STUDY ON POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILES IN … · STUDY ON POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILES IN BENGALURU CITY ... The growing problems related to traffic are congestion, ... Source*

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STUDY ON POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILES IN

BENGALURU CITY

CHETAN KUMAR B1 KAUSHIK K N

2 MAHARAJ S B

3

1DepartmentofAutomobileEngineering

2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering

Abstract-With this paper an attempt has been made to cover the in depth study of the vehicular

population in the Bangalore city, that includes stastical view of number of automobiles, and their

exhaust emissions, effects of exhaust on the environment

Although present day demands more use of these automobile, few remedial suggestions have been

made to counter theses air polluting problem and finding the answers. This will finally focus on the

attempt on the effects due to increase in the vehicle ratio in the city. Based on the facts and data

obtained, the scenario regarding future vehicle growth and their impact for travel is discussed to

overcome emissions problems. The main objective is based on the emission of vehicles and their

problems. In future vehicle-based emissions testing should be conducted for at least once in three

months in Bangalore to gain a more accurate picture of the emissions that occur from the specific

vehicles in this city. Also the health concerns faced by the citizens of the Bangalore city is been

discussed.

I. INTRODUCTION At the global level, the rapid growth in motor vehicle directly or indirectly and climate change

implications. The transport sector already consumes nearly half of the world’s oil. But in urban areas

– both developing and developed countries, it is predominately mobile or vehicular pollution that

contributes to air quality problem.

The sources of pollutants includes exhaust given out by motor vehicles and industrial exhausts,

domestic cooking and unconventional burning as a part of tradition and heating, and high dust levels

due to local construction and ruff terrains, smoking, and long-range transport. By this the quality of

air has become excessively toxicated, Hence Bangalore faces the risk of both high emissions from

the vehicles and unfavorable conditions.

The rapid growth in motor vehicle activity has become a grave challenge to be solved in Bangalore

during the last and this decade. This has brought a serious range of socio-economic, environmental,

health, and welfare impacts on environmental degradation. The study of rapid growth of motor

vehicles in Bangalore is important not only because of their locally harmful air pollution effects, but

also because of their regional and global impacts, Hence this paper deals with the study of air

pollution caused by the automobiles in the city of Bangalore

About BENGALURU city Commonly known as Bangalore is the capital of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It has a

population of about 8.42 million and a metropolitan population of about 8.52 million, making it

the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India. Located

in southern India on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft.) above sea

level,Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year. Its elevation is the

highestamong the major large cities of India the total area of Urban Bangalore comprises of about

741 km2 (286 sq. miles), with vehicle registration starting with KA (KARNATAKA)

International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)

Bengaluru today is one of the most opted and globally recognized city in the country, with its rapid

growth in all the field especially in IT industry, a huge number of job opportunities are being

provided here, with the rising population in the city there

vehicle as well.

Rapid population growth because of IT and other associated industries in Bengaluru led to an

increase in the vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7

With the increase in population and the expansion of the city, the problem of connectivity of the

populace has arisen. Quite obviously personalized modes of transport have grown at a tremendous

rate and two wheelers along with the cars almost comprise 90% o

population in the city.

Two wheelers constitute more than 70% of the total volume, while cars comprise 15%, autos 4% and

the remaining 8% includes other vehicles such as buses, vans and tempos.

Impact of growth on Traffic (CONSIDERED ROADS

All or most of the roads are operating above their capacity and the volume: capacity ranges

from 1:2, 1:3 and 1:5

SL No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

• Travel speed has dropped to 15 kmph during the peak hours

• Insufficient or no parking spaces for vehicles

• Public transport vehicles vying for road space with private modes


Volume 02, Issue 11; November - 2016



provided here, with the rising population in the city there is corresponding increase


increase in the vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7

ith the increase in population and the expansion of the city, the problem of connectivity of the


rate and two wheelers along with the cars almost comprise 90% of the total registered vehicular


the remaining 8% includes other vehicles such as buses, vans and tempos.

