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7/30/2019 Study Paper IPv6 Adhoc Networks
1/18
Department of Telecommunications
Telecom Engineering CenterKhurshid Lal Bhavan, Janpath, New Delhi - 110011
Study Paper on IPv6 for Adhoc Networks
[Sensor N/w & RFID]
R. Saji Kumar Director, J.M.Suri DDG, I Division, Telecom Engineering Center, Department of
Telecommunications, New Delhi.
Abstract:
Till now connected devices did not become very popular because of the limitations of
connectivity, device identification/monitoring capabilities and IP address limitations. Various
protocols and standards developed for Wireless sensor networks, Active RFID based
identifications and IPv6 for low power devices has enabled millions of devices to start
communicating over the IP world.
The different standards which came up in this area include ITU-T X.1311 for Sensor Networks,
Sensor interface standards based on IEEE 1451, Wireless Interface Protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
& Zigbee and 6LoWPAN based on IEEE 802.15.4. The main objective is to discuss in detail about
the IEEE 1451 and 6LoWPAN standards.
Many devices have been developed based on these interface standards which has opened the
way for Machine to Machine Communications and immense possibilities in the new era of the
Internet of Things.
Key words:
Wireless Networks, Infrastructure Mode, Adhoc Mode, Wireless Sensor Networks, RFID
Networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, IEEE 1451, 6LoWPAN, Machine to Machine Communications,Internet of Things
1. Introduction:With the increase in popularity of internet and IP, devices are also becoming IP enabled. The major
challenges for moving to an era of connected devices are connectivity, sensor technologies, device
identification and addressing. Wireless is becoming a de facto connectivity method because of the
easiness of connectivity and mobility. Sensor technologies have also advanced by integrating IP and
Wireless features. Device identification could be achieved through RFID techniques. Having a huge
address space required to be provided to each and every device, IPv6 is giving a boost to this area.
This has given rise to a new area of machine to machine communication and internet of things
which are possible through the IP enabled devices. This paper is an attempt to address these issues
by explaining the concepts and underlying standards.
A block schematic of various techniques involved is given below.
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Approaching E
M
Connectivity
Wired Wireless
Infrastructure Adhoc
Wireles
Sensor
Wireless Mesh
Networks
Mobile Adhoc
Networks
Sens
Wired
Ubiquit
Wireless Networks are categorize
mode. Infrastructure mode devic
point. Hence direct line of sight
devices can communicate among
all devices with the base station
the devices increase but there is
Wireless Sensor Network is a maj
Two major protocols used are IE
wireless sensor networks and 6L
sensor networks to communicat
because of the reduced header s
and 6LoWPAN is given below.
Machine to Machine Communic
communicate directly like remot
been adopted in the M2M comm
a of connected devices ..
ajor Requirements for
Connected Devices
Identification Addressing
RFID
Semi-
Passive
Passive
Active
IPv4 IPv6
s Adhoc
etworks
Applications on
Low Throughput
Simple
Standard
Version
rs
Wireless
ous Adhoc
d as those working in the Infrastructure mode and those
s communicate to a master device like the base station
onnectivity with the base station is a must. In adhoc
themselves and hence there is no need for direct line o
r access point or the Gateway. In adhoc mode the com
no need for ensuring direct line of sight with the bas
r application area of the wireless adhoc networks.
EE 1451 which describes about the application of Activ
WPAN based on IEEE 802.15.4. 6LoWPAN enabled th
over IPv6, as the protocol is simple and having low th
ize. The Architecture described in this paper based in I
ation [M2M] relates to the technologies that allow d
temperature monitoring etc. IP and wireless technolo
unications. However with the popularization of Interne
in Adhoc
or access
ode, the
sight for
plexity of
e station.
e RFID in
wireless
roughput
EEE 1451
evices to
gies have
t and the
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sensor technologies, the scope of M2M has been widen and the technology has been adopted in all
segments of day to day life for any place, any time, anything connectivity and is named as Internet
of Things.
2. Wireless Ad-hoc Networks:A wireless adhoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network. The network
is adhoc because it does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, access points in managed wireless
networks. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the
determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network
connectivity.
Wireless adhoc networks can be further classified by their application:
Mobile adhoc networks (MANET) Wireless mesh networks (WMN) Wireless Adhoc sensor networks (WASN)A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile
devices connected by wireless. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any
direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward trafficunrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router.
