Study Tour Sweden

2006

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Sponsors

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ContentsSponsors.............................................................................................................................. 2 Program............................................................................................................................... 5 LKAB.................................................................................................................................. 8 Boart.................................................................................................................................. 10 Boliden’s Aitik.................................................................................................................. 11 Boliden’s Rönnskär smelter.............................................................................................. 15 Atlas Copco....................................................................................................................... 20 Boliden’s Garpenberg mine .............................................................................................. 23 Outokumpu ....................................................................................................................... 27 Metso Minerals ................................................................................................................. 31 Literature & References.................................................................................................... 33 List of Sponsors ................................................................................................................ 33

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SME – TMS STUDENT CHAPTER DELFT

ProgramJULY

morning Departure by plane to Lulea 10:25 AMS - 12:25 ARN SK556 14:15 ARN - 15:30 LLA SK012

Sat,1

afternoon Arrival in lulea, pick up busses, drive to Kiruna 20.00 overnight in Kiruna LKAB guesthouse http://www.kiruna.se/

day Free Sun,2 evening overnight in Kiruna

morning 07.15 Breakfast http://www.lkab.com/?openform&lang=EN08.00 Change and transport undergroundLKAB office T Naarttijärvi 08.30 Slideshow and information LKAB visitors mine T NaarttijärviChristina DahnérSvante Edin09.20 Coffee 09.50 Remote control operation and Main level 775 m level &1045 m level Nils Edeblom 11.00 Production charging Birger Öjemalm 12.00 Lunch Magnetiten

afternoon

13.00 Visit Concentration plant KS24 Cecilia Larsson 14.30 Visit Pelletizing plant Lars Holma 16.00 Change Msh A

Mon,3

evening 17.00 overnight in Kirunamorning 07.00 Breakfast LKAB Guesthouse

09.00 Visit LKAB Malmberget R&D station & CK-lab Anders HägglundEva Öberg 11.30 Lunch

afternoon 13.00 Visit Boliden’s Aitik, open pit and plant http://www.boliden.com/ then choose Aitik 16.00 travel to Lulea (250 km)

Tue,4

evening 19.00 overnight in Lulea http://www.lulea.se/lulea/alltomlulea/engelska/default.htm

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morning 07.30 Breakfast 08.30 Visit pilot blast furnace http://www.lkab.com/?openform&id=2E6A

afternoon

10.00 Lulea University of Technology http://www.luth.se/index2.en.htm10.00 Arrive at Ltu (Entrance F16. 10.15 Coffee and brief presentation of both parties. 10.45 Tour of laboratories and other facilities on the institution 11.30 Tour around the university 12.00 Visit at teknikens hus (http://www.teknikens-hus.se/english/index.html)14.00 Travel to Skelleftea (130 km)

Wed,5

evening 17.00 overnight in Skelleftea (http://www.skelleftea.se/skellefteacamping)morning 07.30 Travel to Boliden (35 km)

08.00 Visit Renstrom underground mine http://www.boliden.com/ then choose Boliden area afternoon 13.00 Visit Boliden planning office

16.30 Return to Skelleftea

Thu,6

evening 17.00 overnight in Bolidenmorning 08.00 Travel to Rönnskär http://www.boliden.com/ then choose Rönnskär

08.30 Arrival at Rönnskär, "Koppargården" Company presentation (Magnus Ek) Plant visit (copper production, recycling operations) 11.00 Presentation of the Rönnskär recycling operations (Theo Lehner) 12.00 Lunch at the company cantina 12.30 Departure

afternoon 13.00 Visit Arvamet http://www.arvamet.se/ram3.html then choose Skelleftehamn 14.30 Travel to Lulea (130 km)

Fri,7

evening 18.00 overnight in Lulea scout camp Trollebeorg http://www.lulea.scoutkar.nu/trolleborg/index.php Meet scouts, discuss plans for weekend

Sat,8 09.00 Shopping 11.00 Ferry to Småskär (20km) Overnight in The Luleå Scout hut on Småskär.

