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Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 2017PB 15
Study of Visibility Indices of Traditional Japanese Horizontal Blind “Sudare” Based on the Illuminance Different Level Using Physical and Digital Image ExperimentAgus Hariyadia,b,* and Hiroatsu Fukudab
a Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Bulaksumur 1, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia b Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Hibikino 1-1 Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
SudareisatraditionalJapaneseblindmadefrombamboo.IthasbeenusedinJapanesehousesforalongtime,especiallyinsummer.Itsoriginalfunctionwastopreventdirectsolarradiationfromenteringaroom,andtointroduceoutsideairintoaroomatthesametime.As an element of building, Sudare has the other functionof creating space for differentactivities that need different levels of privacy. The characteristic form of Sudaremakesit possible to seeobjectsoutside thehouse.Duringdaytime, it is possible to see clearlytheoutsideenvironmentfrominsidebutstillmaintainprivacyfromoutsidetoinside.Theprivacy level isdeterminedbythevisibility levelbetweeneachspace,or fromoutsidetoinside,whichareseparatedbypartitions.Atthesametime,Sudareasashadingdevicecanreducethermalenergyconsumption. Thisstudyaimstoevaluatetheeffectofthediameter,spacer,scale,andwhitenessofSudareonthelevelofvisibilitybycomparingpeople’sresponsesbymeansofaquestionnaireusingphysicalanddigitalimagesexperimentwithdifferentconditionsofilluminancelevel. Theresultsofthequestionnaireusingphysicalanddigitalimageexperimentsindicatethatboththeexperimentsshowedthesametrend.Theilluminanceratioisthemainfactorthataffectsthevisibilityvalue.Ahigherratioofilluminancedifferencebetweentheobserver’sroomandtheobjectroomwillincreasethevalueofvisibility.ThephysicalcharacteristicsofSudare(diameter,spacer,andscale)alsoinfluencethevisibilityvalue.SmallscaleSudarehaveabettervisibilityvalueinalowilluminanceratiowhereaslargescaleSudarehavebettervisibilityvalueinhighilluminance.Highvisibilityvaluecanbeachievedwhentheilluminanceratioismorethan4.30.
Keywords:Façade,Visibility,Illuminance,Blind,Efficientenergy.
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201716 17
Introduction
Thefaçadeofabuildingfunctionsasathermalmediumthatwillintroducethermalintotheroombyradiationandconductionfromitswindowandbyconductionfromitswall(Vijayalaxmi,2010,pp.75-80);(Paryudi,Fenz,&Tjoa,2013,pp.49-54).Theotherfunctionofafaçadeistoconnectwiththeenvironment.Eachfunctioncanbemeasuredbythermalperformanceandvisualperformance.Alargeropeningwillincreasethevisualperformancebut,ontheotherhand,itwilldecreasethethermalperformance.
InJapan,Sudarehavebeenusedasexternalshadingandinternalpartitions.ManytraditionalJapanesehousesuseSudareasexternalshadingtomaintainthermalcomfortinsidethehouseinthesummer;theyprotectthehousesfromdirectsolarradiationbutstillintroduceoutsideairintotheroom(Figure1,no.1).Thispassivedesignstrategyiseffectivefordetachedhousesinsuburbanareaswheretheenvironmentisstillgoodandnatural.AsinsomeIslamic-architecturebuildings,whichuseatraditionalporouswall,itcancreateauniformdistributionofilluminanceintheinterior,resultinginamoredirectrelationshipwiththeexternalenvironmentandvisualcomfort(Ruggiero,Florensa&Dimundo,2009,pp.1886-1891).Asaninternalpartition,Sudarecandivideaspaceintotwoormoredifferentspaceswithdifferentfunctionsandlevelsofprivacy.Insomeconditions,especiallyonbrightdays,peopleinsidetheroomcanseeactivitiesontheothersideoftheroomoroutsidethehouse,althoughpeopleoutsidethehousecannotseetheactivitiesinside(Figure1,no.2,(a),(b),(c),(d))(Yagi,1982).Thedifferencebetweenoutsideandinsideinthisconditionistheilluminanceleveloftheroom.Theinsideroomhasapproximately200luxwithoutelectricallight,whiletheoutsideilluminancelevelcanbemorethan15,000luxinclearskyorevenmorewhentheskyisovercast.