A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a communications network made up of radio nodes organized
in a mesh topology. Wireless mesh networks often consist of mesh clients, mesh routers and
gateways. The mesh clients are often laptops, cell phones and other wireless devices while the
mesh routers forward traffic to and from the gateways which may, but need not, connect to the
Internet. Wireless mesh networks can be implemented with various wireless technology
including 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, cellular technologies or combinations of more than one type.
Adhoc Wireless Sensor Network is described further in this paper.
Adhoc Network Routing Protocol: Being adhoc in nature, the Adhoc networks require special
routing protocols. It is a standard that controls how nodes decide which way
to route packets between computing devices in a mobile ad hoc network. In ad-hoc networks,
nodes are not familiar with the topology of their networks. Instead, they have to discover it. The
various routing protocols used in Adhoc networks are classified as follows:
Table-driven (Pro-active) routing: This protocol maintains a list of destination addresses for
routing. [Eg. OLSR, BATMAN, DSDV, IARP, HSR, WAR etc]
Reactive (on-demand) routing: This protocol finds a route on demand by flooding the network
with Route Request packets. [AODV, DSR etc]
Flow-oriented routing: This protocol finds a route on demand by following present flows and
unicast consecutively when forwarding data for a new link. [IERP, SSR etc]Hybrid (both pro-active and reactive) routing: This protocol combines the advantages of proactive
and of reactive routing. The routing is initially established with some proactively prospected routes
and then serves the demand from additionally activated nodes through reactive flooding. [HWMP,
ZRP etc]
Hierarchical routing: This protocol, the choice of proactive and of reactive routing depends on the
hierarchic level where a node resides. [CBRP, FSR etc]
Multicast routing: This protocol does routing by multicast of all the packets. [MRMP, LAM etc]
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3. Wireless Sensor Networks:A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors
to monitorphysical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to
cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.
Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an
internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for
interfacing with the sensors and an energy source
The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless
mesh network.
A Wireless Sensor Network [WSN] is classified into two types, the ubiquitous sensor network (USN)
and Wireless Adhoc Sensor Networks [WASN].
A Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) [ITU-T X.1311] consists of three parts: a sensor network
consisting of a large number of sensor nodes, a base station (also known as a gateway) interfacing
between the sensor networks and an application server, and the application server controlling the
sensor node in the sensor network or collecting the sensed information from the sensor nodes in
the sensor network.
USN can be an intelligent information infrastructure of advanced e-Life society, which delivers user-
oriented information and provides knowledge services to anyone, anytime, anywhere and wherein
information and knowledge are developed by detecting, storing, processing, and integrating the
situational and environmental information gathered from sensor tags and/or sensor nodes affixed
to anything. Since there are many security and privacy threats in transferring and storing
information in the USN, appropriate security mechanisms may be needed to protect against those
threats in the USN.
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The main features of the USN are as follows:
Sensor nodes are deployed densely in a wide area or a hostile context. Sensor nodes are vulnerable to failure. The communication from the base station (BS) to the sensor node would be of the broadcast
type or point-to-point type.
A sensor node has limited power, computational capacity, and memory. A sensor node may not have global identification. Mobility of nodes Heterogeneity of nodes Scalability to large scale of deployment Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions Ease of useWireless adhoc sensor network [WASN] consists of a number of sensors spread across a
geographical area. Each sensor has wireless communication capability and some level of
intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data.
Standards and specifications:
Several standards are currently either ratified or under development by organizations and
standardization bodies for wireless sensor networks. The IEEE focuses on
the physical and MAC layers; the Internet Engineering Task Force works on layers 3 and above.
There are also several non-standard, proprietary mechanisms and specifications.
Predominant standards commonly used in WSN communications include Wireless-HART, IEEE
1451, ZigBee / 802.15.4, ZigBee IP, 6LoWPAN
4. RFID Networks:Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-
frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the
purposes of automatic identification and tracking.
Basically there are three types of tags: active tags, semi-passive tags, and passive tags. Active tags
and semi-passive tags contain an energy source, normally a battery. Passive tags contain no power
source and must convert energy from the RF signal provided by the interrogator in order to
operate the on-board electronic chip. The tag is able to send back data stored on the chip.
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Basic components of an RFID System are given below:
5.