Sun,9 15.00 Ferry to Lulea 17.00 Travel to airport 19.05 Travel by plane to Stockholm SK 019 20.20 Arrive Stockholm (ARN) 20.30 Pick up busses and drive to Eskilstuna (160 km), 22.30 overnight in Eskilstuna http://www.vilstasporthotell.nu/

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morning 08.00 Travel to Orebro (90 km) 09.30 Arrival in Örebro visit Atlas Copco http://www.atlascopco.com/ Atlas Copco presentation Factory tour Underground + surface Laboratory tour

afternoon 15.00 Departure to Norberg (120 km) 17.00 Arrival in Norberg

Mon,10

evening 17.00 overnight in Norberg http://www.gruvbyn.com/morning 07.30 Travel to Garpenberg (50 km)

08.30 Visit Mine http://www.boliden.com/ then choose Garpenberg afternoon 15.00 Departure to Norberg

Tue,11

evening 17.00 overnight in Norbergmorning 08.00 Travel to Avesta (15 km)

08.30 Visit AvestaPolarit http://www.outokumpu.com/afternoon 14.00 Departure

16.00 Travel to Norberg

Wed,12

evening 17.00 overnight in Norbergmorning 08.00 Travel to Sala (50 km)

09.00 Visit Metso http://www.metsominerals.com/12.00 Lunch at Sala silver mine

afternoon 13.30 Visit Sala Historical Silver Mine, http://www.salasilvergruva.se/english/index.shtml15.30 Travel to Norberg

Thu,13

evening 18.00 overnight in Norbergmorning 09.00 Depart for Riddarhyttan (45 km)

10.00 Visit Riddarhyttan “ The Red Earth” 1000 year old iron making http://www.ekomuseum.se/english/index.html

afternoon 13.00 Drive to Stockholm (200km) 16.00 Arrive Stockholm hostel http://www.citybackpackers.se/

Fri,14

evening 20.00 Farewell dinner overnight in Stockholm

Sat,15 day Free Sun,16 afternoon 14.00 Depart from hostel

15:55 ARN - 17:55 AMS SK1555

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LKABIntroduction LKAB is an international high-tech minerals group, a world-leading producer of upgraded iron ore products for the steel industry and a growing supplier of industrial minerals products to other sectors. Most of the iron ore products are sold to European steel mills. Other important markets are North Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Sales of industrial minerals are mainly to customers in Europe, but are increasing in Asia and the USA. The LKAB Group has more than 3,500 employees and consists of about 30 companies in 15 countries. There are iron ore mines, processing plants and ore harbors in northern Sweden and northern Norway, and sales companies in Belgium, Germany and Singapore. Companies and production facilities for industrial minerals are located in Sweden, Finland, Greenland, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Greece, Turkey, Slovakia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China and the USA.

Kiruna The world’s most common iron ore is non-magnetic hematite. The predominant iron mineral in LKAB’s mines is magnetite. Magnetite has high iron content and is magnetic, which is a great advantage for LKAB in the upgrading process. LKAB has been mining iron ore in Kiruna for more than a century. Initially, ore was pit-mined. Nowadays, the ore is mined through sublevel caving The crude ore is loaded to trucks or trains, hauled to a central crushing plant, and then hoisted to surface level for further processing. In Kiruna, underground rail transports are remote-controlled. Similarly, much of LKAB’s mining production is remote-controlled; for example, production drilling rigs and loaders. Early on, LKAB invested in advanced technology and has always been a forerunner of development. Modern IT solutions enable remote control of drilling, loading and haulage, which improves process control efficiency.

Mine Layout The ore body in Kiruna is about four kilometers long and has an estimated depth of two kilometers. To date, about one billion tonnes of the ore base has been mined. The ore reserves mined from the present main level are expected to last until about 2012. In the past, main levels in the Kiruna mine have be built at the 275, 320, 420, 540 and 775- meter levels (below the original peak of Kiirunavaara). The current main level is at 1,045 m. To increase the ore reserves, LKAB has also started to mine that part of the ore body which extends under the drained southern part of Luossajärvi Lake, which will ensure operations at the present main level for several more years. At the same time, a new main level is being planned.