(CONSIDERED ROADS)

or most of the roads are operating above their capacity and the volume: capacity ranges

Name of Road V/C Ratio

Nrupatunga Road 3.62

District Office Road 2.51

K.G. Road 2.51

Lalbagh Fort Road 2.67

Puttanna Chetty Road 2.45

Richmond Road 2.26

M.G. Road 2.26

Chord Road 2.51

Tumkur Road 2.62

Sankey Road 1.52

• Travel speed has dropped to 15 kmph during the peak hours

• Insufficient or no parking spaces for vehicles

Public transport vehicles vying for road space with private modes


[ISSN: 2455-1457]



in the number of


increase in the vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7-10%.

ith the increase in population and the expansion of the city, the problem of connectivity of the


f the total registered vehicular


or most of the roads are operating above their capacity and the volume: capacity ranges


Volume 02, Issue 11; November - 2016 [ISSN: 2455-1457]


Year Bus fleet size ( BMTC No)

1997 1921

2000 2149

2008 5071

2009 5792

2010

2015

6113

6518

Vehicle Population in Bengaluru City (up to 30-11-2014)

Two Wheelers L.M.V A/R H.T.V H.G.V Others Total

3725435 1102977 146481 112914 72442 232598 5392847

II. AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLES Air pollution is a mixture of any harmful gaseous, liquid or solid particles or substances to the

atmosphere, which is effective enough to cause destruction to environment, human health on quality

of life in urban area that can endanger the health of even plants and animals, damage monuments

such as TAJ MAHAL (one of seven wonders located in Agra Delhi), reduction in visibility or release

undesirable odours. This increase in the number of vehicles has also led to increase in congestion.

Polluting such a natural resource by various human activities will substantially change the

composition of air. This may lead to many short term and long term implications on the life of plants

and animals. Besides the change in composition, the pollution may directly add some poisonous and

harmful gases - which may cause series of health complications.

Transportation is one of the major and important of economic activity and beneficial social

interactions. While the transportation sector is also a major source of air pollution in Bangalore,

estimated to account for nearly all of carbon monoxide (CO), more than 80% of nitrogen oxides

(NOx), 40% of volatile organic compounds (VOC), 20% of sulphur dioxide (SO2), and 35% of

PM10 in 1998. The growing problems related to traffic are congestion, accidents, pollution and lacks

of security are also very worrisome.

This is due to increase in the automobiles and the mobility of people, rapid urban growth, which is

likely to increase travel demand significantly in Bangalore city. Given current trends, by 2020 the

Bangalore city will have an 8.1million population there by becoming the 2nd

largest populated city in

India and most populated in south India.

The increase in the number of vehicles from transportation sector presents a wide range of issues viz.

air pollution, noise, congestion, accidents and increased travel time and delays. It was evident from

the existing information that air pollution controls are not only important and a current priority in the

INCREASE IN NUMBER OF VEHICLES UPTO

(2014 ONLY URBAN REGION)

YEAR Two wheelers LMV THREE WHEELERS

2011 28,09,977 7,73,677 1,08,089

2012 28,81,771 8,03,478 1,12,115

2013 31,58,447 8,94,558 2,84,664

2014 32,26,435 9,02,965 3,88,698

Source* BANGALORE CITY TRAFFIC


local context, but also can present a significant potential to control greenhouse gas emissions. Thus,

with an ultimate goal of greenhouse gas reduction, the present study has chosen air pollution control

as a strategic target from the transport sector due to its high greenhouse gas co

III. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION DURING CLIMATIC CHANGES

Unburnt petrol from two-wheelers most harmful C

KSPCB study. Rains dilute or wash out the pollutants in June to September. But between January

and April, when there are no rains, air sinks, and season is dry and the pollutants are trapped in the

air. The air sinks in winters, thus the pollutants like dust cannot rise so pollution levels are high. The

solution, he says, should be that vehicles should emit less pollution. It is important to solve the

problem at the source itself. The biggest contributors to risin

wheelers. It is not much from construction sites as large particles are emitted which do not enter our

nose. But the sub-micron particles which are emitted from vehicles are the most dangerous. This is

because, unlike in cars where there are filters and other device controls, in bikes unburnt petrol is

emitted which is highly dangerous and leads to cancer and heart attacks. He further explains that

Bangalore has a dry weather and is in

number of trees and lakes have also disappeared which once helped in striking a balance.