Integrated RFID Sensor Networks:The RFID tags being used at present in the supply chain indicate what a product is, but do not
reveal any information about conditions that the product has encountered throughout its passage
along the supply chain.
IEEE 1451 is a smart transducers interface standards. The standard covers communication
protocols, Transducer Electronics Data Sheet [TEDS] formats, Reader standards, Wireless Interface
standards and RFID system communication protocol. The goal of these standards is
To provide network-independent and vendor-independent transducer (sensor or actuator)interfaces.
To provide a standardized format for transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) that containmanufacturer-related data for transducers.
To support a general model for transducer data, control, timing, configuration, and calibration. To allow transducers to be installed, upgraded, replaced, or moved with minimal effort. To eliminate error-prone manual entry of data and system configuration steps thus achieving
plug-and-play capability.
To allow wired or wireless sensor data to be moved seamlessly to/from the network or hostsystem.
IEEE 1451.5 is a transducer interface standard. Its main objective is to provide data-level
interoperability for sensors and actuators by combining the benefit of the TEDS and the adoption
of existing popular wireless communication protocols in the standard. Some possible wireless
protocols are IEEE 802.11x the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) standard, IEEE 802.15.1 the Bluetooth
standard, and IEEE 802.15.4 the ZigBee standard.
If sensors and possibly actuators can be integrated into RFID tags and the interrogators in a manner
that meets the goals of the IEEE 1451 suite, the needs of current RFID systems for cold chains could
be met and new applications of RFID would be enabled.
The association of IEEE 1451 with RFID system is given below.
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A concept of integrating tag ids to sensor integrated active RFID networks is given below:
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6. Wireless Interface Protocols for Active RFID System:The wireless interface protocols which could be adopted in the IEEE 1451 model are Wi-Fi, Zigbee,
Bluetooth or 6LoWPAN. They are briefly explained below.
Wi-Fi 802.11
Wi-Fi ID allows the devices to be located, and tracked using multiple WAPs. Wi-Fi ID is technically
an active RFID system that uses the 802.11 standard of air communication in the 2.45GHz
frequency spectrum. The two methods used to determine location are Radio Signal Strength
Information (RSSI) and Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA). RSSI measures the signal strength and is
suited for both tight indoor environments and outdoors. TDOA measures the time of arrival of the
tag's signal from multiple readers at the same time and is better for outdoor or large open indoor
environments where multiple readers can get clear line of sight the tags at the same time.
Following are the benefits of using Wi-Fi for Active RFID
Wi-Fi-based Active RFID systems utilize standard Wi-Fi (802.11) technology as acommunications protocol, enabling customers to utilize WLAN access points (APs) as Active
RFID readers.
Lower infrastructure, installation cost
Customers can use their existing or new WLAN infrastructure as a reader network. Expensive single-purpose RFID readers can be avoided. Faster deployment and installation Faster ROI from existing WLANZigbee
ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. ZigBee operates in the industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; Data transmission rates vary from 20 to 900 kbps. The low
cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications.
Low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries.
ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE 802.15.4 for low-
rate WPANs. The four main components of the Zigbee standards are the network layer, application
layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for
customization and favor total integration.
The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and generic mesh
networks. Mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range.
Basic Zigbee bit rate of 250 kb/s is adequate for transferring data in an RFID system. With multiple
sensors, each sensor forms a node on the network, sending or receiving data to and from any other
nodes. This enables the nodes to form a mesh or an ad hoc network that can self-configure and
self-heal, maximizing reliability and minimizing the cost of network deployment and maintenance.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances in
the ISM band from 24002480 MHz from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal areanetworks (PANs) with high levels of security.
Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum. It usually performs 800 hops per second,
with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled.
Bluetooth uses Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology, enabling a user to hold two devices
together at a very short range to complete the pairing process. It has Lower Power Consumption
and Improved Security using six-digit passkey. Bluetooth devices have the ability to work as a slave
or a master in an adhoc network. The three types of Bluetooth network configurations are
Single point-to-point (Piconet) which consists of one master and one slave device.
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Multipoint (Piconet) topology combines one master device and up to seven slave devices in anad hoc network.
Scatternet: A Scatternet is a group of Piconets linked via a slave device in one Piconet whichplays master role in other Piconet.