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Processing plant In the ore processing plants at surface level, the crude ore is upgraded to pellets and fines. Ore is ground to a fine powder in several stages; then, undesirable components are removed by magnetic separators. The concentrate is mixed with water to form slurry and pumped to the pelletizing plant. The slurry is then dewatered with large filters, and then mixed with binders and additives, depending on the type of pellet to be produced. Olivine, quartzite, limestone and dolomite are examples of additives. The mixture is fed into gigantic drums and rolled into small ‘green balls’. These are then heated in a large rotary kiln at 1,250°C to become pellets. This gives them the hard surface they need to withstand long transports by rail and ship. The red-hot pellets are cooled to about 50°C before they are tipped into an underground storage facility beneath the pelletizing plant. From there, they are automatically loaded to railway cars for further transport. Unlike pellets, fines must be sintered to larger pieces before the product can be used in blast furnaces. In Kiruna, the fines product is produced by crushing and then grinding the crude ore to a sand-like consistency. In future, the Kiruna processing plants will produce different types of iron ore pellets exclusively.

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Boliden’s Aitik Aitik is one of 4 mines that belong to the Boliden group. It is situated 15 km south-east of the town Gallivare, in the north of Sweden. Aitik is a large open pit copper mine with a length of 2,8 km, a width of 1 km and a depth of 340 m. Aitik employs approximately 400 people.

The deposit being mined was discovered at the beginning of the 1930’s. Exploitation of the deposit became possible in the 1960’s and the mine was put into production in 1968. At that time ore reserves were estimated at 50 million tons of ore and the yearly production was set at 2 million tons of ore. Up until 2005 Aitik has produced over 400 million tonnes of ore and 380 million tonnes of waste rock had to be removed. A large part of the removed waste rock becomes a commercial product used in the construction of roads and as ballast material in cement. The yearly production in 2005 was almost 17 million tonnes of ore, but during this year Aitik was granted permission by the Swedish Environmental Court to increase its annual production to 28 million tonnes.

The deposit consits of chalcopyrite and pyrite yeilding copper, silver and gold. On January 1, 2005 the proven ore reserves ammount 207 million tons of ore grading 0,2 g Au/tonne, 2 g Ag/tonne and 0,31 % Cu. The probable ore reserves ammount 12 million tons with the same metal grades as the proven reserves. In 2005 Aitik produced 16,674 Million tonnes of ore grading 0,2 g Au/tonne, 3,6 g Ag/tonne and 0,44 % Cu. Giving a production of 237.179 tonnes of metal concentrates consisting of 65.619 tonnes of Copper, 41.297 kilogrammes of Silver and 1.840 kilogrammes of gold. Aitik’s concentrates are being processed at the Ronnskar smelter.

The crushed ore is concentrated by floatation. The copper concentrate obtained is then dewatered by filtration and drying. The residue is deposited in the tailings disposal facility, where residue is dewatered. The water from the dewatering process is collected and diverted to an adjacent pond, so it can be reused in the mill. By recycling water the need for external fresh water from the River Vassara is reduced. Environmental impacts due to mining operations are regularly monitored with internal monitoring programs.

At present, Aitik is planned to be in operation until 2016 at least. After the mine has ceased its operations it will be reclaimed. Reclamation activities are continuously on-going, so parts of the waste rock dumps are already reclaimed. A new project has been started with the objective of increasing the annual production to 33 million tonnes of ore. There are also detailed plans of a dedicated truck line connecting the mine to the Swedish railway network.

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Boliden area, Renstrom Boliden is one of the leading mining and smelting companies in Europe with operations in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Ireland and the Netherlands. Boliden's main products are copper, zinc, lead and gold and silver. The number of employees is approximately 4.500 and the turnover amounts to approximately EUR 2.2 billion annually. Boliden is the third largest copper producer and the second largest zinc producer in Europe. Operations focus on exploration, mining and milling, smelting, refining and recycling. Metal recycling is a field in which Boliden is a global leader and that part of the company is still expanding

Boliden Area 2006 The Boliden Area is where the company started 1925 and it is now one of the 9 sites of operation for the Boliden company. When the mine was opened it was Europe's richest gold mine. Since then mining activities have been carried out at 29 mines in the Boliden Area. Boliden Area Operations today consist of a mill in Boliden, the gold-leaching plant and the underground mines of Kristineberg (Polly metallic ore with zinc, copper, lead, gold and silver, annual production 560.000 tonnes), Renstrom (same Polly metallic ore, annual production 224.000 tonnes) an Petiknas (same ore, production 272.000 tonnes), as well as Maurliden (polymetallic ore with zinc, copper, lead, gold and silver, production 237.000 tonnes), an open pit mine. The central concentrator at Boliden mills annually approximately 1.8 million tonnes of ore. The result is the production of 152.000 tonnes of zinc concentrate, 75.500 tonnes of copper concentrate, 10.500 tonnes of lead concentrate and 370 tonnes of gold concentrate. Here is a list to give an indication of the metal content in the concentrates over 2005:

Metal content Copper 20 700 t Lead 3 000 t Zinc 87 300 t Silver 87 200 kgs Gold 2 400 kgs

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Boliden’s Rönnskär smelter The Rönnskär smelter is located in Skelleftehamn, near the town of Skellefteå in northern Sweden. It is part of Boliden, one of the leading mining and smelting companies in Europe. The smelter extracts base metals and precious metals from concentrates of copper and lead as well as from recycled materials. It also extracts considerable amounts of zinc clinker and sulphur products. Rönnskär is one of the largest copper smelters of its kind in the world. It is also one of the largest plants for the recovery of base metals and precious metals from recycled materials, such as electronic and metal scrap, residues and slag.

The smelter was built between 1928 and 1930, to extract the metals from the Boliden mine that was founded in 1924. In the years 1932/1933 the copper smelter was started up, together with the tankhouse and the precious metals plant. From 1942-1976 there was a continuous growth in production. In this period the sulphuric acid and fuming plants were added and the reverbatory copper smelting furnace was replaced by an electric furnace. In the period between 1998 and 2000 the production capacity for the copper doubled by introducing a new smelting process. Nowadays, the production capacity of copper is 230,000 ton per year.

The smelter is an integrated metallurgical complex, which extracts high-purity metals at low cost and with minimal environmental impact. Proven technology combined with experienced personnel results in high availability. The main products are quality approved at the London Metal Exchange.

Because Boliden has its own mines, copper and lead concentrates are delivered to the Rönnskär smelter daily. The distance between the mines and the smelter is relatively short, allowing stable flow and low stocks at Rönnskär. Rönnskär also buys external concentrates from e.g. South America. The smelter’s harbour can host vessels of up to 50,000 tonnes. A covered system for handling raw material from port to storage allows for rapid discharging of vessels, as well as reliable weighing and sampling of raw materials. It also minimises the environmental impact.

View on the Rönnskär smelter and its harbour

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The Rönnskär smelter is also a world leader in the recycling of base metals. From scrap and other waste containing material values are extracted. Copper ashes from the brass industry, scraped printed circuit boards, sorted metal fractions from dismantlers and shredders, copper cables and old silver coins illustrate the multitude of sources of recycled materials. Zinc is recovered from slags and ashes as well as from steel mill dust.

The extraction from metals from ore concentrates and scrap or other waste containing material makes Rönnskär a very diverse company. The smelter uses several processes to accomplish it all. A brief overview of these processes is given in the next paragraph.

The processes at Rönnskär

Schematic overview of the processes taking place at Rönnskär

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Zinc In the fuming plant, the zinc clinker is extracted from slags and steel mill dust. The zinc and lead are vaporized by coal injection in the fuming furnace. At the clinker plant, the deoxidized metal dust is further refined. This way a product is obtained that has low amounts of halogenes. The zinc clinker, which contains approximately 70 – 75 % zinc, is exported to the Norzink zinc smelter in Norway.

Lead and electronic scrap The Kaldo furnace is used for the smelting of lead and for the treating of electronic scrap. The lead is extracted in two stages. Lead concentrates are smelted autogenously in the Kaldo furnace and then transferred to the lead refinery to produce high purity lead. There it is cast into ingots of 42 kg. The electronic scrap is melted into black copper. This melt is transferred to the converter aisle.

CopperIn the flash furnace copper concentrates are blended and dried prior to smelting by oxygen enriched air. In the furnace an upper layer of slag and a lower layer of matte are formed. The slag is sent to the Boliden concentrator after it has been cooled and crushed. The matte contains approximately 70 % copper, together with minor elements and precious metals. This matte is transferred to the converter by ladles.

In the electric furnace the feed, consisting of calcine, dried ashes and reverts is fed to the furnace by chutes. The energy that is required for the melting is supplied by an electric current. Here also an upper layer of slag and a lower layer of matte are formed. The zinc-containing slag is transferred to the fuming plant. The matte that contains approximately 55 % copper along with iron, zinc, lead, precious metals, nickel and selenium is transferred to the converters.