Figure 1. Japanesetraditionalblind“Sudare”(a)&(c)viewfromoutsidetoinside(b)&(d)viewfrominsidetooutside).
Therehasbeensomeresearchonvisualcomfortindices,butthescopeoftheindexismostlyglareandlightamountorlightquality(Carlucci,Causone,DeRosa&Pagliano,2015,pp.1016-1033);thevisibilityoftheoutsideviewasavisualcomfortindexhasnotyetbeenresearched.Amodernadaptationoftraditionalmasrabiaforsolarprotectionandprivacyhasbeenintroducedinresearchusingverticalcables,buthasnotbeenexplored(Chambers,2014). Inmodernhouses,mostofwhichusetheHVACsystem,thisstrategycannolongerbeusedbecausetheyneedtosealairinsidethehouse.Modernhousesorbuildingsusedtohavebigglassopeningstogetaviewoftheoutsidefromtheinside,whichincreasedthethermalloadfromtheoutsideintroducedtotheinsideofthebuildingthroughitsfaçade.Thiscausedanincreaseincoolingenergyuse
No.1
No.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201716 17
(Chirarattananon&Taveekun,2004,pp.680-689;Radhi,Sharples&Fikiry,2013,pp.178-188).Thechallengeistofindafaçadethathasgoodthermalperformancebutstillmaintainsitsvisualperformance.
Inthisresearch,visualperformancewillbeinvestigatedtodevelopanindexofvisibilityusingtheJapanesetraditionalhorizontalblindscalledSudarebasedonvisibilityvalue,whichisthescalarmetricofvisibilitytorecognizetheshape,color,anddetailsofanobject.ThisvalueistheobserverjudgmentforeachconditionofaroomdividedbySudarewithavaluebetween0-6,aswillbedescribedlaterinthispaper.
Methodology
ThisresearchexaminestheeffectofdifferentilluminancelevelsonthevisibilityvalueoftworoomsseparatedbySudare,basedonobserverperceptionoffivedifferenttypesoftraditionalJapaneseSudare.
Schematic Methodology
Anexperimentroomwasusedtosetupacontrollableilluminance-levelconditionbyusingaroomthathadbeenisolatedfromoutsidelight.Basically,oneroomisdividedintotwodifferentzone-rooms,ononesideofwhichwastheobserver,andontheotherwastheobject,orapersonasanobject,tobeseenbytheobserver.BothsideshadLEDlampswitharemotetochangetheilluminancelevel,measuredattheheightoftheworkplane(0.8mabovethefloor).ThedistancebetweenobserverandSudareblindwasthesameasthedistancebetweenobjectandSudareblind.TheLEDlampwasplacedabovetheobserverandabovetheobject.Byusingthismethod,wecouldmakesurethatbothroomshadthesamevariablevalueofilluminancelevel.Tomeasuretheilluminancelevel,weusedanilluminancemeters(Figure3(d))thatwasplacedabovethetable,undertheLEDlamp.ASudareblind,whichcouldbechangedforeachtype,wasplacedinthemiddleoftheroomandseparatedtheroomintoobserverroomandobjectroom.TheschematicdetailisshowninFigure2.
Type of Sudare
Inthisresearch,fivetypesofSudarewereusedtoexaminetheeffectsofthephysicalcharacteristicsofSudare.ThedifferencesbetweeneachSudarewerethediameterofslats,thespacebetweenslats,andthelevelofwhiteness,asshownin Figure3(a).ThediameterandspacerofeachtypeofSudarewasmeasuredwithdigitaldistancemeasurement(Figure3(c));whitenesslevelwasmeasuredwiththeRepleApplicationfromPanasonic(Figure3(b)).ThewhitenesslevelwastheresultofthereflectanceandabsorbancevalueoftheSudaretothesamelightsourcewhenbeingmeasured.
