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Study on lipid metabolism After sequencing the human genome, life scientists are now in the era “beyond the genome” and confronting the challenges of bringing this information to life. For lipid researchers, unraveling the complexities of lipid metabolism will bring answers and opportunities in fields as diverse as medicine and biofuels. Today, lipid research addresses all aspects of cell biology including cell structure, energy storage and generation, and cell signaling. The synergies between classical lipid research, systems biology, and the advancement of lipid detection technologies have led to a revolution in lipid biology and the emergence of lipidomics as a branch of metabolomics. Lipid-based diseases are a growing and expensive challenge to health care systems. As a population ages, chronic conditions associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic disorders take increasing tolls in terms of morbidity and mortality. Oxidation of lipids and lipid metabolites has been linked to disorders of aging like osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Additionally, research is now trying to explain how dysregulations in lipid metabolism may underlie diseases such as Alzheimer’s, cancer, and asthma. Lipid synthesis pathways, such as the methyl-D- erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid synthesis, are being investigated as potential targets for antibacterial therapies and drug targets. As changes in lipid profiles can mark developmental stages or more ominously, pathological states, there is great potential for the use of lipids as biomarkers. Experimental quantification of the levels of lipids and lipid metabolites is therefore essential for enhancing the understanding of different influences such as genetic, nutritional, behavioral, and environmental factors. As part of our committment to metabolomics research,

Aladdin offers an expanding range of lipids and lipid metabolites for the mapping and study of healthy and diseased cells. Natural Abundance Lipid Metabolites Glycerolipid Metabolism

O

O CH2(CH2)6CH3 O

O CH2(CH2)6CH3

O CH2(CH2)6CH3

O

Glycerol esterified with one, two, or three fatty acids make up monoacyl-, diacyl- and triacylglycerols, with a chiral center at carbon-2 of the glycerol moiety. Fats and oils from plants and animals are triacylglycerols, while diacylglycerols are intermediates and cellular messengers, and monoacylglycerols, formed by hydrolysis, are surfactants and intermediates. Because triacylglycerols are insoluble in water, combination or emulsification with other lipids, cellular compounds, or proteins is required before transport and metabolism can occur. Complete or partial lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis yields monoacylglycerols, glycerol, and fatty acids that can be transported and utilized for energy production or biosynthetic pathways of metabolism. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols is achieved in a three-step sequence from 2-monoacylglycerols and fatty acids. First, the fatty acid is activated by acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzed conversion to the corresponding fatty acyl thioester with coenzyme A. The fatty acyl- CoA is then coupled with a 2-monoacylglycerol by the catalytic action of a monoacylglycerol transferase to yield a diacylglycerol. The final triacylglycerol is obtained by coupling of fatty acyl-CoA with diacylglycerol through the action of diacylglycerol transferase.

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R

O ATP AMP + PPi O

R1

Fatty Acid

OH R1

HS-CoA

S-CoA

Fatty Acyl-CoA

HO CH2 O

HC O R2

HO CH2

O

O CH2 R1

HC

HO CH2

HS-CoA

O

O R2

O

O

R1

R3

HS-CoA O

O CH2

HC O R2

O CH2

Diacylglycerol

3

S-CoA

Triacylglycerol

O

Fatty Acid Metabolism

H3C

O

CH2(CH2)7CH2 OH

Acetyl coenzyme A is a central metabolite for both the biosynthesis and catabolism of fatty acids. Although the steps in the biosynthetic and catabolic schemes are closely related, there are specific differences. The individual steps are also independent by their spatial separation in biological cells, as biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol while catabolism takes place in the mitochondria. The even- numbered ([C2]n) common fatty acids result from the sequential two-carbon elongation of acetyl CoA by a series of enzymatic reactions utilizing one or more molecules of acetyl CoA. The two-step elongation scheme of fatty acid biosynthesis is catalyzed by either discrete enzymes catalyzing specific steps or by a large multi-enzyme complex able to catalyze all steps in the pathway. The first step of converting acetyl CoA into the more reactive acetylacyl carrier protein (Acetyl-ACP) is catalyzed by ACP transacylase. The acetyl group is then transferred from ACP to a cysteine residue of the synthase complex. In the third step, carboxylation of acetyl CoA is catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase with bicarbonate and ATP to yield malonyl CoA and ADP. In this reaction, biotin acts as a carbon dioxide carrier which transfers carbon dioxide to acetyl CoA. The malonyl group is subsequently converted through a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction into malonyl-ACP. Thus, both acetyl and malonyl groups are bound to an ACP arm of the synthase complex. The key fifth step consists of the Claisen

condensation reaction between the bound acetyl and malonyl groups to give acetoacetyl- ACP. In the sixth step, an enantioselective reduction of the ketone carbonyl group catalyzed by β-ketothioester reductase yields β-hydroxybutyryl-ACP, with a new chiral center in the R -configuration. Enzymatic dehydration in step 7 yields trans -crotonyl-ACP, which is converted in step 8 by NADPH-dependent reduction of the carboncarbon double bond to butyryl-ACP. Fatty acid catabolism in the mitochondria of cells provides energy by the β-oxidation pathway and is composed of a repetitive sequence of four enzymatic reaction steps. The fatty acid chain is cleaved from the carboxy-terminus in a stepwise fashion. The first step of the β-oxidation pathway starts with an acyl CoA-dehydrogenasecatalyzed desaturation at C2-C3 using an FAD cofactor to yield an α,β-unsaturated acyl-CoA. An enoyl-CoA hydratase-catalyzed syn- addition of water to the α,β-unsaturated acyl-CoA in the second step yields 3 S -hydroxyacyl-CoA. Next, 3 S -hydroxyacyl-CoA is oxidized to the corresponding β-ketoacyl-CoA by NAD-dependent enantioselective 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenases. In the final step, the β-ketoester is cleaved to two CoA esters in a β-ketoacylthiolase-catalyzed retro- Claisen reaction. While the common fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms produce two molecules of acetyl-CoA in the final passage, fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms lead to one molecule of acetyl-CoA and one molecule of propionyl-CoA.