Eventually prolonged air pollution causes global warming

Data of vehicles registered in Bangalore




house gas reduction, the present study has chosen air pollution control

as a strategic target from the transport sector due to its high greenhouse gas co-benefits.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION DURING CLIMATIC CHANGES

wheelers most harmful Climate Change, According to findings of the



inks in winters, thus the pollutants like dust cannot rise so pollution levels are high. The


problem at the source itself. The biggest contributors to rising pollution, according to them, are two


micron particles which are emitted from vehicles are the most dangerous. This is

e in cars where there are filters and other device controls, in bikes unburnt petrol is


Bangalore has a dry weather and is in centre of the continent, unlike Chennai and Mumbai.The


Eventually prolonged air pollution causes global warming

Data of vehicles registered in Bangalore


[ISSN: 2455-1457]


house gas reduction, the present study has chosen air pollution control

benefits.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION DURING CLIMATIC CHANGES limate Change, According to findings of the



inks in winters, thus the pollutants like dust cannot rise so pollution levels are high. The


g pollution, according to them, are two-


micron particles which are emitted from vehicles are the most dangerous. This is

e in cars where there are filters and other device controls, in bikes unburnt petrol is


Chennai and Mumbai.The



Table1 - Data Of Registered Vehicles From Rto’s, And District Census Hand Book. Bangalore

Registered Vehicles And Their Forecast

Type of Vehicles 1980 1990

Two Wheelers 111750 458860

Three wheelers 10044 17379

Cars 31738 82205

Jeeps 3554 6376

Taxi 1120 2511

Buses 4671 4516

Trucks 8236 19149

Tractors 1929 1993

Trailers 1734 1723

Maxi cab * *

Others 549 3574

Total 175325 598286

IV. SOURCES OF Pollution from 2-wheelers: Two-wheelers account for about 70 percent of the total vehicular

population in Bangalore. Because of inherent drawbacks in the design of 2

wheelers emit about 20-40% of the fuel un

more than 65% of the hydrocarbons and nearly 50% of the carbon monoxide in Bangalore. As these

emissions are less visible, the general public is not aware of the role of 2

deteriorating air quality in the city. The 2

its design, will continue to be a high emitter of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. While the

absence of a technological breakthrough on the conventional 2

potential, it is for consideration that Government considers thephasing out of two

three wheelers.

Pollution from 3-wheelers: Of the 3, 88,698 three

total population of vehicles, they are petrol

also high emitters of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. A pollution check conducted by Regional

Transport Department has revealed that in some instances the levels are so high that they go beyond

the measurable scale of test instruments. In addition, it is widely believed that petrol is adulterated

with kerosene which results in emissions of thick black smoke.

Pollution from 4-wheelers: The Bangalore city is having9, 39,667 vehicles on the roads (Jeep

Taxi-32818 and Cars-697745) as it consist of both petrol and diesel driven vehicles. Excluding

interstate vehicles in the city area. These vehicles are also high emitters of carbon mon

hydrocarbons which pollutes the air. These consist of old as well as new vehicles in the city. The city

is having 18 percent of 4 wheelers which occupies maximum space on the road, it is one of the air

pollutants in the city. It is widely believe

emissions of thick black smoke.



Data Of Registered Vehicles From Rto’s, And District Census Hand Book. Bangalore

egistered Vehicles And Their Forecast

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

458860 1067430 2951520 4835610 6719700

17379 61424 115401 169378 223355

82205 201052 697745 1194438 1691131

6376 6827 9104 11381 13658

2511 6299 32818 59337 85856

4516 20656 35723 50790 65857

19149 41887 139573 237259 334945

1993 6158 20555 34952 49349

1723 5544 12487 19430 26373

4238 23153 42068 60983

3574 16542 84018 151494 218970

598286 1438057 4122097 6806137 9490177

SOURCES OF VEHICULAR AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITYwheelers account for about 70 percent of the total vehicular

population in Bangalore. Because of inherent drawbacks in the design of 2- stroke engines, 2

40% of the fuel un-burnt/partially burnt. Presently, two-wheelers account f


emissions are less visible, the general public is not aware of the role of 2-

deteriorating air quality in the city. The 2-stroke engine, in spite ofR&D efforts towards improving


absence of a technological breakthrough on the conventional 2-stroke engine and its high pollution

eration that Government considers thephasing out of two

Of the 3, 88,698 three-wheelers in Bangalore nearly 3 percent of the

total population of vehicles, they are petrol-driven, powered by 2-stroke engines. These vehicles are



test instruments. In addition, it is widely believed that petrol is adulterated

with kerosene which results in emissions of thick black smoke.