The mattes from the electric furnace and flash furnace and the black copper from the Kaldo furnace are all led to the conversion aisle. This aisle removes the iron, sulphur and other impurities by oxidizing the mattes and black copper with air injected through tuyeres. The sulphur is combusted and the iron, zinc and lead form a slag. This slag is returned to the electric furnace. The product, known as blister copper, contains approximately 97 % copper. This copper is transferred by ladle to the anode furnaces.

In the anode casting plant the liquid blister copper from the converter aisle is deoxidized using liquid ammonia. This copper, containing 98 % copper, is then cast into anodes on a twin wheel, which is Europe’s first twin wheel caster.

The anodes are converted into copper cathodes in the electrolytic refinery. Stainless steel sheets are used as cathodes. By using direct current, the copper is selectively transferred by the electrolyte to the cathodes. The cathodes are separated from the steel plates, bundled, sampled and weighed. The high purity cathodes are loaded onto the Copper Shuttle, which leaves for domestic customers several days a week.

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Precious metals Precious metals and impurities settle in the electrolytic refinery as anode slimes. This slime is pumped to the precious metals plant. Here the slimes are pressure leached. From the solvent copper telluride and nickel sulphate are recovered. The residues from the leach are dried and after the addition of fluxes they are smelted in the precious metals Kaldo. During this smelting, selenium is recovered. The converted silver is cast into silver anodes. High purity silver and gold slime are created by high intensity electrolytic refining. The gold slimes are leached and high purity gold as well as palladium/platinum sludge is precipitated. The silver is granulated and the gold is either cast into 12.5 kg bars or granulated.

SulphurThe process gases from the copper and lead plants contain substantial amounts of sulphur dioxide. Therefore these gases are led to the sulphur products plant. First they are blended in a central washing tower. After cooling and dust removal, they are fed to the sulphur products plant. Here sulphuric acid is produced by the double absorption method. Liquid sulphur dioxide is produced using in-house technology.

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Atlas Copco The Atlas Copco Group was founded in 1873 and is a world leader in compressors, generators, construction and mining equipment, industrial tools, assembly systems and equipment rental. It is divided in four business area’s of which Construction and Mining Technique is the most relevant to our study.

Construction and Mining Technique business area develops, manufactures, and markets rock drills, rock drilling tools, tunnelling and mining equipment, surface drilling equipment, construction tools, loading equipment and geo-technical drilling equipment. This means that Atlas Copco has a complete line of drilling products which includes everything from production drilling rigs, to rock reinforcement bolts, to rock drills, all designed to help you achieve high productivity with low maintenance costs, and through this business area, Atlas Copco is one of the world’s leading producers of rock drilling and underground loading equipment.

Construction and Mining Technique is a leading supplier to large infrastructure projects, including in particular, power plant and transportation link construction projects, as well as global mining companies. Besides drilling rigs, Atlas Copco also manufactures rock drilling tools, such as drill bits, rods, DTH hammers and cutters. Light rock drills, breakers, crushers and pulverizers are used for demolition. Loading equipment is used in underground mining operations and construction projects.

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The Construction and Mining Technique business is split into several divisions. Being underground Rock Excavation, Surface Drilling Equipment, Drilling Solutions, Rocktec, Secoroc, Construction Tools and Craelius. We are going to visit the Örebro plant where the Underground Rock Excavation, Surface Drilling Equipment and Rocktec division are housed.

Underground Rock Excavation develops, manufactures and markets worldwide a wide range of tunnelling and mining equipment for various underground applications. The division focuses strongly on innovative product design and aftermarket support systems, which give added customer value. The division employs about 2000 people worldwide.

Surface Drilling Equipment develops, manufactures, and markets worldwide rock drilling equipment for various applications in civil engineering, quarries and open pit mines. The division focuses strongly on innovative product design and aftermarket support systems, which gives added customer value.

The Rocktec division develops and manufactures rock drills, components and systems exclusively for the Underground Rock Excavation and Surface Drilling Equipment divisions. At its modern laboratory and research center in Örebro, Sweden, services are provided to all divisions within the Construction and Mining Technique business area.