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3

HS-Acyl Carrier Protein

HS-Coenzyme A

H3C

O

S CoA

HCO - + ATP

ADP + Pi

H3C

Acetyl-Coenzyme A O O

S Acyl Carrier Protein HO

O

Malonyl-Coenzyme A

C S CoA H2

HS-Synthase HS-Acyl Carrier Protein

HS-Acyl Carrier Protein O

HS-Coenzyme A O O

Malonyl-Acyl Carrier Protein

H3C S Synthase

HO C H2

S Acyl Carrier Protein

Acetoacetyl-

-S-Synthase O O

+ CO2

O

H2 C

H3C C H2

S Acyl Carrier Protein Acyl Carrier Protein H3C C

NADPH H2

NADP+

S Acyl Carrier Protein Butyryl Acyl Carrier Protein

NADP+

OH O beta-(R)-Hydroxybutyryl- Acyl Carrier Protein

NADPH O trans-Crotonyl- Acyl Carrier Protein

H3C C H2

S Acyl Carrier Protein H2O

H3C C H

S Acyl Carrier Protein

Terpenoid Metabolism

H3C

H3C

H

H H2C

CH3

The 20,000+ terpenoids found in animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, and archaea are all based on multiples of the 5-carbon isoprene subunit. This is due to biosynthetic pathways that utilize isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) or its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) as isoprene building blocks for condensation reactions.

OH H2C O O OH

P P OH CH3 O O

• 3NH3

O O +

H3C O P O P O • 3NH4 O O

CH3 Depending on the biological organism and the terpenoid, two different metabolic pathways exist for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate: • the mevalonate pathway and • the non-mevalonate or methyl D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The mevalonate pathway starts with the formation of acetoacetylCoA from two molecules of acetyl CoA via Claisen condensation byacetyl-CoA C-

acetyltransferase. Acetoacetyl CoA is then condensedwith a third molecule of acetyl CoA in an aldol-like reaction catalyzedby hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase, followed by hydrolysis,to give the metabolite 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. In thethird step, NADPH-dependent reduction of the thioester groupcatalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase yieldsmevalonate. Mevalonate is phosphorylated at the primary hydroxygroup by mevalonate kinase to form mevalonate-5-phosphate,which undergoes a second kinase reaction to form mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate. A final phosphorylation at the tertiary hydroxylgroup, catalyzed by mevalonate-5-diphosphate decarboxylase, withthe simultaneous loss of carbon dioxide and phosphate results in3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate.In contrast to the extensively studied and historic mevalonatepathway, the MEP pathway was only discovered in the 1990′sand is used by bacteria, algae, and chloroplasts. 1 The first stepconsists of the 1-deoxy- D -xylulose-5-phosphate synthase-catalyzedcoupling of pyruvate with D -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to give1-deoxy- D -xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) with concurrent loss ofcarbon dioxide. Next, an NADPH-dependent rearrangement andreduction reaction is catalyzed by deoxyxylulose-5-phosphatereductoisomerase to produce methyl- D -erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP).MEP is conjugated with cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl- D -erythritol. This intermediate undergoes additional phosphorylation at the 2-position of theerythritol

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moiety (4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl- D -erythritol2-phosphate) with subsequent enzymatic cylization and loss ofcytidine monophosphate. This metabolite is finally converted toisopentenyl pyrophosphate by the action of two enzymes thatreduce the cyclodiphosphate intermediate to a diphosphate andsubsequent pyrophosphate. Another important step in the biosynthesis of terpenoids is theisomerization of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to dimethylallylpyrophosphate catalyzed by isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase.

These two fundamental metabolites are joined to form geranylpyrophosphate (GPP). GPP can be elongated with another moleculeof isopentenyl pyrophosphate to farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP)through sequencial condensation by farnesyl pyrophosphatesynthetase. Terpenoids with up to 5 isoprenoid units (25 carbons) canbe synthesized in this manner, while structures with higher numbersof carbon atoms are formed by dimerization of the correspondingbuilding blocks.

3

3

O Acetyl-CoA HS-CoA O O

D-Glyceraldehyde- O O 3-phosphate

+ - H OPO -

S CoA CoA S COO

Pyruvate H Acetyl-Coenzyme A Acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A

Acetyl-CoA

HO

CO2

2 NADP+

2 NADPH

HS-CoA

HO H

O H3C OH

-O OH

O H3C OH

-O

O

S CoA

O

HO H

OPO -

(R)-Mevalonate ATP

ADP

(3S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A

O O-

P

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate

NADPH

NADP+

O H3C OH

-O

O

O P O-

H3C O

HO

O O

P O O-

H3C OH

HO -

(R)-Mevalonate-5-phosphate O-

ATP 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol- 2,4-cyclophosphate HO H

HO H

OPO3

O H3C OH

ADP

O O

ATP

ADP

2C-Methyl-D-erythritol- 4-phosphate

O O

-O O P O P O-

CO2

O P O P O-

(R)-Mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate O- O- Isopentenyl-pyrophophate O- O-

Reference 1. Hunger, W.N., et al., Structure and reactivity in the

non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoidbiosynthesis. Biochem. Soc., Trans ., 31 , 537 (2003).

Steroid Metabolism The biosynthesis of steroids originates with farnesyl pyrophosphatethrough reductive dimerization to squalene by squalene synthaseand a subsequent enzymatic conversion of squalene to lanosterol Enzymatic epoxidation of squalene by squalene

epoxidase thenyields (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene. Subsequent catalysis by oxidosqualenelanosterol- cyclase generates four rings, six carbon-carbon bonds,and seven chiral centers in one enzymatic reaction and results in atetracyclic triterpene steroid frame.