Figure 2.Schematicexperimentroom.
Figure 3. Objectandtoolsofresearch.
(a)SectionofSudare(d)LightMeter
(b)RepleApplication(Source:Applestore)
(c)Digitalmeasurement
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201718 19
InTable1,wedescribethephysicalcharacteristicsofeachSudare.OnlytypeASudareismadefromplasticstrawslats,whereastheothertypesaremadefrombambooslats.TypeBandtypeCSudarehavesimilarcharacteristics,beingmadeofsmallbamboowithsomesmalldifferenceindiameter,butwereofdifferentcolors.TypeDandESudareweremadefromsolidbamboo.ThecomparisonbetweentheSudare’ssolidpartandspacerpartcanbecalculatedtodeterminethevoidpercentageratiooftheSudare,whichwascalledVoidtoBlindRatio(VBR).
Type DiameterØ[mm]
Spacer[mm]
VBR[%]
WhitenessLevel[lux]
A 4.09
1.51 24%
755
B 2.42
1.31 33%
363
C
2.42
1.31 33%
196
D
2.47
1.01 27%
467
E
1.18
0.64 34%
419
Table1.PhysicalcharacteristicsofSudare.
Questionnaire
Datawerecollectedusingquestionnairescompletedby121studentsandteachersoftheKitakyushuUniversityasobserversforeachdifferenttypeofSudare.Therearetwopartsinthisquestionnaire.PartIwastoexaminetheconditioninwhichobserversstartedtoseeobjectsinroom2whenroom1wasatthemaximumilluminancelevel,around900lux;partIIwastoexaminethelevelofvisibilitywithchangingilluminancelevelsinroom1,fromamaximumilluminancelevelofbetween
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201718 19
838-876luxtoaminimumlevelofbetween20-31lux,whileroom2wasatthemaximumlevelofilluminance,around900lux.Elevenlevelsofilluminance,frommaximumtominimum,areshowninTable2,andsamplesoftheconditionofeachexperimentcanbeseen in Table3.
Inthisexperiment,observershadtojudgeeachconditionwithavalueofbetween0-6.ThemeaningofeachvaluecanbeseeninTable4.
Table 4. Meaningofjudgmentvalue.Value Meaning0 Cannotseeobject1 Recognizesilhouette(adarkshapeseen
againstalightsurface)oftheobject2 Recognizesilhouetteandcoloroftheobject3 Recognizetheobjectandcolorbuttheseare
notreallyclear4 Recognizeandstarttoseetheobjectand
colorbutcannotpickoutdetail5 Canseetheobjectandcolorandpickout
somedetail6 Canseetheobjectclearly(identifythedetail
andcolor)
Thenextstepsweretore-runtheexperimentusingdigitalimagesofeachlevelforthefivetypesofSudarefromthepreviousexperiment,usingcomputerdisplayinteraction.Datawerecollectedfrom211respondents.Thescaleinthequestionnairehadbeenchangedfrom7levelsto11levelstogivealargerflexibilityscalethaninthepreviousexperiment(Figure4).Thescalefigureguidelinewasplacedbesideeachimagetogivetherespondentthesamefeelingofcomparisonwhendecidingthelevelofvisibility.Thisstepwastakentovalidateandimprovetheaccuracyofthepreviousexperiment.Usingthismethod,therespondentcouldbeanyonewhohadacomputerconnectedtotheInternet.
TypeLevel10[lux]
Level09[lux]
Level08[lux]
Level07[lux]
Level06[lux]
Level05[lux]
Level04[lux]
Level03[lux]
Level02[lux]
Level01[lux]
Level00[lux]
A 876 780 696 605 514 429 344 273 204 108 31B 854 761 677 589 501 416 335 265 198 104 29C 838 750 668 581 493 409 330 259 191 97 24D 860 764 679 592 502 416 334 263 192 98 25E 859 762 679 591 502 416 334 264 194 98 24
Table 2. Illuminancevalueof11conditions.