7. Requirement of IPv6 in Wireless Sensor Networks:Any device used to connect to the Internet requires an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a unique
identifier that enables it to communicate with other devices on the network. This means that
everything from laptops and smartphones, through to Internet enabled TVs and refrigerators needs
an IP address. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet,
there is a need for more addresses than IPv4 can accommodate.
On 3 February 2011, in a ceremony in Miami, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
assigned the last batch of f ive /8 address blocks to the Regional Internet Registries, officially
depleting the global pool of completely fresh blocks of addresses. Each /8 address block represents
approximately 16.7 million possible addresses, for a total of over 80 million potential addresses
combined. APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small
amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6.
IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for 2128, or approximately 3.41038 addresses more
than 7.91028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses. IPv4 allows for only
4,294,967,296 unique addresses worldwide (or less than one address per person alive in 2012), but
IPv6 allows for around 4.81028 addresses per person a number unlikely to ever run out.
8. IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN):6LoWPAN is an acronym ofIPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. 6LoWPAN is the
name of a working group in the Internet area of the IETF.
The 6LoWPAN concept originated from the idea that "the Internet Protocol could and should be
applied even to the smallest devices,"and that low-power devices with limited processing
capabilities should be able to participate in theInternet of Things.
The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow
IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks. The base
specification developed by the 6LoWPAN IETF group is RFC 4944. The features include basic
Encapsulation, efficient representation of packets less than ~100 bytes, first approach to stateless
Header Compression, fragmentation (map 1280 byte MTU to < 128 bytes), datagram tag/Datagram
offset, mMesh forwarding, identify Originator/Final Destination etc
The 6LoWPAN group within the IETF uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to provide the lower layer
elements of this wireless network wireless sensor network. The 6LoWPAN group has then defined
the encapsulation and compression mechanisms that enable the IPv6 data to be carried of the
wireless network.
The 6LoWPAN technology is an approach to the development of a wireless sensor network; there
are incompatibilities between IPv6 format and the formats allowed by IEEE 802.15.4. These
differences are overcome within 6LoWPAN and this allows the system to use basic 802.15.4 as a
layer.
In order to send packet data, IPv6 over 6LowPAN, it is necessary to have a method of converting
the packet data into a format that can be handled by the IEEE 802.15.4 lower layer system.
IPv6 requires the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to be at least 1280 bytes in length. This is
considerably longer than the IEEE802.15.4's standard packet size of 127 octets which was set to
keep transmissions short and thereby reduce power consumption.
To overcome the address resolution issue, IPv6 nodes are given 128 bit addresses in a hierarchical
manner. The IEEE 802.15.4 devices may use either of IEEE 64 bit extended addresses or 16 bit
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addresses that are unique within
group of physically co-located IEE
6LoWPAN comprises routers (6L
hosts in mesh-under no direct hos
Network Architecture: The netw
There can be three modes of ope
consists of only one Edge Route
connected to the Internet over a
LoWPAN, which share the same I
overlap each other. 6LoWPAN do
as an Ad hoc LoWPAN. In this to
router, implementing two basic
[RFC4193] and handling 6LoWPA
Node point of view the network o
an IPv6 local prefix rather than a
Protocol Stack: The 6LoWPAN pr
The important issues to be addre
compression, Routing methods, F
a PAN after devices have associated. There is also a PA
802.15.4 devices.
s) and hosts. Hosts only talk to routers. Routers may r
t-host communication in route-over
rk architecture of 6LoWPAN is given in the figure below.
ation namely Simple, Extended or Adhoc modes. Simple
r in the LoWPAN network. A LoWPAN Edge Router i
ackhaul link. Extended LoWPAN has multiple edge rout
Pv6 prefix and a common backbone link. Multiple LoW
es not require an infrastructure to operate, but may als
ology, one router must be configured to act as a simpli
functionalities: unique local unicast address (ULA) g
Neighbor Discovery registration functionality. From the
perates just like a Simple LoWPAN, except the prefix ad
lobal one, and there are no routes outside the LoWPAN.
tocol stack is given below.
ssed while adopting IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 structure
agmentation and Autoconfiguration techniques to be a
-ID for a
direct to
LoWPAN
typically
ers in the
PANs can
o operate
fied edge
eneration
LoWPAN
ertised is
re Frame
opted.