The Bangalore city is having9, 39,667 vehicles on the roads (Jeep

697745) as it consist of both petrol and diesel driven vehicles. Excluding

interstate vehicles in the city area. These vehicles are also high emitters of carbon mon



is widely believed that petrol is adulterated with kerosene which results in


[ISSN: 2455-1457]

Data Of Registered Vehicles From Rto’s, And District Census Hand Book. Bangalore

2030

6719700

223355

1691131

13658

85856

65857

334945

49349

26373

60983

218970

9490177

POLLUTION IN THE CITY wheelers account for about 70 percent of the total vehicular

stroke engines, 2-

wheelers account for


-wheelers in the

ite ofR&D efforts towards improving


stroke engine and its high pollution

eration that Government considers thephasing out of two-stroke two and

wheelers in Bangalore nearly 3 percent of the

stroke engines. These vehicles are



test instruments. In addition, it is widely believed that petrol is adulterated

The Bangalore city is having9, 39,667 vehicles on the roads (Jeep-9104,

697745) as it consist of both petrol and diesel driven vehicles. Excluding

interstate vehicles in the city area. These vehicles are also high emitters of carbon monoxide and



d that petrol is adulterated with kerosene which results in




Pollution from BMTC and other privately operated buses: There are about 3,500 privately

operated BMTC buses of about 6518 buses in Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation

consists of 1 percent of the total population. About two thirds of the BMTC fleet is beyond the

recommended age of 4-5 years, some even beyond 8-10 years. Such as BMTC’S Marco polo which

emits excess dense black exhaust .Most of these buses require phasing out as their condition is

beyond normal maintenance measures. Their continued use has resulted in emissions of very high

levels of smoke and particulates from this the KSRTC, NWKSRTC, other State owned buses, and

the private and industrial busses. If such vehicles continue to function beyond the recommended age

and carry more than the permitted load of passengers. Overloading at peak hours: The buses,

particularly during peak hours, carry more than recommended load of passengers. These buses will

stops near the junctions and signal lights due to congestion of vehicles. This results in higher smoke

emissions during the peak hours. While high capacity buses require to be inducted for carrying

carrying more passengers. The worst polluters should be taken off the heavy traffic corridors and

high density areas. Similarly, for trucks, enforcement of laws related to overloading requires to be

enforced vigorously to BMTC and other state owned buses etc.

Pollution from diesel trucks: The diesel trucks consists of 3 percent in population, similar to buses,

emit high levels of smoke and particulate matter. An age limit needs to be specified for all

commercial diesel trucks 15 years but still it had remained in the paper. But still so many BBMP,

BESCOM and other Government.


1. Use of modern exhaust analyser

while vehicle is traveling down the road.

2. Use of Turbo Charger: The turbo Charger recirculates the exhaust gas into

there by ensuring complete combustion.

3. Servicing and maintaining: it is necessary to service and maintain one’s vehicle to counter harmful

exhaust and thereby reducing air pollution.

4. Minimum use of private Vehicles: Reducing vehicl

emissions by thousands of tones. Avoiding unnecessary driving is the most effective way to reduce

vehicle emissions

5. Day without car/ 2 wheeler: This is a new idea which has been accepted in different countr

to accept and implement ideas such as a car

DAY on every 4 of the month, in order to ensure less traffic congestion and contribute our small bit

in solving the environmental problems that confront

6. Traffic Management side: The present day traffic has to be maintained and planned in such

that the junctions, intersections, should be made as a traffic free corridor as it emits smoke in these

places which will effects the human health

7.Emission test by RTO: To suppress transport emissions, strict emission rules are being introduced

for new vehicles. An effective inspection and maintenance program for in use vehicles is essential

for reducing transport emissions the Regional Transport offices with environment experts.

8. Ban of 2 stroke vehicles: Emissions from 2

and maintenance programs and used of lubricating oil of correct quality and quantity. But the bes

option is to ban the use of 2-stroke engines in new motorcycles in

stroke engines may be slightly more expensive, but are cheaper to run as they are more fuel efficient

and last longer.

9. Growing more trees: as trees regulate our environment by maintaining systematic balance it is

necessary to grow as much as trees to suppress air pollution rate in the city.

Health concerns

People most susceptible to severe health problems from air pollution are:

• Individuals with heart disease

• Individuals with lung disease

disease (COPD)

• Pregnant women

• Outdoor workers

• Children under age 14, whose lung

• Athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors



V. REMEDIES analyser: To measures the pollutant level during the vehicle's exhaust

while vehicle is traveling down the road.