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Boliden’s Garpenberg mine The Garpenberg silver and base metals operation is wholly owned by "new" Boliden, based in Stockholm, the entity created in January 2004 by consolidating the zinc and copper mining and smelting interests of Boliden AB and Outokumpu Oy, in which the latter now holds a 16% stake. Located near Hedemora, in the historic Bergslagen mining district of central Sweden, the ore bodies in Garpenberg have been mined since the 13th

century. In the 14th century, German miners were recruited to work in the mine. They were called ‘garpar’, and the area became Garpenberg. One of the previous mine owners was King Gustav Vasa.

Boliden bought the Garpenberg mine and mill from AB Zinkgruvor in 1957, but exploration of a silver-rich area 3km to the north during the 1960’s led to the development of a second mine, Garpenberg Norra (Garpenberg North). Opened in 1972 with a hoisting shaft and a manshaft, this has been progressively deepened to 1,000m by the development of a 1:7 access ramp and the relocation of the primary crusher to the 800m level. In 2001-02, the 900m level was connected by driveage to the 800m level at Garpenberg, accessing more mineralisation and allowing more efficient use of the hoisting capacity, including the new Gruvsjö shaft completed at Garpenberg in 1997. The whole operation employs about 275 people. Capital expenditure totalled SEK 135 million ($18 million) in 2004.

Geology and reserves The deposits of the Bergslagen district are believed to date from the middle Precambrian, but may have been re-mobilised later. The polymetallic mineralisation worked by the original Garpenberg mine is complex, with varying amounts and proportions of zinc, lead, copper and precious metals. The steeply dipping orebody at Garpenberg North is regarded as a zinc deposit with silver and lead. Here, the orebody widens at depth and extends over an 8,000m² area on the 630, 720 and 800m levels. The zinc grade at these depths is 4–4.5%, with 2% lead and 150g/t silver. Exploration of the Lappberget orebody between the two original mines and at Dammsjon has added significantly to available reserves. In 2005, the Kvarnberget deposit was discovered, which has high grades of zinc, lead and silver.

As of January 2005, proven reserves were: - Garpenberg - 120,000t (6.2% Zn, 2.5% Pb, 15g/t Ag, 0.3g/t Au); - Garpenberg Norra - 1.15Mt (3.9% Zn, 2.1% Pb, 0.1% Cu, 133g/t Ag, 0.3g/t Au); - Lappberget - 430,000t (7.3% Zn, 95g/t Ag).

Probable reserves totalled: - Garpenberg - 180,000t (4.0% Zn, 1.8% Pb, 102g/t Ag, 0.2g/t Au); - Garpenberg Norra - 840,000t (6.4% Zn, 2.5% Pb, 0.3% Cu, 58g/t Ag, 0.1g/t Au); - Lappberget - 420,000t (8.4% Zn, 103g/t Ag); - Dammsjon - 500,000t (4.5% Zn, 106g/t Ag).

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Total Garpenberg area measured, indicated and inferred resources totalled 11.1 Mt. The main successes have come from the Lappberget and Dammsjon deposits, large parts of which have now been transferred to the ore reserves, and complementary drilling has further boosted mineral resources. The increased ore reserves mean that Garpenberg's lifespan can now be increased to over 10 years at current production levels.

MiningGarpenberg has remained a shaft hoisting operation. The new Gruvsjö shaft has a 4.5t-capacity ABB single-drum production hoist, while the North mine added a ramp access below the shafts in 1986. Ramp development reached the 1,000m level in January 1999.

Mining is by cut-and-fill, taking 5m slices from stopes 50m to 300m long and up to 15m wide. The lowermost cut is filled with waste rock over a concrete floor where extra support is required; thereafter either plain or cemented tailings pumped from the surface are used and the water is drained off. The mines use a combination of Atlas Copco Boomer drifting jumbos and a variety of bolting and scaling equipment. Shotcreting, ore and waste haulage are contracted out.

To develop the latest ramp section at Garpenberg North, Boliden used an Atlas Copco Rocket Boomer 352S equipped with contour control drilling. The mine subsequently bought three Rocket Boomer L2C models for production and development, achieving a 50% increase in per round yield and cutting drilling time per round by two hours.