H3C

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C H H

H H HO

CH3

3 3

OH

H3C O O H3C CH3 CH3 CH3

O O O CH3 CH3 P P

CH3 H CH3 CH3 H CH3 CH3 H

CH3 O O CH3

H3C CH

CH3

CH3 H3C CH

CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

H

CH3 CH3 H

H H

H3C CH3 H C CH O OH H OH

H C CH H C H 3 3 3 3 3 CH3 chol

Farnesyl pyrophosphate Squalene

(3S)-2,3-Oxidosquale ne

Lanosterol Zymosterol

Cholesterol

Altered Lipid Metabolites in Aging The development of cognitive and neurode-generative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, bone diseases, certainforms of cancer, and autoimmune diseases with increasing

agehas been associated with the stability of the cell and biochemicalreactions within it. Like DNA and proteins, lipids are sensitive toreactive oxygen species that produce oxidative stress. Endogenou-

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saldehydes, such as malonic dialdehyde and methylglyoxal, arethe major initiators of metabolic disorders. Age-related diseasesdevelop when cells cannot control aldehyde formation or abolish thenegative methylglyoxal effect on their metabolism. Toxic aldehydescause cumulative damage over a lifetime if not counteracted by thecell′ s ability to avoid the formation of endogenous aldehydes orto neutralize their negative effects without damaging vital cellularcomponents. The aging process and the individual ′ s life span isinfluenced by the balance of the two opposing processes of antiagingeffects and the aging effects of toxic aldehydes.Cholesterol levels in human

serum above 6.5 mmol/L are known tobe associated with a higher risk of developing Alzheimer ′ s disease,while a reduction of cholesterol in the serum in midlife lowers the riskof dementia. Bile acids act as regulators of aging that benefit healthand longevity and modulate housekeeping longevity assurancepathways. It is likely that the mechanisms for the positive effectsof bile acids are evolutionarily conserved. The time-dependentaccumulation of age pigments like lipofuscin occurs in all cells, but itis more prominent in cells which are not active in cell division. Theseage pigments appear together with lipid droplets in the cytoplasm.

For more information and a complete list of the related products, please click: Aladdin Please click the following links to browse the related products 1. Lipids 2. Plant extracts 1. Lipids

Item No. Product Name Specification CAS Pkg.

A113858 2-Arachidonoyl-1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine solution 10 mg/mL in chloroform(1ml) 35418-59-8 5MG

C100098 Cholesteryl acetate 95% 604-35-3 100G,25G C101915 Calcium phosphorylcholine chloride 98% 4826-71-5 25G,5G C102656 Clove oil reagent grade,≥70.0%(GC) 8000-34-8 100ML,500ML C102657 Clove oil for microscope 8000-34-8 100ML,500ML C113014 Coconut Oil reagent grade 8001-31-8 100G,500G C116023 Corn oil reagent grade 8001-30-7 2.5L,500ML C116025 Corn oil pharmaceutical 8001-30-7 500ML C119445 Cortisone 97% 53-06-5 1G,5G D110334 Dehydrocholic acid 98.50% 81-23-2 10G,250G,50G D111322 Di-n-octyl Sebacate technical grade，60% 27214-90-0 500ML D111323 Di-n-octyl Sebacate 95% 27214-90-0 10ML,50ML

D123156 6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,e]oxepin-2-acetic Acid 97.00% 55453-87-7 1G,5G

E101312 Elaidic acid 98% 112-79-8 1G,5G E107074 Epoxidized soya bean oil reagent grade 8013-07-8 100ML,500ML,5L G107438 Glyceryl tridodecanoate 98% 538-24-9 100G,25G,5G G109097 Glycerol tristearate 80.00% 555-43-1 100G,25G G118630 Glycerol tristearate 99% 555-43-1 25G,5G H106315 Hyodeoxycholic acid 98% 83-49-8 100G,25G,5G

H113434 (DL-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl)-coenzyme A disodium salt trihydrate 90% 103476-21-7 5MG

I109490 Isopropyl myristate 98% 110-27-0 100ML,1L,500ML L106779 Lithocholic acid 98% 434-13-9 25G,5G L116309 Lanolin anhydrous pharmaceutical 8006-54-0 500G L116310 Lanolin anhydrous reagent grade 8006-54-0 2.5KG,500G M101314 Methyl ricinoleate 75.0%(GC) 141-24-2 100ML,25ML M102819 Methyl linoleate 95% 112-63-0 100ML,25ML

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M102820 Methyl linoleate 99% 112-63-0 1ML M110074 Methyl linolenate 80% 301-00-8 100ML,25ML,5ML M110076 Methyl linolenate 99% 301-00-8 100MG,1ML,500MG N121572 Nonadecanoic Acid 98% 646-30-0 1G,5G O103767 Oleyl alcohol technical grade, 80-85% 143-28-2 100ML,2.5L,500ML O103768 Oleyl alcohol ≥99% (GC) 143-28-2 1G,25G,5G P103845 Potassium sorbate >99.0%(T) 24634-61-5 100G,500G,5KG P103846 Potassium sorbate reagent grade,98% 24634-61-5 100G,500G R110072 Ricinoleic acid >97.0%(T),>70%(GC) 141-22-0 100ML,500ML,5L S103038 Sodium dodecanoate 98% 629-25-4 250G,50G S104195 Sodium oleate reagent grade,96% 143-19-1 1KG,250G S104196 Sodium oleate 98.00% 143-19-1 100G,25G,500G S110244 Soybean oil reagent grade 8001-22-7 1L,2.5L,250ML S110245 Soybean oil pharmaceutical 8001-22-7 250ML S112705 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol stationary liquid 123-94-4 100MG,1G,5G T101294 Triamcinolone acetonide 99% 76-25-5 1G,250MG,5G T105201 Turkey red oil sodium salt reagent grade,70% 8002-33-3 10L,500ML

T106365 D-α-Tocopherol Succinate 98% 4345-03-3 100G,100MG, 25G,5G

T118723 (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate 98% 51898-34-1 100G,25G,5G V105023 Vaseline® medical grade 8009-03-8 10KG,1KG,500G Y106579 Yollew vaseline medical grade 8009-03-8 10KG,500G C104028 Cholesterol AR,>95.0%(GC) 57-88-5 100G,25G,500G C104032 Cholesterol 0.99 57-88-5 1G,25G,5G C104036 Cholesterol for cell culture，99%（GC) 57-88-5 100G,25G,5G

2. Plant extracts

Item No. Product Name Specification CAS Pkg.