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Frame Compression: Generally IPv6 header is 320 Bytes long. However for 6LoWPAN as per
IEEE802.15.4, the header size has been reduced to 40 Bytes to fit it within the 127Byte total frame
length. The 6LoWPAN header as per IEEE 802.15.4 is given below.
Here also, the bytes available for the Payload are only 54 Bytes which is very less as compared to
the frame size. In order to counter this frame compression techniques are employed where in the
difference in the header between consecutive frames is only transmitted. The compressed frame
structure is given below.
The 6LoWPAN compression format was initially defined in RFC4944 while it is updated and recently
published as RFC6282 Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based
Networks. RFC4944 Features are basic LoWPAN header format, HC1 (IPv6 header) and HC2 (UDP
header) compression formats, Fragmentation & reassembly, Mesh header feature and Multicast
mapping to 16-bit address space. The additional features of RFC6282 are new HC (IPv6 header) andNHC (Next-header) compression, support for global address compression, support for IPv6 option
header compression and support for compact multicast address compression.
6LoWPAN Routing: Depending on the layer where the routing is applied the protocols are classified
into two different categories: Mesh-under and route-over. The first uses the MAC address and 16
Bit short ad-dress (layer 2 address) respectively to forward packets, the latter uses the IP
addressing (layer 3) for it. It is detailed in the figure below.
Fragmentation: Fragmentation provides a basis to subdivide a large packet into several smaller
ones. The procedure is apparently necessary in case of the 6LoWPAN because one IPv6 packet can
be up to 1280 bytes long, but the maximal packet size in IEEE 802.15.4 is only127 bytes. In mesh-
under networks the fragments are routed to the destination node, not until they are assembled.
Route-over networks however transmit each fragment only to the next hop. There all fragments
are assembled and the complete packet is analyzed to determine the next destination node. Thus
in route-over networks each hop has to store all fragments and must therefore have enough
resources available.
Auto configuration: Auto configuration describes the autonomous generation of a complete IPv6
address. It mainly uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). The messages used such as Router
Advertisement, Router Solicitation und Neighbor Solicitation are addressed to multicast addresses.
Thus in the mesh-under network which represents a single IP link all nodes inside the network have
to be provided with the message. This in turn floods the network and impairs the bandwidth
considerably. In the route-over networks, since each hop represents an IP router, the multicast
becomes a broadcast for all nodes in the radio range. This admittedly limits the network load. In
order to resolve this issue, multicast addresses are replaced by adequate unicast addresses. This
will be implemented by the expended application of the border router. It knows the addresses of
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all nodes inside the network; at th
the LoWPAN. So nodes do not se
to the border router.
While there are many forms of
addresses an area that is currentl
particular IPv6 to carry the data.
The overall system is aimed at prlow duty cycle.
9. Machine to Machine CommuniThe development of different
technologies have paved the way
communicating to a remote mac
that allow both wireless and wire
M2M uses a device (such as a
inventory level, etc.), which is
an application that translates the
need to be restocked). Such co
network of machines relay inforrerouted into a system like a pers
The M2M System shall be able to
and Applications Domain, and
communication means, e.g. SMS,
However, modern M2M comm
changed into a system of networ
may be able to communicate in
M2M System should abstract th
mechanism used, e.g. in case of
when static or dynamic IP addre
made it far easier for M2M com
and time necessary for informati
allow an array of new business o
in terms of the products being sol
Architecture of M2M is given belo
e same time it represents the interface to the network
d a multicast for duplicate address detection, but sends
ireless networks including wireless sensor networks,
y not addressed by any other system, i.e. that of using
viding wireless internet connectivity at low data rates a
cations:
sensor technologies and integration with the comm
for various devices becoming intelligent or SMART an
hine or host. Machine to machine (M2M) refers to tec
d systems to communicate with other devices of the sa
sensor or meter) to capture an event (such as tem
relayed through a network (wireless, wired or h
captured event into meaningful information (for exam
mmunication was originally accomplished by having
ation back to a central hub for analysis, which woulnal computer.
allow communication between M2M Applications in th
the M2M Device or M2M Gateway, by using
GPRS and IP Access.
nication has expanded beyond a one-to-one conne
s that transmits data to personal appliances. A Connect
a peer-to-peer manner with any other Connected O
underlying network structure including any network a
an IP based network the session establishment shall b
sing is used. The expansion of IP networks across the
unication to take place and has lessened the amount
n to be communicated between machines. These net
pportunities and connections between consumers and
d.