Ore processingIn the early 1990’s, the concentrator was upgraded by adding autogenous grinding, followed by staged flotation. It is able to treat ore rich in talc. The first float yields a lead-copper product, the second separates zinc concentrate (56% Zn) and the lead and copper are then separated into a 70% lead and a 22% copper concentrate.

Recovery rates are approximately 90% for zinc, 77% lead, 62.5% copper, 71.5% gold and 76% silver. Copper and lead concentrates are trucked to Boliden's recently expanded Ronnskär smelter, while the zinc mainly goes to the company's Odda refinery in Norway or the Kokkola smelter in Finland.

ProductionIn 2004, the Garpenberg concentrator treated 1.074Mt of ore grading 5.6% zinc, 0.1% copper, 2.2% lead, 0.3g/t gold and 124g/t silver. Yields were:

- 99,922t of 54.96% zinc; - 2,610t of 21.07% copper; - 26,378t of 72.5% lead concentrates at a cash cost of $0.25/lb of zinc.

Contained metal outputs were: - 54,914t of Zn (2003: 44,314t); - 550t of Cu (531t); - 19,146t of Pb (16,002t); - 217kg of Au (216kg); - 105,533kg of Ag (123,278kg).

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Underground development at Garpenberg North.

Development at Garpenberg North reaches the 1000m level.

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the company relies upon a broad mix of

lignite, hard coal, nuclear power, natu-

ral gas and renewable energy sources.

Join one of Europe´s largestutility companies.The energy, initiative and commitment of our 87,000 employees have taken us a long way in the

international market. But we still have far to go before we reach our goals. That’s why we’re always

looking for highly motivated and capable individuals to join us, and build their careers as we move

forward in our key markets. We aim to provide you with professional challenges along with other

opportunities that will transform your energy into success. A variety of programmes are available,

including internships at one of our operating companies during your studies. Qualified candidates

will be given immediate responsibilities and are eligible for participation in our Group-wide

International Graduate Program.

To find out more about us, please visit www.rwe.com/karriere.

RWE Power

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Outokumpu Outokumpu is an international stainless steel and technology company. Their vision is to be the undisputed number one in stainless, with success based on operational excellence. Two key strategic objectives of the company:

Value creation through building superior production and distribution capabilities in all major markets globally . Value realization through production and commercial excellence. The ultimate goal is to secure a significant and sustained increase in shareholder value

Stainless steel is the fastest growing metal market in the world. In this market Outokumpu is well positioned, they are one of the world’s four largest producers, and world leaders in technical support, research and development. Plants in Finland, Sweden, Britain and the US produce a wide range of stainless steel products including hot and cold rolled, precision strip, tubular and long products together with a comprehensive range of fittings, flanges and welding consumables. They are available in various grades, dimensions and surface finishes. Raw material using their own chrome mine and ferrochrome facility are also produced.

The company will comply with all relevant environmental legislation and other requirements. The goal is to achieve continual improvement in the performance and to minimize the environmental impact of the operations and products. Environmental management systems are implemented, certified to a recognized international standard. Manufacturing stainless steel requires a lot of mineral resources and energy. By using more recycled raw materials and by improving the energy efficiency Outokumpu is improving its environmental performance over time.

Stainless steels can be recycled to almost 100%, and are not degraded when reprocessed. Their raw material constituents (e.g. nickel, chrome, iron) can be re-used indefinitely for the production of new stainless steel. Because it has a big corrosion resistance, surface paint or coating, which can be harmfull for the environment, is not needed. The corrosion resistance also increases the lifetime of the product. In addition to their corrosion resistance, stainless steels also have good mechanical properties. These can be exploited to manufacture lighter components and products, without compromising safety requirements.

The main raw material for stainless steel is recycled scrap. Some virgin material is added in the form of alloying agents (e.g. ferrochrome, ferronickel). Although these alloying agents are recycled as part of the stainless steel cycle, there is not enough scrap containing nickel and chromium on the market to satisfy the demand for production of new stainless steel. Virgin ore is thus invested in the future steel cycle.

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Products

Cold Rolled Products are used in a wide variety of end uses, ranging from providing corrosion resistant solutions for the process industry, to polished strip for consumer durables, to patterned sheet for prestigious buildings or other architectural applications. Due to their excellent dimensional tolerances and high surface quality, cold rolled products are the predominant category of stainless steels currently used on the market.