Type Room2 Room1 Level10(Room2) Level00(Room2)
A
B
C
D
E
Table 3. Experimentroomcondition.
Figure 4.Digitalimagesexperiment.
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201720 21
Data and Analysis
DatafromtheexperimentshavebeencompiledandtheaveragelevelofilluminanceatwhichrespondentsstartedtoseeobjectscanbeseeninTable5. AlthoughthesourceofLEDlightwasatthesamelevel,thevalueofilluminanceintheworkingtableareawasdifferentbecauseofthedifferenceintheabsorbanceandreflectancematerialoftheSudare.Theilluminanceratiobetweentheobserverroomandtheobjectroomiscalculatedbydividingtheilluminancevalueoftheobjectroom(I2)bytheilluminancevalueoftheobserverroom(I1).Thesmallertheilluminancevalueoftheobjectroom,thesmallertheilluminanceratio.
Theaimofthisfirstpartistoknowtheminimumconditionofroom2(objectroom)inwhichtheobserverstartstorecognizetheobject.Inthisresult,typeCSudarehasthelowestilluminanceratio(0.18),whichmeansithasthelowestilluminancelevelneededfortheobservertostarttoseetheobjectintheobjectroom.TypeCSudarehasthelowestwhiteness(196lux)ofallthetypes.
Inthesecondpartofthequestionnaire,theilluminanceratiosincreased,startingfrom1,whereastheilluminancelevelbetweentheobserverroomandtheobjectroomisthesame.ThedistributionvisibilityvaluecanbeseeninTable6.
SudaretypeRoom1(I1)[Observer]
Room2(I2)[Object]
I2/I1
typeA 849.24 204.16 0.24
typeB 834.89 237.65 0.28
typeC 824.93 152.55 0.18
typeD 844.54 233.48 0.27
typeE 840.95 181.19 0.21
Table 5.Averagevalueofilluminanceratio(I2/I1)foreachSudare.
Type Level 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
typeA visibility 4.40 4.50 4.64 4.67 4.78 4.79 4.89 5.10 5.17 5.44 5.52
I2/I1 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.45 1.70 2.04 2.55 3.21 4.30 8.15 87.58
typeB visibility 3.90 4.03 4.22 4.35 4.55 4.76 4.94 5.17 5.41 5.54 5.58
I2/I1 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.45 1.71 2.05 2.55 3.23 4.32 8.19 85.44
typeC visibility 4.37 4.51 4.66 4.81 4.95 5.14 5.26 5.43 5.58 5.70 5.76
I2/I1 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.44 1.70 2.05 2.54 3.24 4.39 8.60 83.78
typeD visibility 3.63 3.73 3.88 4.16 4.36 4.60 4.85 5.14 5.33 5.54 5.63
I2/I1 1.00 1.13 1.27 1.45 1.71 2.07 2.58 3.28 4.47 8.77 86.04
typeE visibility 3.98 4.17 4.26 4.42 4.69 4.90 5.17 5.36 5.51 5.76 5.86
I2/I1 1.00 1.13 1.26 1.45 1.71 2.06 2.57 3.25 4.43 8.78 85.92
Table 6. Illuminanceratioineachlevelcondition.
Figure 5. AveragedistributionvalueforeachtypeofSudareineverylevelcondition.
(a)Distributionofvisibilityvalue
(b)Distributionbandrangeofvisibilityvalue. (c)Distributionbandrangeofvisibilityvalue.
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201720 21
Fromthevisibilityvalueofallconfigurationsinphysicalexperimentstep,itseemsthatobserversgivequiteahighvalueofvisibility.However,comparingeachothertypeofSudare,ithasvariationsthatcanbeanalyzedtheeffectofdifferentconditionofenvironment.