w.
utside of
a unicast
LoWPAN
IP, and in
nd with a
unication
d started
hnologies
e ability.
perature,
ybrid) to
le, items
a remote
then be
Network
multiple
tion and
ed Object
ject. The
ddressing
possible
orld has
of power
orks also
roducers
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The Device and Gateway
through a Gateway. The Ne
Service Capabilities, M2M
10. Internet of Things:With the increase in popu
communications has expan
the application ranges fro
security, retail, logistics, in
INTERNET OF THINGS. In t
network in one form or
technologies will give rise
invisibly embedded in the
refrigerators, bathtubs, an
services will be in each ot
amounts of data will circ
significantly enhance both
that adapt to the current
step to people already conn
With the growing presen
ubiquitous information an
the Internet of Things visio
traditional mobile comput
connecting everyday existin
Today, developments are r
embedding short-range m
items, enabling new form
themselves. A new dimens
technologies (ICTs): from a
for anything
Connections will multiply a
Things. The Internet of Thi
technological advances and
Domain is composed of the M2M Device which conn
twork Domain is composed of the Access Network, Cor
pplications and M2M Management Functions.
larity of Internet and Internet connected devices, the
ded beyond the Machine communications domain to a
home networking, urban applications, environment,
dustry, agriculture, Animal husbandry, health etc. Thi
e Internet of Things paradigm (IoT) , everything of valu
another. Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) and
to this new standard, in which information and com
environment around us. Everyday objects, such as ca
d more advanced, loosely coupled, computational a
ers interaction range and will communicate with one
late in order to create smart and proactive environ
the work and leisure experiences of people. Smart int
ituation without any human involvement will become
ected anytime and anywhere.
e of Wi-Fi and 3G wireless Internet access, the e
communication networks is already evident nowaday
to successfully emerge, the computing criterion will ne
ing scenarios that use smart-phones and portables,
g objects and embedding intelligence into our environm
pidly under way to take this phenomenon an important
bile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadge
of communication between people and things, and
ion has been added to the world of information and
ytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now h
d create an entirely new dynamic network of networks
ngs is neither science fiction nor industry hype, but is
visions of network ubiquity that are zealously being real
ects directly or
network, M2M
scope of M2M
new era where
ater, metering,
is termed the
e will be on the
ensor network
munication are
rs, coffee cups,
nd information
another. Large
ments that will
eracting objects
the next logical
olution toward
s. However, for
d to go beyond
nd evolve into
ent.
step further, by
s and everyday
between things
communication
ve connectivity
an Internet of
based on solid
ized
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11.Applications of RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks:Important Applications of RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks include Urban Applications,
Environmental Applications, Water, Metering, Security, Emergency, Retail, Logistics, Industrial,
Agriculture, Animal Farming, Home and Health etc which are tabulated below.
Urban Applications:
Smart Parking Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the
city.
Magnetic field
Structural health Monitoring of vibrations and material
conditions in buildings, bridges and historical
monuments.
Crack detection, crack
propagation, accelerometer,
linear displacement
Noise Urban Maps Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric
zones in real time.
Microphone
Traffic Congestion Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to
optimize driving and walking routes
Magnetic field
Smart Lighting Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in
Street lights
Light sensor (LDR), actuator
relay
Waste management Detection of rubbish levels in containers to
optimize the trash collection routes
Ultrasound sensor (measure
capacity)
Intelligent
Transportation
Systems
Smart Roads and Intelligent Highways with
warning messages and diversions according to
climate conditions and unexpected events like
accidents or traffic jams
Magnetic field, crack sensor,
water and ice detection
sensors
Environment:
Forest Fire
Detection
Monitoring of combustion gases and
preemptive fire conditions to define alert
zones
CO, CO2, temperature,
humidity
Air Pollution Control of CO2 emissions of factories,
pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases
generated in farms
NO2, SH2, CO, CO2,
Hydrocarbons, Methane
(CH4)
Landslide and
Avalanche
Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and
earth density to detect dangerous patterns in
Crack detection, crack
propagation, accelerometer,
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Prevention land conditions linear displacement, soil
moisture
Earthquake Early
Detection
Distributed control in specific places of
tremors
Accelerometer
Water:
Water Quality Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea
for fauna and eligibility for drinkable use
PH, dissolved oxygen,
turbidity
Water Leakages Detection of liquid presence outside tanks and
pressure variations along pipes
Liquid flow sensor
River Floods Monitoring of water level variations in rivers,
dams and reservoirs
Level sensor (switch),
ultrasound sensor
Metering:
Smart Grid Energy consumption monitoring and
management
Current and voltage sensors
Tank Level Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in
storage tanks and cisterns.