Use of Turbo Charger: The turbo Charger recirculates the exhaust gas into combustion chamber

there by ensuring complete combustion.

ervicing and maintaining: it is necessary to service and maintain one’s vehicle to counter harmful

exhaust and thereby reducing air pollution.

Minimum use of private Vehicles: Reducing vehicles use across the globe can cut carbon dioxide

Avoiding unnecessary driving is the most effective way to reduce

Day without car/ 2 wheeler: This is a new idea which has been accepted in different countr

to accept and implement ideas such as a car-free day, also it is celebrated by BMTC as the BUS

order to ensure less traffic congestion and contribute our small bit

in solving the environmental problems that confront us today.

Traffic Management side: The present day traffic has to be maintained and planned in such


places which will effects the human health and harms the environment.



ns the Regional Transport offices with environment experts.

Ban of 2 stroke vehicles: Emissions from 2-stroke engines can be reduced by rigorous inspection

and maintenance programs and used of lubricating oil of correct quality and quantity. But the bes

stroke engines in new motorcycles in favour of 4-stroke engines. The 4


gulate our environment by maintaining systematic balance it is

necessary to grow as much as trees to suppress air pollution rate in the city.

People most susceptible to severe health problems from air pollution are:

ividuals with heart disease such as coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure

dividuals with lung disease such as asthma, emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary

Children under age 14, whose lungs are still developing

Athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors


[ISSN: 2455-1457]

: To measures the pollutant level during the vehicle's exhaust

combustion chamber

ervicing and maintaining: it is necessary to service and maintain one’s vehicle to counter harmful

es use across the globe can cut carbon dioxide

Avoiding unnecessary driving is the most effective way to reduce

Day without car/ 2 wheeler: This is a new idea which has been accepted in different countries and

it is celebrated by BMTC as the BUS

order to ensure less traffic congestion and contribute our small bit

Traffic Management side: The present day traffic has to be maintained and planned in such a way




ns the Regional Transport offices with environment experts.

stroke engines can be reduced by rigorous inspection

and maintenance programs and used of lubricating oil of correct quality and quantity. But the best

stroke engines. The 4-


gulate our environment by maintaining systematic balance it is

such as coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure

such as asthma, emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary




High air pollution levels can cause immediate health problems:

• Aggravated cardiovascular and respiratory illness

• Added stress to heart and lungs, which must work harder to supply the body with oxygen

• Damaged cells in the respiratory system

Long-term exposure to polluted air can have permanent health effects:

• Accelerated aging of the lungs

• Loss of lung capacity

• Decreased lung function

• Development of diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly cancer

• Shortened life span

VI. CONCLUSION From the research report it is clear that vehicular growth has been increasing year by year with

increasing in the human population it is necessary for people of Bangalore city make a bit in

reducing the pollution by minimizing the extensive use of private/own vehicles and use maximize

use of public transport system.

Even if there is a need in using their vehicle, it has to be well maintained, serviced and as per

regional transport vehicular emission control standards.

Government must bring out strict rules in view of promoting pollution free environment for the

vehicles new and old.

Regular use public transport such as BMTC, Metro, Monorail, and BRTS must be promoted for

intercity, and for long drives rather than self-vehicles to travel.

REFERENCES 1. Singh S K (2006): Future Mobility in India: implications for energy demand and CO2 emissions, Transport policy,

13, pp. 398-412

2. Sharma, C., Pundir, R., (2008): Inventory of greenhouse gases and other pollutants from the transport sector: Delhi,

Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science Engineering 5(2), pp. 117-124.

3. Bangalore citizen matters: http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/pollution-in-bangalore-less-during-monsoons-

says-kspcb-data.

4. Bangalore city traffic police .govt/index rules & regulations

5. BMTC:www.bmtc.com/vision.and.mission, structure.

6. AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING- Dr .kripal Singh vol1, vol2

7. HARSH.M- Management Research and Practice Volume 4, Issue 3 / September 2012, ISSN 2067-2462

8. www.sparetheair.com/health/effects of airpollution

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STUDY ON POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILES IN … · STUDY ON POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILES IN BENGALURU CITY ... The growing problems related to traffic are congestion, ... Source*