/or punishments.rewards and/or punishments.

Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) (1849-1936)

Pavlov’s experiments Pavlov’s experiments with dogs showed that with dogs showed that it was possible to get it was possible to get a dog to associate the a dog to associate the sound of a bell with sound of a bell with the imminent arrival the imminent arrival of food of food

At the sound of a bell, At the sound of a bell, the dog would salivate the dog would salivate in anticipationin anticipation

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) (1904-1990) Skinner proved that pigeons could Skinner proved that pigeons could

be trained to peck at a particular be trained to peck at a particular colored disk to get food rewards colored disk to get food rewards

Rats received food rewards for Rats received food rewards for pressing a bar in a complicated pressing a bar in a complicated sequence leading many theorists to sequence leading many theorists to believe that learning was a believe that learning was a STIMULUS-RESPONSESTIMULUS-RESPONSE effect effect

He believed that if the subject He believed that if the subject is correctly stimulated it will is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate responsegive the appropriate response

Theory of OPERANT CONDITIONING: Theory of OPERANT CONDITIONING: learning can be programmed by learning can be programmed by whatever consequences follows a whatever consequences follows a particular behavior particular behavior

Alfred Bandura (Born in Alfred Bandura (Born in 1925) 1925)

Bandura concluded that learning Bandura concluded that learning is largely a modeling experienceis largely a modeling experience

When humans observe behavior When humans observe behavior – either acceptable or – either acceptable or unacceptable – they are more unacceptable – they are more likely to practice itlikely to practice it

QuestionQuestion - - What does this What does this mean to us?mean to us?

http://www.experiment-resources.com/bobo-doll-experiment.html

Abraham Maslov (1908-Abraham Maslov (1908-1970)1970)

Analysis of human needs Analysis of human needs organized into a hierarchy ranging organized into a hierarchy ranging from basic survival through to the from basic survival through to the need for love, security and esteemneed for love, security and esteem

Highest level was “self Highest level was “self actualization (integration of the actualization (integration of the self > making the personality self > making the personality whole)whole)

Maslow's theories had most Maslow's theories had most profound impact on industrial profound impact on industrial psychology (making workplace a psychology (making workplace a satisfying experience by raising satisfying experience by raising morale of workers to improve morale of workers to improve performance)performance)

Featured PsychologistFeatured PsychologistFeatured Psychologist Basic Work Similarities & Differences

B.F. SkinnerAmerican behavioural Psychologist

•Operant conditioning•Behaviours increase if rewarded and decrease if punished

Focus on individualsMechanistic evaluation of human actions based on reactions of others and self

Carl JungAmerican psychologist

Personal collective unconsciousCan only treat if we understand the way the person’s personality has been formed (typology)

Focus on individualsConcept of collective unconscious affecting personality development

Abraham MaslowAmerican psychologist

Hierarchy of human needsLower needs must be met before we can meet higher needs, with self-actualization as a distant goal

Focus on individualsIdeas of basic human needs being met

Marion WoodmanCanadian Jungian Analyst

Patriarchy is outdatedWe need to be free ourselves from patriarchy, stop placing science above the spiritual, and take a more holistic approach to life.

Focus on individualConcerned with how patriarchal ideas have shaped our personality.

ReadingsReadings

Read through the handout, “Treating Read through the handout, “Treating Mental Disorders”Mental Disorders”

Continue reading Chapters 1-2 (cover Continue reading Chapters 1-2 (cover the psychology section)the psychology section)