A100492 (+)-Abscisic acid ≥98% (HPLC) 21293-29-8 250mg, 1g A100493 (+)-Abscisic acid ≥95% (HPLC) 21293-29-8 250mg, 1g A100494 (+)-Abscisic acid ≥90% (HPLC) 21293-29-8 1g A101660 Allantoin 98% 97-59-6 25g, 100g, 500g, 1kg A103667 Acetophenone AR,≥98.0% (GC) 98-86-2 500ml A103668 Acetophenone CP,98% 98-86-2 500ml A103669 Acetophenone GR,≥99.0% (GC) 98-86-2 500ml, 2.5L, 10L A104200 γ-Aminobutyric acid 99% 1956-12-2 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g A105420 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine 99% 616-91-1 25g, 100g, 500g A105421 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine USP, EP, ≥98.5% 616-91-1 1kg A105422 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine For cell culture, ≥99.0% 616-91-1 25g, 100g A106676 Apigenin ≥98.0% (HPLC) 520-36-5 25mg, 100mg, 1g A106806 trans-β-Apo-8′-carotenal 96% 1107-26-2 250mg, 1g A106856 Arbutin 99% 497-76-7 5g, 25g, 100g A107072 Amygdalin 97% 29883-15-6 1g, 5g, 25g A107327 Aloin 97% 1415-73-2 100mg

A108699 Anthracene 96% 120-12-7 25g, 100g, 500g, 2.5kg

A108700 Anthracene ≥99.0% (GC) 120-12-7 25g, 100g, 500g

A108702 Anthracene 98% 120-12-7 25g, 100g, 500g, 2.5kg, 5kg

A108804 Adenine 98% 73-24-5 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g A108805 Adenine ≥99.5% (HPLC) 73-24-5 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g A108975 Acacia USP 9000-1-5 500g, 2.5kg, 25kg A108976 Acacia 9000-1-5 500g, 2.5kg, 25kg A109397 (-)-Anabasine 94% 494-52-0 100mg, 500mg A109410 Acetoin 97% 513-86-0 25g, 100g, 500g A109411 Acetoin Analytical Standards 513-86-0 1g A109807 (−)-Arctigenin ≥98% (HPLC) 7770-78-7 50mg A110152 Angoroside C 98% 115909-22-3 10mg

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A110206 Artemisinin 98% 63968-64-9 5g, 25g A110476 Arachidic acid 99% 506-30-9 1g, 5g, 25g A110478 Arachidic acid 80% 506-30-9 100g, 500g A110570 Alginic acid from brown algae CP 9005-32-7 100g, 500g, 2.5kg A110571 Alginic acid from brown algae USP 9005-32-7 500g

A110692 Alliin Analytical Standards， 98.5% 556-27-4 5mg, 25mg

A110693 Alliin 90% 556-27-4 25mg, 100mg, 1g A111278 Aloe-emodin 95% 481-72-1 25mg, 100mg A111286 Ammothamnine 98% 16837-52-8 100mg A111379 Asiatic acid 98% 464-92-6 1g, 5g, 25g A124543 (+)-Anabasine hydrochloride 96% 53912-89-3 100mg B103893 Benzyl benzoate CP,98.0% 120-51-4 500ml B103894 Benzyl benzoate >99.0%(GC) 120-51-4 100ml, 500ml, 2.5L, B105433 D-Biotin 98% 58-85-5 1g, 5g, 25g B106221 Betaine monohydrate 99% 590-47-6 100g, 500g B107324 Baicalin 98% 491-67-8 100mg, 500mg B109251 Benzyl acetate 99% 140-11-4 250g, 1kg B110210 Baicalin 90% 21967-41-9 1g, 5g, 25g B110211 Baicalin 95% 21967-41-9 1g, 5g B110620 Butyl benzoate 98% 136-60-7 100ml, 500ml B112694 Butyl oleate ~70% 142-77-8 250ml, 500ml B113017 bees wax USP 250g B113018 bees wax 46-60°C 250g B113019 bees wax 62-67°C 250g B113358 Betaine Hydrochloride 99% 590-46-5 100g, 500g, 2.5kg

B117532 Benzaldehyde propylene glycol acetal 98% 2568-25-4 100ml, 500ml

B121932 (-)-Bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba leaves 98% 33570-04-6 25mg, 100mg

C101556 Crotaline 95% 315-22-0 50mg, 250mg, 1g C101974 Cryptotanshinone 98% 35825-57-1 50mg, 250mg C104149 Crotonic acid 98% 107-93-7 100g, 500g, 2.5kg C105423 L(-)-Carnitine 98% 541-15-1 5g, 25g, 100g

C105424 L(-)-Carnitine Analytical Standards， 99% 541-15-1 250mg

C105702 Creatine monohydrate BR 6020-87-7 25g, 100g, 500g C105933 Creatine 98% 57-00-1 25g, 100g, 500g C107463 (±)-Catechin hydrate 96% 7295-85-4 100mg, 500mg C107672 Celastrol 98% 34157-83-0 50mg C107690 (+)-Catechin Hydrate 98% 225937-10-0 1g, 5g

C107703 Chondroitin sulfate sodium salt from shark cartilage 95% 9007-28-7 250mg, 1g, 5g, 25g

