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STUDY OF THE EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF B5-B10
BLENDS FOR CALIFORNIA
Thomas D. Durbin, George Karavalakis, Kent C. Johnson, and Maryam Hajbabaei
University of California, College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and
Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92521
• Biodiesel emissions characterization study
– Soy-based and animal-based biodiesel, renewable diesel (Neste Oil), and GTL
– Blend levels B0, B5, B20, B50, B100 --- R20, R50, R100 – Engine dynamometer testing at CE-CERT
– CARB chassis dynamometer facility in Los Angeles
– Primary toxic testing with UC Davis
– Testing off-road engines at CARB’s Stockton facility, light-duty vehicles, and transportation refrigeration units (TRUs)
– Multi-media and Durability Studies
• Certification of B5/B20+Additives biodiesel study
– Soy-based, animal-based, and waste vegetable oil biodiesel
– Blend levels B0, B5, and B20
– Five additives used in B20 testing
– 2006 Cummins ISM
– FTP cycle
• Some uncertainty in impacts of biodiesel on NOx emissions for lower blend levels
Previous CE-CERT Biodiesel Activity
3
B5-B10 Comprehensive Emissions Study
• Evaluating the effects of B5/B10 biodiesel blends on criteria emissions (with emphasis on NOx emissions)
• Add to growing database of information in this area
Test Fuels
– Soy-based and animal tallow biodiesel – B0, B5, and B10 blend levels – A commercial CARB diesel fuel
Test Engines
– 2006 Cummins ISM – 1991 Detroit Diesel Corporation Series 60
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Test Cycles 1- FTP
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200RP
M a
nd
To
rqu
e (
% o
f m
ax
imu
m)
normalized RPM
normalized torque
2- UDDS
3- Supplemental Emissions Test (SET)
5
Emission Testing CE-CERT Heavy-duty Engine Dynamometer Lab / Mobile Emissions Lab
• THC, CO, NOx , CO2, PM, Fuel Consumption (Carbon Balance Method)
• Carbonyls, EC/OC, Ions, Trace Elements and Metals
Testing Protocol
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Day Fuel Test Sequence
1 RC CR RC CR
2 RC CR RC CR
1- Testing Protocol for FTP and UDDS
Day Fuel Test Sequence
1 RC CR
2 RC CR
2- Testing Protocol for SET Cycle
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET
2006 Cummins ISM 1991 DDC Series 60
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns
(g/b
hp
.hr)
NOx Emissions Results
NOx Emissions Results
NOx Emissions Results
Conclusions • NOX Emissions Results
2006 Cummins ISM engine
– Statistically significant increase of 1.0% and 1.9%, respectively, for the B5-soy and the B10-soy
blends compared to the CARB diesel fuel for the FTP cycle
– Statistically significant increase of 3.6% for the B10-soy blend compared to the CARB diesel fuel
for the UDDS.
1991 DDC Series engine
– Statistically significant increase of 1.0% and 3.2%, respectively, for the B5-soy blend for the FTP
and UDDS cycles.
– B10-soy blend showed a statistically significant increase of 1.5% and 1.3%, respectively, for the
FTP and SET cycles.
Animal biodiesel blends didn’t show more consistent NOx increases like for the soy biodiesel blends
– Only the B10-animal blend showed a statistically significant increase of 0.7% for the FTP on the
1991 DDC engine.
• Other Pollutants showing fuel trends included: – PM showed consistent reductions for biodiesel blends for both engines for FTP and SET cycles.
– THC showed general decreasing trend for most biodiesel blends, but most differences were not
statistically significant.
– CO showed a general trend of reductions with the biodiesel blends, although these differences
were not statistically significant for all biodiesel blends or cycles.
– BSFC showed general increasing trend with the biodiesel blends, although this was not seen for
all biodiesel blend, cycle, and engine combinations.
• No strong & consistent trends for CO2, EC/OC, carbonyls, ions, and trace
elements emissions. 10
Supporting Information
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Schematic of MEL
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PM Emissions Results
13
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET
2006 Cummins ISM 1991 DDC Series 60
PM
Em
issi
on
s (g
/bh
p.h
r)
THC Emissions Results
14
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET
2006 Cummins ISM 1991 DDC Series 60
THC
Em
issi
on
s (g
/bh
p.h
r)
CO Emissions Results
15
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET
2006 Cummins ISM 1991 DDC Series 60
CO
Em
issi
on
s (g
/bh
p.h
r)
CO2 Emissions Results
16
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET
2006 Cummins ISM 1991 DDC Series 60
CO
2Em
issi
on
s (g
/bh
p.h
r)
www.cert.ucr.edu
BSFC Results
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
So
y
B5
So
y
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B5
An
imal
B5
An
imal
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 S
oy
B1
0 S
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
CA
RB
vs.
B1
0 A
nim
al
B1
0 A
nim
al
FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET FTP UDDS SET
2006 Cummins ISM 1991 DDC Series 60
Fue
l Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
gal/
bh
p.h
r)
Soy-based biodiesel
Animal-based biodiesel
NOx Emissions Results – Initial Study
www.cert.ucr.edu
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.80
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns (
g/b
hp
.hr)
CA
RB
Re
fere
nce
B5
-An
ima
l
B5
-WV
O
B5
-So
y
CA
RB
UL
SD
vs.
B5
-An
ima
l
B5
-An
ima
l
CA
RB
UL
SD
vs.
B5
-WV
O
B5
-WV
O
Preliminary Testing Certification Testing
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns (
g/b
hp
.hr)
CA
RB
vs.
B2
0-s
oy 0
.01
% K
ER
N
B2
0-s
oy 0
.01
% K
ER
N
CA
RB
vs. B
20
-soy 0
.03%
VIS
CO
N
B2
0-s
oy 0
.03
% V
ISC
ON
CA
RB
vs.
B2
0-s
oy 0
.25
% O
CT
CE
T
B2
0-s
oy 0
.25
% O
CT
CE
T
CA
RB
vs.
B2
0-s
oy 1
% I
NN
OS
PE
C1
B2
0-s
oy 1
% IN
NO
SP
EC
1
CA
RB
vs.
B2
0-s
oy
B2
0-s
oy
CA
RB
vs.
B2
0-s
oy 1
.5%
IN
NO
SP
EC
2
B2
0-s
oy 1
.5%
IN
NO
SP
EC
2
CA
RB
vs.
B2
0-s
oy 1
% I
NN
OS
PE
C1
B2
0-s
oy 1
% I
NN
OS
PE
C1
Preliminary Testing 1Preliminary CertificationTesting 2 Testing
NOx Emissions Results – B5/B20+Additives