Level sensor (switch),
ultrasound sensor (capacity
measurement)
Photovoltaic
Installations
Monitoring and optimization of performance
in solar energy plants
Current and voltage sensors
Water Flow Measurement of water pressure in water
Transportation systems
Liquid flow sensor
Silos Stock
Calculation
Measurement of emptiness level and weight
of the goods
Ultrasound sensor (capacity
measurement), load cells
Security & Emergencies:
Perimeter Access
Control
Access control to restricted areas and
detection of people in non-authorized areas.
PIR (infrared), hall effect
(windows, doors),
RFID and NFC tags
Liquid Presence Liquid detection in data centers, warehouses
and sensitive building grounds to prevent
break downs and corrosion
Water detection sensor
Radiation Levels Distributed measurement of radiation levels inNuclear power stations surroundings to
generate
Leakage alerts.
Geiger Muller tube (Beta andGamma) [ , ],
ultraviolet sensor (UVA, UVB)
Explosive and
Hazardous Gases
Detection of gas levels and leakages in
industrial environments, surroundings of
chemical factories and inside mines.
O2, H2, CH4, Isobutane,
Ethanol
Retail:
Supply Chain
Control
Monitoring of storage conditions along the
supply chain and product tracking for
traceability purposes.
RFID and NFC tags
NFC Payment Payment processing based in location or
Activity duration for public transport, gyms,theme parks, etc.
RFID and NFC tags
Intelligent Shopping
Application
Getting advices in the point of sale according
To customer habits, preferences, presence of
allergic components for them or expiring
dates.
RFID and NFC tags
Smart Product
Management
Control of rotation of products in shelves and
warehouses to automate restocking processes
Weight sensor (load cell),
RFID and NFC tags
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Logistics:
Quality of Shipment
Conditions
Monitoring of vibrations, strokes, container
openings or cold chain maintenance for
insurance purposes.
Light, temperature,
humidity, impact, vibrations,
accelerometer
Item Location Search of individual items in big surfaces like
warehouses or harbours
RFID and NFC tags
Storage
IncompatibilityDetection
Warning emission on containers storing
inflammable goods closed to others containingexplosive material.
O2, H2, CH4, Isobutane,
Ethanol,RFID and NFC tags
Fleet Tracking Control of routes followed for delicate goods
like medical drugs, jewels or dangerous
merchandises.
GPS
Industrial control:
M2M Applications Machine auto-diagnosis and assets control Voltage, vibration,
accelerometer, current
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels
inside chemical plants to ensure workers and
goods safety.
CO, CO2, NH3, NO2, SH2, CO,
CO2, O3
Temperature
Monitoring
Control of temperature inside industrial and
medical fridges with sensitive merchandise.
Temperature, humidity,
pressureOzone Presence Monitoring of ozone levels during the drying
meat process in food factories
Ozone (O3)
Indoor Location Asset indoor location by using active (zigbee)
and passive tags (RFID/NFC).
Passive tags (RFID+NFC) +
Active tags (ZigBee,
Wifi, Bluetooth)
Vehicle Auto-
diagnosis
Information collection from canbus to send
real time alarms to emergencies or provide
advice to drivers.
Voltage, vibration,
accelerometer, current
Agriculture:
Wine Quality
Enhancing
Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter in
Vineyards to control the amount of sugar in
grapesAnd grapevine health
Soil temperature / moisture,
leaf wetness, atmospheric
pressure, solar radiation(PAR), trunk diameter
Green Houses Control micro-climate conditions to maximize
the production of fruits and vegetables and its
quality.
Soil temperature / moisture,
leaf wetness, atmospheric
pressure, solar radiation
(PAR), trunk diameter
Golf Courses Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the
water resources required in the green.
Soil moisture
Meteorological
Station Network
Study of weather conditions in fields to
forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or
wind changes.