C107705 Cytisine 98% 485-35-8 25mg, 100mg, 500mg C107832 (S)-(+)-Carvone 97% 2244-16-8 25ml, 100ml C108306 Caffeic acid 98% 331-39-5 5g, 25g C108307 Caffeic acid 99% 331-39-5 5g, 25g C108494 trans-Cinnamic acid CP，98% 140-10-3 100g, 500g C108496 trans-Cinnamic acid AR，99% 140-10-3 25g, 100g, 500g C108514 p-Coumaric acid 98% 501-98-4 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g

C108515 p-Coumaric acid Analytical Standards，

≥99% 501-98-4 250mg

C108869 Citrate AR, ≥99.5% (T) 77-92-9 500g, 1kg, 20kg C108870 Citrate CP, ≥99.0% (T) 77-92-9 500g C108871 Citrate For cell culture，97.0% 77-92-9 100g, 500g C108873 Citrate ACS, ≥99.5% (T) 77-92-9 500g

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C109269 Chlorophyll a ≥85.0% (HPLC) 479-61-8 1mg, 5mg C109402 Chlorogenic acid 95% 327-97-9 1g, 5g C109404 Chlorogenic acid 98% 327-97-9 1g, 5g C109526 Chondroitin 4-sulfate sodium salt 85% 39455-18-0 25g, 100g, 500g

C109527 Chondroitin 4-sulfate sodium salt lyophilized powder,for cell culture,≥85% 39455-18-0 5g, 25g

C110086 Cynaroside ≥98.0% (HPLC) 5373-11-5 25mg, 100mg C110150 (±)-Citronellal 96% 106-23-0 25ml, 100ml, 500ml C110216 Catalpol ≥97% (HPLC) 2415-24-9 100mg C110501 Natrualβ-Carotene 96% 7235-40-7 1g, 5g, 25g C110507 D-calcium pantothenate USP 137-08-6 25g, 100g, 500g C110508 D-calcium pantothenate 98% 137-08-6 25g, 100g, 500g C110683 Curcumin AR 458-37-7 5g C110684 Curcumin 98% 458-37-7 1g, 5g, 25g, 100g C110690 (±)-Camphor 96% 76-22-2 100g, 500g, 25kg C110757 Cyelohexanecarboxylic acid ≥98%,Kosher 98-89-5 1kg, 5kg, 25kg C111282 (S)-(+)-Camptothecin 97% 7689-3-4 100mg, 500mg, 1g C111423 4-Carvomenthenol 98% 562-74-3 25g, 100g C113313 Chlorophyll b 95% 519-62-0 1mg C117707 L(-)-Carvone 99% 6485-40-1 25g, 100g, 500g C117945 Cryptochlorogenic acid ≥98%(HPLC) 905-99-7 100mg, 1g C118873 Candelilla wax 8006-44-8 250g, 1kg

D101144 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl- anthraquinone 97% 481-74-3 50mg, 250mg, 1g

D101264 Diosgenine 90% 512-04-9 5g, 25g, 100g D101265 Diosgenine 95% 512-04-9 1g, 5g D102057 Dihydrolinalool 95% 18479-51-1 25ml, 100ml, 500ml D103111 Dopamine hydrochloride 98% 62-31-7 5g, 25g, 100g D105551 Decanal 97% 112-31-2 100ml, 500ml D109191 Decanoic acid AR，99% 334-48-5 500ml D109192 Decanoic acid CP，98% 334-48-5 500ml D110202 Dihydrocapsaicin 90% 19408-84-5 25mg, 100mg D113355 Diheptyl phthalate 98+% 3648-21-3 10g D118867 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin 98% 305-01-1 1g, 5g E100888 (-)-Epigallocatechin ≥98%(HPLC) 970-74-1 10mg, 50mg, 250mg E101452 Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate 98% 5405-41-4 25g, 100g, 500g E103505 Ethyl palmitate 98% 628-97-7 25g, 100ml, 500ml E105721 Ergosterol 95% 57-87-4 5g, 25g, 100g E105722 Ergosterol 97% 57-87-4 5g, 25g E107333 Esculin hydrate 99% 531-75-9 5g, 25g, 100g E107514 Ethyl 3-Phenylpropionate 98% 2021-28-5 25g, 100g, 500g E108586 Ethyl oleate 75%(GC) 111-62-6 100ml, 500ml, 2.5L E108587 Ethyl oleate 98% 111-62-6 5ml, 25ml E110640 Eugenol 99% 97-53-0 25g, 100g, 500g E111233 Eucalyptol 99% 470-82-6 100ml, 500ml E111234 Eucalyptol >99.5%(GC) 470-82-6 5ml E111654 Erucic acid 80% 112-86-7 50g, 250g, 1kg, 5kg E111656 Erucic acid ≥99%(GC） 112-86-7 1g, 5g E115497 4-Ethylphenol 97% 123-07-9 25g, 100g, 500g, 1kg E117522 Ethyl maltol 99% 4940-11-8 25g, 100g E117955 Epigoitrin 98% 1072-93-1 10mg, 50mg E117961 Eriocitrin ≥98.0%(HPLC) 13463-28-0 50mg

F103701 Ferulic acid 99% 1135-24-6 10g, 50g, 250g, 1kg, 5kg

F107310 Folinic acid calcium salt hydrate 98% 1492-18-8 1g, 5g

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F107713 Fisetin 98% 528-48-3 100mg, 500mg, 5g F111083 trans-Ferulic Acid 99% 537-98-4 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g F118914 FLAG® Peptide Peptide 0.5mg, 1mg, 2.5mg G100089 D(+)-Glucosamine hydrochloride 99% 66-84-2 25g, 100g, 500g G101547 [10]-Gingerol 95% 23513-15-7 50mg G104274 Guanine 99% 73-40-5 25g, 100g, 500g G105425 L-Glutamine 99% 56-85-9 25g, 100g, 500g

G105426 L-Glutathione reduced 98% 70-18-8 1g, 5g, 10g, 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g