BasedontheaveragedistributionofvisibilityvalueforeachSudaretypeateverystepofilluminancelevel,allshowedavalueincreasebecauseofthedecreaseinilluminancelevelinroom1(observerroom),asseeninFigure5 (a) and Table6. ComparingtheSudaretypesbasedondiameterandspacer,awiderdiameterandspacerdidnotalwayshaveahighervisibilityvalue,andtypeASudare(biggerdiameterandwiderspacer),with24%VBR,hadahighervaluefromlevel10tolevel6,butafterlevel5,typeESudare(smallerdiameterandnarrowerspacer),with34%VBR,hadahighervaluethantypeASudare.Thismeansthatinthelowerilluminanceratio,SudarewithalargescaleandasmallerVBRhaveabettervisibilityvalue,whereasinahighilluminanceratio,SudarewithasmallscaleandabiggerVBRhaveabettervisibilityvalue.ThisalsohappensifwecomparetypeASudarewithtypeDandtypeBSudare,whichhavenearlythesamewhitenesslevel.InFigure5 (b) and Figure5 (c),wecanseethatasmallerscalewillresultinawiderbandrangeofvisibilityvaluefromlevel10tolevel0condition.ThisresultisalsoanindicationthatthescaleofSudarehastobeanalyzedinmoredetailinlaterresearch.
ComparingtypeBandtypeCSudare,thesetypeshavesimilarcharacteristicsofdiameterandspacer,withdifferentwhitenesslevels:Sudarewithlowerwhitenesslevels(typeCSudarewithawhitenesslevelof196lux)haveahighervalueofvisibilityateverylevelthanhigherwhitenesslevel(typeBofSudarewithwhitenesslevel363lux).
Thenextstepwasre-runtheexperimentusingimagesfromthepreviousexperimentfor211respondents.Inthisexperiment,therespondentsnotonlygaveresponsestotwostepsoftheexperiment,whichwerewhentheystartedtoseetheobjectandanother10differentconditions,buttheyhadtogiveresponsesto21differentconditions,asshowninFigure6.Withthismethod,thedistributionfigureshowsthegradualchangesfromtheminimumvisibilitylevel(cannotseeanything)tothemaximumlevel,basedontheirperception.
Figure 6.Visibilityvaluedistributionofdigitalimagesexperiment.
Figure 7. Visibilityvaluedistributionofdigitalimageexperiment.
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201722 23Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201722 23
ThestandardenvironmentconditionthatcanbeusedtoanalyzethepossibilitiesofSudaretobeusedonfaçadedesigncanbeseen in Figure7.Theresultsofthevisibilityvaluewhentheinsideilluminancelevelswerebelow1000luxwerebelow3,whichmeansithasalowvisibilityvaluefromoutsideandhighprivacyfrominside.Thevalueisstillunder3whentheilluminancelevelwasthesameastheoutside.Whentheoutsideilluminancewas300luxandtheinside1000lux,thevisibilityvaluewasnear4,whichmeanshighvisibility.Thisalsomeanswhentheobserverwasinsidetheroomwith300luxilluminanceandtheobjectwasoutsidewith1000luxilluminanceor,morelikely,indaytimewheretheoutsidevalueofilluminancelevelisalwaysmorethan5,000lux,andusually10,000luxormore,thevisibilityvaluewillalsohigh.Ahighvisibilityvalueofbetween4and6canbeachievedwhentheilluminanceratioismorethan4.30.
AcomparisonofthevisibilityvaluedistributionofthephysicalexperimentwiththenormalizedvalueofthedigitalimageshowsthesametrendinFigure8.Themaximumandminimumvisibilityvaluesofthedigitalimagesexperimentarelowerthanphysicalexperiment.Thisconditionismorerealisticbecauseofthenumberofstepsin21differentconditions.Inconditionlevel10,theilluminancevaluebetweeninsideandoutsidewasthesame.ThisistheminimumconditionthatwillhappenwhenusingSudareasanexternalblind,andwhentheinsideilluminanceishigherthanthatoutside,theeffectofthevisibilitywillbetheopposite(innight-time).