Anemometer, wind vane,
pluviometer
Compost Control of humidity and temperature levels in
alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. To prevent fungus and
Other microbial contaminants.
Humidity, soil moisture, soil
temperature
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Animal Farming:
Offspring Care Control of growing conditions of the offspring
in animal farms to ensure its survival and
health.
CH4, SH2, NH3, temperature,
humidity
Animal Tracking Location and identification of animals grazing
in open pastures or location in big stables.
Passive tags (RFID+NFC) +
Active tags (ZigBee,
Wifi, Bluetooth)
Toxic Gas Levels Study of ventilation and air quality in farmsand detection of harmful gases from
excrements
CH4, SH2, NH3, temperature,humidity
Homes:
Energy and Water
Use
Energy and water supply consumption
monitoring to obtain advice on how to save
cost and resources.
Current and voltage sensors,
liquid flow sensor
Remote Control
Appliances
Switching on and off remotely appliances to
avoid accidents and save energy.
Actuator relay
Intrusion Detection
Systems
Detection of windows and doors openings and
Violations to prevent intruders.
PIR (infrared), hall effect
(windows, doors)
Art and Goods
Preservation
Monitoring of conditions inside museums and
art warehouses.
Temperature, humidity,
pressure, O2
Health:
Fall Detection Assistance for elderly or disabled people living
Independent.
Accelerometer
Medical Fridges Control of conditions inside freezers storing
Vaccines, medicines and organic elements.
Light, temperature,
humidity, impact, vibrations,
accelerometer
Sportsmen Care Vital signs monitoring in high performance
Centers and fields
ECG, pulse, accelerometer,
respiration
Patients
Surveillance
Monitoring of conditions of patients inside
Hospitals and in old peoples home.
ECG, pulse, accelerometer,
respiration
Ultraviolet
Radiation
Measurement of UV sun rays to warn people
not to be exposed in certain hours.
Ultraviolet sensor (UVA,
UVB)
12.Conclusion:The IEEE 1451 standards for sensor networks integrating RFID methods and 6LoWPAN standards for
IPv6 over low power wireless networks have opened immense possibility of Internet of Things
applications possible over the Wireless IP domain. Utilization of Adhoc mode of communication also
helps in avoiding the requirement of line of sight requirement from the Gateway for the connected
sensor devises.
IEEE 1451 describes in detail the sensor interfacing requirements where as the 6LoWLAN standards
developed over the 802.15.4 standards defines the use of IPv6 for such networks. Even though, the
requirement of IPv6 for these devices is undisputed, the limitations in usage of IPv6 for such low power,
low throughput systems have been removed through the 6LoWPAN standards.
These standards have boosted the usage of IP networking and sensor technologies to be used for
immense applications of day to day life which can change the standards of living in the future days.
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Glossary of Terms:
1451: IEEE 1451 standard for Smart transducer interface for sensors and actuators
802.15.4: IEEE 802.15.4-standard, applicable to low-rate wireless Personal Area Network
6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks
ADC: Analog to Digital Converter
AFH: Adaptive Frequency Hoping
APNIC: Asia Pacific Network Information center
BS: Base Station
BT: Bluetooth
DAC: Digital to Analog Converter
DIO: Digital Input/Output
GPS: Global Positioning System
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
M2M: Machine to machine
MAC: Medium Access Control layer
MTU: Maximum Transfer Unit
NCAP: Network Capable Application processor
NDP: Neighbor Discovery Protocol
NFC: Near Field Communication
PAN: Personal Area NetworkPHY: OSI model layer 1: The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for
devices. It defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium
including the layout of all hardware components.
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
RSSI: Radio Signal Strength Information
TDOA: Time Difference Of Arrival
TEDS: Transducer Electronic Data Sheet
TIM: Transducer Interface Module
UDP: User datagram Protocol
ULA: Unicast Local Address
USN: Ubiquitous Sensor Networks
WSN: Wireless Sensor Networks
MANET: Mobile adhoc networks
WMN: Wireless mesh networks
WASN: Wireless Adhoc sensor networks
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
XDCR: Transducer or Sensor or Actuator
ZB: Zigbee
ZDO: Zigbee Device Object
References:
1. IEEE 1451 - IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators2. IEEE 802.15 IEEE standards for wireless personal area networks3. ITU-T X.1311 - Secure applications and services Ubiquitous sensor network security