G105427 L-Glutathione reduced For cell culture，98% 70-18-8 5g, 25g, 100g G105428 L-Glutathione oxidized 27025-41-8 1g, 5g, 25g G105689 Gibberellic acid >90%(HPLC) 1977-6-5 1g, 5g, 25g G105690 Gibberellic acid ≥96%(HPLC) 1977-6-5 1g, 5g, 25g G105691 Gibberellic acid Analytical Standards 1977-6-5 250mg

G105692 Gibberellic acid For plant cell culture，

≥96%(HPLC) 1977-6-5 1g, 5g

G106434 Gum tragacanth powder USP grade 9000-65-1 100g, 250g, 500g G107515 Geraniol 98% 106-24-1 25ml, 100ml, 500ml G107688 Gramine 98% 87-52-5 25g, 100g, 500g G110196 18alpha-Glycyrrhetinic acid 95% 1449-05-4 250mg G111376 Glycyrrhizic acid 93% 1405-86-3 1g, 5g, 25g G112735 Guaiacol >99.0%(GC) 1990-5-1 100g, 500g, 5kg G112736 Guaiacol CP,98.0% 1990-5-1 100g, 500g

G113837 Genistin Analytical Standards，

≥98% 529-59-9 20mg

G115869 Ginkgolic Acids(C13:0,C15:1, C17:2,C15:0,C17:1) ≥90% 10mg

G117484 Geranyl Acetone 97% 689-67-8 25ml, 100ml G117959 Glucosyl-vitexin 98% 76135-82-5 20mg, 50mg H102077 trans-2-Hexen-1-ol 97% 928-95-0 25ml, 100ml, 500ml H102974 (4S)-4-Hydroxy-L-isoleucine 95% 55399-93-4 10mg, 50mg H105437 Hesperidin 97% 520-26-3 25g, 100g, 500g H107336 (-)-Huperzine A 98% 102518-79-6 100mg H107675 Hydroxytyrosol 98% 10597-60-1 100mg, 500mg, 1g H107700 Hesperitin 97% 520-33-2 1g, 5g, 25g H108844 Hydroxyecdysone ≥93% (HPLC) powder 5289-74-7 25mg, 100mg H108846 Hydroxyecdysone ≥95% (HPLC) powder 5289-74-7 25mg, 100mg H110188 Hypericin 96% 548-04-9 50mg, 250mg H111272 Honokiol ≥98% (HPLC) 35354-74-6 50mg, 250mg, 1g I102984 Isopropyl benzoate 99% 939-48-0 25ml, 100ml I104348 Inosine 98% 58-63-9 25g, 100g, 500g I105220 Indole-3-carbinol 96% 700-06-1 1g, 5g, 25g I108336 Inositol 99% 87-89-8 25g, 100g, 500g I109590 Isorhamnetin 90% 480-19-3 10mg I109592 Isorhamnetin >98%（HPLC) 480-19-3 50mg, 1g

I110458 Isopropyl ether >99.0% (GC)(Containing 100 PPM BHT stabilizer) 108-20-3 500ml, 2.5L

I111088 Inulin from dahlia tubers BC 9005-80-5 10g, 50g, 250g I111284 Isoliquiritigenin 98% 961-29-5 250mg, 1g, 5g I117485 Isophytol 95% 505-32-8 25ml, 100ml, 500ml I117486 Isonaline 70 60-70% 127-51-5 25ml, 100ml, 500ml I117525 Isobornyl propionate 95% 2756-56-1 1Kg J117487 cis-Jasmon 98% 488-10-8 5ml, 25ml, 1kg, 5kg

L100441 Linoleic acid ≥99.0% (GC) 60-33-3 1g, 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g, 1kg

L100442 Linoleic acid >95.0%(GC) 60-33-3 25g, 100g, 500ml

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L100447 Linoleic acid >97.0%(GC) 60-33-3 5g, 25g, 100g L101415 Linalyl Acetate 96% 115-95-7 25ml, 100ml, 500ml L101558 Lycorine hydrochloride 96%(HPLC) 2188-68-3 1g, 5g L105575 Linolenic acid 99% 463-40-1 500mg, 1g, 5g L105576 Linolenic acid ~70%(GC) 463-40-1 5ml, 25ml L105578 Linolenic acid ≥97.0%(GC) 463-40-1 1ml, 5ml, 25ml L106905 Linalool 98% 78-70-6 25ml, 100ml, 500ml L107329 Luteolin ≥98%(HPLC) 491-70-3 250mg, 1g, 5g L111134 Loganin 98% 18524-94-2 10mg, 50mg

L118711 Locust bean gum from Ceratonia siliqua seeds 9000-40-2 500g, 1kg, 5kg

M102640 Methylacrylic acid >99.0%(GC),250ppm MEHQ stabilized 79-41-4 500ml, 2.5L, 10L

M102642 Methylacrylic acid CP，98% 79-41-4 500ml M102697 Mogroside V 98% 88901-36-4 1g M102828 Methyl cedryl ketone 32388-55-9 1kg, 5kg M103512 Malonate AR,99.5% 141-82-2 100g, 500g, 2.5kg M103513 Malonate CP,98% 141-82-2 100g M103678 Methyl isopropyl ketone 99% 563-80-4 50ml, 250ml, 1L M103711 Methyl sulfide 99% 75-18-3 250ml, 1L M104529 Methyl γ-linolenate 99% 16326-32-2 100mg M105138 DL-Menthol 99% 89-78-1 25ml, 100ml, 500ml M105139 DL-Menthol Analytical Standards 89-78-1 20mg M105695 L-(-)-Malic acid 98% 97-67-6 25g, 100g, 500g M105696 L-(-)-Malic acid CP 97-67-6 25g, 100g M106187 Methyl cinnamate 99% 103-26-4 100g, 500g M107193 Mucic acid 98% 526-99-8 25g, 100g, 500g M107331 Madecassoside 98% 34540-22-2 100mg M107373 Methyl myristate ≥98% 124-10-7 10kg, 25kg M107374 Methyl myristate 98% 124-10-7 100ml, 500ml M107376 Methyl behenate 85% 929-77-1 25g, 100g M107377 2-Methylbutyric acid 98% 116-53-0 25ml, 100ml, 500ml M107518 Maltol 99% 118-71-8 25g, 100g, 500g M107529 Methyl Dihydrojasmonate 96% 24851-98-7 25ml, 100ml M108283 Myristic acid 98% 544-63-8 500g, 2.5kg M108285 Myristic acid ≥98%,FCC, 544-63-8 100g, 1kg, 10kg, 25kg M108286 Myristic acid ≥99%(GC) 544-63-8 100g, 500g M108589 Methyl benzoate AR,98% 93-58-3 500ml M108591 Methyl benzoate 99% 93-58-3 500ml, 5L