Avisibilityvalueofbetween0and2isconsideredlow,whichmeansonlytheobject’ssilhouetteisseen,buttheobjectisnotrecognized.However,thelevelofprivacyisconsideredhigh.Avisibilityofbetween2and4isconsideredmedium,whichmeansthatnotonlyanobject’ssilhouetteisseen,buttheobjectanditscolorarerecognizedalthoughtheyarenotclear.Thismeansthatthelevelofprivacyisalsomedium.Meanwhile,avisibilityvaluebetween4and6isconsideredhighandusefulforoccupantstoseeoutside,but,forprivacy,itisconsideredtobelowbecausepeoplecanseewhathappensontheotherside.
Inthisresearch,theconfigurationofSudarewasfixed,whichmeansthediameterorspacerbetweenslatscouldnotbechanged.Forthisreason,theresultscouldnotidentifytheoptimumconfigurationofaSudaretobeusedasabuildingfaçade.
Figure 8. Visibilityvaluedistribution.
Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201722 23Hariyadi, A. and Fukuda, H.BUILT 9, 201722 23
Conclusion
Basedontheanalysisofthequestionnairedatacomparingphysicalanddigitalexperiments,theratioofilluminanceisthemainfactorthataffectsthevalueofvisibility.Thecombinationofwhitenessfactor,scale,andtheratiobetweentheSudare’sdiameterandspacerhaveacorrelationwiththedistributionbandofthevisibilityvalue.Inalowilluminanceratio,abiggerscalehasbettervisibilityvaluebutinhighilluminance,asmallscalehasabettervisibilityvalue.Ahighvisibilityvaluecanbeachievedwhentheilluminanceratioismorethan4.30.AwiderbandrangewilleffectmoreflexibilityofcontrollingthewaytoseeandcanbeachievedwiththesmallratioofSudare.
Thecomparisonofthevisibilityvaluedistributionofthephysicalexperimentandthenormalizedvalueofthedigitalimageshowsthesametrend.Themaximumandminimumvisibilityvaluesofthedigitalimagesexperimentarelowerthanthoseofthephysicalexperiment.Thisconditionismorerealisticbecauseofthenumberofstepsin21differentconditions.
Inrealconditions,thevisibilityvalueofSudarewillimprovewhenusingoutdoorilluminanceasanobjectroombecausetheilluminancelevelisalwaysmorethan1000lux,whilethestandardinteriorilluminancewillbe300lux.
Future Work
ThenextresearchtoundertakeistoinvestigatemoredeeplytheoptimalconfigurationofSudareandtheminimumratioofilluminanceatwhichobserverscanseethroughaSudareblind,usingmorepreciseanduniformmaterialwithinthesameratiobutdifferentscales.Thisresearchhasahighpotentialtobeimplementedinfaçadedesignwithaparametricapproach:changingthespaceroftheSudareaccordingtotheenvironmentilluminancevalue. SimulatingthermalenergyconsumptionwiththedifferenttypesofSudareisalsopossible,tocomparetheeffectofeachtypeontheeffectivenessoftheenergyreductionofthebuilding(Hariyadi,Fukuda&Ma,2017).Bycontrollingtheenvironmentalenergyinputonthebuildingenvelope,energysavingcanbeachieved(Tagliabue,Buzzetti&Arosio,2012,pp.693-703;Hariyadi,Suryabrata,Fitriana&Fukuda,2015,pp.7-12).
Acknowledgements
TheauthorswouldliketothankFukudaLaboratorymembersfortheircooperationduringtheexperiment.TheresearchwassupportedbytheDirectorateGeneralofResourcesforScience,TechnologyandHigherEducationMinistryofResearch,TechnologyandHigherEducationoftheRepublicofIndonesiathroughagovernmentscholarshipforoneoftheauthorsaspartofthePh.D.project.
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