Semi-Cold Rolled Products provide a surface quality similar to that found in hot rolled products, but their thickness tolerances are closer to those achieved for cold rolled products. This type of material is particularly popular for producing tubular products in both process industry and structural applications and also re-rolling.

Hot Rolled Products are used in many applications in the production of process plant equipment.The production units can supply material directly to the customer, or through one of our own service centres. Outokumpu has its own research centres that helps the sales network in product properties and their applications. The research centres are located in Avesta, Sweden and Tornio, Finland.

Extremely resistant to corrosion and wear-resistant, hot rolled products (CPP and Quarto) are used for some of the most challenging applications and environments. These include the Pulp & Paper industry, Oil & Gas, power plants and chemical tankers.

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Thin Strip Sheffield offers thin, stainless steel strip products in coil form produced to extremely tight tolerances of both width and thickness. The company offers material produced to meet the specific mechanical and metallurgical properties specified by their customers, as solutions for their demanding applications and processes. These include tightly controlled ranges of hardness, tensile strength, elongation, etc. not commonly offered by other manufacturers in the market.

Outokumpu Stainless Tubular Products manufactures and sell welded stainless steel tubes, pipes, fittings and flanges.

Long Products encompasses finished wire rod and bar products, including billets and blooms, which are the feedstock for bar rod, flange production and seamless tube. Major applications for wire rod include bolts, screws, springs, rods, bright bar and welding wire. Bar products are often used to manufacture components in pumps and valves. Outokumpu manufacturing units for long products include ASR Rod Mill in United Kingdom, Richburg in South Carolina USA, Avesta Welding-Sweden and a joint venture interest in Fagersta Stainless that also is in Sweden.

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Metso Minerals Introduction On July 13th the SME-TMS group will visit Metso Minerals at their office in Sala. Metso Minerals is one of the leading suppliers of rock and minerals processing systems and is part of the Metso Corporation. Worldwide about 8000 employees operate in sales, manufacturing and services. They key areas for Metso Corporation are:

Fiber & Paper Technology (Metso Paper) Rock & Minerals Processing (Metso Minerals) Automation & Control Technology (Metso Atuomation)

Metso Minerals provides products in the following areas: (Mobile)Crushing Feeding (Mobile)Screening Washing (Mobile) Conveying Dust Suppresion Automation

It tries to maximize the performance and equipment life by using an interactive service program.

Fig. 1 Overview of Metso Minerals in 2004

Metso uses local sales offices around the world to market their products.

Research is focused on machine development and run in projects. R&D is basically done hands on, to meet the market or customers’ demands.

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Metso @ Sala The Sala office/plant of Metso Minerals is responsible for technical support for pumps, magnetic separators (high and low intensity), filters (drum, tube and pressure), spiral classifiers, spiral dewaterers and thickeners. At Sala Metso manufactures pumps and has an assembly shop for process equipment. Customers are mainly in the mining business using wet processes. We have a laboratory where we run tests on samples to select proper equipment and to get sizing data.

fig2. Magnetic Separators

Normally at Sala, Metso gets inquiries spanning from specified machines to what the client wants as a process that will give a certain concentrate with a certain ore. Sala is therefore looking for competence both in how to manufacture (mechanical engineers) and how to use the machines practically (metallurgists). In many cases Metso’s know-how in treating ores gives Metso the order for the equipment.

People & Careers @ Metso People with a variety of engineering backgrounds and experiences are involved in testing, sizing and commissioning of the machines or total plants. Metso has a lot of metallurgists within the company that work with plant audits as well as computerized process control models. A large number of Metso’s sales people have backgrounds in the metallurgical, mining or manufacturing industries.

At the Metso Cooperation it is possible to apply for internships, summer jobs as well as (of course) a full time job.

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Literature & References www.lkab.comwww.boliden.comwww.atlascopco.comwww.outokumpu.comwww.metsominerals.comMr. Anders Gustafsson of Metso Minerals @ Sala, Sweden

List of Sponsors Falconbridge Caterpillar Anglo American Atlas Copco Boart Longyear Corus Akzo Nobel BC RWE ABN AMRO Zinifex

VSSDUniversiteitsfonds TUDelft Delft University of Technology TMS