M108864 Maleic acid AR,≥99.0%(HPLC) 110-16-7 25g, 100g, 500g, 5kg, 25kg

M108865 Maleic acid CP,99% 110-16-7 500g M108866 Maleic acid USP，EP,USP 110-16-7 500g M109035 Methylglyoxal 40% solution 78-98-8 250g, 1kg, 10kg M109036 Methylglyoxal 32% solution 78-98-8 250g, 1L M109803 Matrine 98% 519-02-8 100mg, 1g, 5g M110426 Methyl salicylate AR,99% 119-36-8 500ml M110427 Methyl salicylate CP,98% 119-36-8 500ml M110428 Methyl salicylate USP,99% 119-36-8 500ml

M110615 Methyl oleate CP，≥60.0%(GC) 112-62-9 100ml, 500ml, 25L, 20kg

M110617 Methyl oleate 99% 112-62-9 1g, 5g, 25g M110618 Methyl oleate 96% 112-62-9 5g, 25g M111378 Magnolol ≥98%(HPLC) 528-43-8 50mg, 250mg M111444 Myricitrin 98% 17912-87-7 20mg M118674 Melatonin 98% 73-31-4 250mg, 1g, 5g

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M118719 Monensin decyl ester 164231-69-6 50mg M118839 Methyl behenate 99% 929-77-1 1g

M119455 L-(-)-Malic acid For cell and insect cell culture 97-67-6 25g, 100g, 500g

N101421 Nerolidol （cis and trans） Mixture of cis and trans 7212-44-4 25ml, 100ml, 500ml N101447 Nerol 97% 106-25-2 25ml, 100ml, 500ml N103652 Nicotinic acid 99% 59-67-6 25g, 100g, 500g N105042 Nicotinamide 99% 98-92-0 100g, 500g N107345 Naringin 95% 10236-47-2 10g, 50g N108086 Nicotinamide ≥99.5%(HPLC) 98-92-0 100g, 500g

N108087 Nicotinamide For cell and insect cell culture，≥99.5%(HPLC) 98-92-0 100g, 500g

N110186 Neochlorogenic acid 99% 906-33-2 10mg, 50mg N113811 DL-Norephedrine hydrochloride 99+% 154-41-6 25g, 100g N116470 FMP 100g N117686 Neryl acetate 95% 141-12-8 25ml, 100ml

N118655 Nicotinic acid For cell and insect cell culture，≥99% 59-67-6 100g, 500g

N118656 Nicotinic acid For plant cell culture，

≥99% 59-67-6 500g

O101699 Osthole 99% 484-12-8 1g, 5g O108277 n-Octanoic acid CP,98% 124-07-2 500ml O108279 n-Octanoic acid AR,99% 124-07-2 500ml, 2.5L, 10L O108305 Orotic Acid Monohydrate 98% 50887-69-9 25g, 100g, 500g O108483 Oleic acid CP 112-80-1 500ml O108484 Oleic acid AR 112-80-1 500ml O108485 Oleic acid 99% 112-80-1 1ml, 5ml, 25ml O108487 Oleic acid 85% 112-80-1 100ml, 500ml, 5L O108488 Oleic acid USP 112-80-1 500ml O110088 Oleanolic acid 97% 508-02-1 100mg, 500mg, 1g, 5g O111382 Oridonin 98% 28957-04-2 50mg O117519 Ocimene ≥90% 13877-91-3 100ml, 500ml P100624 Phytin Ca: 20.0 ～ 24.0 % 3615-82-5 25g, 250g P101056 Palmitic acid AR 1957-10-3 500g, 25kg P101059 Palmitic acid 97% 1957-10-3 500g, 2.5kg, 25kg P101061 Palmitic acid 99% 1957-10-3 5g, 25g, 100g P101691 Paeoniflorin ≥98%(HPLC) 23180-57-6 100mg, 500mg, 5g P104234 Pyrogallic AR,98% 87-66-1 100g, 500g P104235 Pyrogallic >99.0%(GC) 87-66-1 100g, 500g P106869 Paclitaxel 98% 33069-62-4 10mg, 50mg, 250mg P107674 Pseudolaric Acid B 98% 82508-31-4 100mg, 500mg P108518 Phytic acid solution 50%solution 83-86-3 100g, 500g

P108519 Phytic acid solution For molecular biology, 90% 83-86-3 10g, 25g, 100g, 500g

P108520 Phytic acid Analytical Standards 83-86-3 20mg P108521 Phytic acid solution 70%solution 83-86-3 100g, 500g P108709 L-Proline 99% 147-85-3 25g, 100g, 500g, 1kg P109978 Polydatin ≥95% (HPLC) 27208-80-6 1g, 5g, 25g P110327 Protopine 98% 130-86-9 20mg, 100mg, 500mg P110444 Propionic acid AR,≥99.5% (GC) 1979-9-4 500ml P110445 Propionic acid CP,≥99% (GC) 1979-9-4 500ml P110447 Propionic acid ACS reagent, ≥99.5% 1979-9-4 100ml, 500ml

P110449 Propionic acid for insect cell culture, ≥99.5% 1979-9-4 1L

P110572 Picrolonic acid AR 550-74-3 1g, 5g P111106 Palmitoleic acid 98.50% 373-49-9 100mg, 500mg

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P111270 Puerarin 98% 3681-99-0 1g, 5g P111384 Palmatine 97% 3486-67-7 5g, 25g P115687 Pentagalloylglucose 96% 14937-32-7 5mg, 25mg P117994 Phloridzin dihydrate 98% 60-81-1 1g, 5g P118489 Pentadecanoic Acid 98% 1002-84-2 10g, 50g, 250g P123842 Picroside II ≥98%(HPLC) 39012-20-9 10mg, 50mg Q109588 Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside ≥90%(HPLC) 21637-25-2 10mg, 50mg Q111274 Quercetin 97% 117-39-5 10g, 50g R104137 Riboflavine 98% 83-88-5 25g, 100g, 500g R106911 Rutin hydrate 98% 153-18-4 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g R107338 Rutaecarpine 98% 84-26-4 50mg, 1g R109496 Rutin trihydrate 97% 250249-75-3 25g, 100g, 500g R109805 Rosmarinic acid 97% 20283-92-5 1g, 5g R111266 Rhein 98% 478-43-3 10mg, 50mg

S100126 Sodium alginate CP，viscosity: 200±20mpa.s 9005-38-3 500g, 1kg

S100127 Sodium alginate BC 9005-38-3 25g, 100g S100128 Sodium alginate AR，90% 9005-38-3 25g, 100g S100946 Scopoletin 98% 92-61-5 50mg, 250mg S101540 Sanguinarine chloride hydrate ≥98% (HPLC) 5578-73-4 50mg S104156 Syringic acid 98% 530-57-4 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g S104158 Salicylic acid AR,99.5% 69-72-7 250g, 1kg S104159 Salicylic acid CP,99.0% 69-72-7 250g S104162 Salicylic acid ACS, ≥99.0% 69-72-7 250g, 1kg S104176 Sodium salicylate AR,99.5% 54-21-7 250g, 1kg S104177 Sodium salicylate CP,99.5% 54-21-7 500g S104179 Sodium salicylate USP grade 54-21-7 250g, 1kg S105956 Sinomenine 97% 115-53-7 1g, 5g S106903 Sinapic acid 98% 530-59-6 1g, 5g, 25g S107408 SAM p-toluenesulfonate salt 80% 17176-17-9 100mg, 500mg

S107418 (-)-Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate 98% 114-49-8 1g, 5g, 25g

S107706 Stevioside hydrate 80% 57817-89-7 25g, 100g S108288 Stearic acid 40%， melting point:54.0-57.0℃ 1957-11-4 500g

S108289 Stearic acid 98%， melting point:69-72°C 1957-11-4 500g, 5kg, 25kg

S108362 Sodium stearate USP grade 822-16-2 100g, 250g, 500g, 1kg S108363 Sodium stearate 96% 822-16-2 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g S109809 Silibinin 98% 22888-70-6 1g, 5g S110198 Sodium Danshensu 98% 67920-52-9 250mg, 1g S110214 Stachydrine hydrochloride 98% 4136-37-2 1g S111997 DL-Sulforaphane 97.00% 4478-93-7 50mg, 250mg, 1g S117949 Sennoside C 99% 37271-16-2 20mg, 100mg, 1g S118322 Sinensetin 90% 2306-27-6 20mg

S118533 Salicylic acid For plant cell culture, ≥99% 69-72-7 500g

T101154 Tryptamine 98% 61-54-1 5g, 25g T101423 Ethylene brassylate 98% 105-95-3 25ml, 100ml T101543 Tetrahydropalmatine 97% 2934-97-6 1g T103829 Taurine 99% 107-35-7 25g, 100g, 500g T103831 Taurine USP grade 107-35-7 25g, 100g, 500g T104425 Thymol AR,98% 89-83-8 25g, 100g, 500g T104426 Thymol >99.0%(GC) 89-83-8 25g, 100g, 500g T105540 DL-α-Tocopherol 96% 10191-41-0 25g, 100g, 500g T106640 DL-Thioctic acid 99% 1077-28-7 5g, 25g, 100g

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T106804 Theobromine 99% 83-67-0 25g, 100g, 500g T109349 (+)-δ-Tocopherol 90% 119-13-1 5g T109800 Polydatin 97% 65914-17-2 1g, 5g T110148 Tetrahydrogeraniol 98% 106-21-8 25ml, 100ml T113731 Tryptamine hydrochloride 98+% 343-94-2 1g, 5g, 100g T118876 Tanshinone I 97% 568-73-0 100mg, 500mg U107243 Ursolic acid 93% 77-52-1 250mg, 1g

U107244 (+)-Usnic acid from Usnea dasypoga 98% 7562-61-0 5g, 25g

U109751 γ-Undecanolactone 98% 104-67-6 25ml, 100ml, 500ml U109754 2-Undecanone 99% 112-12-9 25ml, 100ml, 500ml V101706 Vindoline ≥98.0%(HPLC) 2182-14-1 50mg V104140 Vitamin B12 98% 68-19-9 1g, 5g, 25g

V104142 Vitamin B₁₂ For cell and insect cell culture 68-19-9 250mg, 1g

V104147 Vitamin K1 98% 84-80-0 1g, 5g, 25g V104428 Vanillic acid 98% 121-34-6 25g, 100g, 500g V107232 Vitamin E acetate ≥96%(HPLC) 7695-91-2 5g, 25g, 100g, 500g V117527 Vanillylacetone 98% 122-48-5 1g, 5g, 25g W117957 Wilforlide A 98% 84104-71-2 50mg, 250mg X100092 Xylitol 99% 87-99-0 25g, 100g, 500g X101009 D-(+)-Xylose 98% 58-86-6 100g, 500g

X101010 D-(+)-Xylose Analytical Standards，

≥99% 58-86-6 250mg

X101012 D-(+)-Xylose UP,≥99% 58-86-6 25g, 100g, 500g X109575 Xanthophyll 75% 127-40-2 5mg, 25mg

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