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Study of external structure MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

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Page 1: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Study of external structure

MORPHOLOGY OF

FLOWERING PLANTS

Page 2: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Primary root develops from radicle

Morphology of flowering plants

Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc

Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Fibrous root system- wheatAdventitious root system- other functions- banyan tree

The root

Page 3: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plantsRegions of

root

Page 4: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Prop roots- banyan tree

Stilt root- sugar cane

Modifications of root

Pneumatophores- mangroves

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 5: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Nodes and internodes

Absorption of water and minerals, conduction anchorage, storage, protection, spreading out leaves, flowers etc

stemMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 6: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Underground stem modification for food storage- potato, ginger etc

Axillary buds to thorns as in Citrus

Modifications of stem

Tendrils as in cucumber

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 7: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Photosynthesis- cactus

Modifications of stem

Spreading- grass, chrysanthemum

Vegetative propagation- pistia

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 8: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

From node for photosynthesis

Leaf base, petiole and lamina

leafMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 9: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

In monocotyledons-sheath

leafMorphology of flowering

plants

Pulvinus – in leguminous plants

Veins are the channels for conduction

Page 10: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Arrangement of veins and veinlets

parallel

venation

reticulate

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 11: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Simple- china rose

Pinnately compund leaf

-neem

Palmately compound leaf

-cotton

Types of leavesMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 12: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Pattern of arrangement of leaves

Alternate- china rose Opposite- guava

Whorled- alstonia

phyllotaxiMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 13: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Tendrils- peas Spines- cactus

Modifications of leaf

Food storage- onionAcacia- stem modified for photosynthesis

Morphology of flowering plants

insectivorous

Page 14: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Flower- modified shootArrangement of flowers- inflorescence

The inflorescence

Recemose- ceasalpinia

Cymose- jasmine

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 15: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Reproductive unit

Four whorls on thalamus- calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoeciumReproductive- androecium, gynoecium

Acessory- calyx and corolla

perianth

flowerMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 16: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

symetryActinomorphic- chilly, datura

Zygomorphic- pea, cassia

Asymmetric- canna

flowerMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 17: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous

Bracteate, ebracteate

flowerMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 18: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Perigynous- rose

flowerMorphology of flowering

plants

epigunous- sunflower

Page 19: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Corolla- coloured,peltals, gamo/polypetalous

Calyx- sepals, green, protection, gamosepalous/polysepalous

Parts of flowerMorphology of flowering

plants

Page 20: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Arrangement of sepals or petals in floral budaestivation

Parts of flowerMorphology of flowering

plants

Valvate- calotropis

Twisted- cotton

Imbricate-cassia

Vexillary/papilonaceous- pea

Page 21: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Filament and anther

Composed of stamens

Staminode- sterile stamen

Epipetalous- attached to petals

androeciumMorphology of flowering

plants

Epiphyllous- attached to tepals

Page 22: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

United into one bunch- monoadelphous- china rose

Polyandrous- remain free

Two bundles- pea

Polyadelphous- citrus

androeciumMorphology of flowering

plants

Varying length- salvinia

Page 23: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Carpel- style, stigma and ovary

Made up of carpels

Ovary bears placenta- ovules

gynoeciumMorphology of flowering

plants

Apocarpous- carpels free

syncarpous- carpels united

Page 24: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Marginal- peaPlacentation- arrangement of ovules

gynoeciumMorphology of flowering

plants

Parietal-mustard

Free central- primrose Basal- sunflower

Page 25: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Mature ripened ovaryParthenocarpic fruit- formed without fertilization- banana

fruit

Dry pericarp- epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp- coconut, mango

Pericarp- walls of fruit, fleshy or dry

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 26: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Ovules develop into seeds

Seed coat and embryo

seed

Embryo- monocotyledon or dicotyledon

Morphology of flowering plants

Page 27: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Dicotyledonous seed

Seed coat – testa and tegmen

Hilum- scar where seed attached to fruit

Morphology of flowering plants

Micropyle- small pore

Embryo- embryonal axis and two cotyledons

Embryonal axis- radicle and plumule

endosperm

Page 28: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

monocotyledonous seed

Seed coat – fused with fruit wall

Aleuron layer-separates endosperm and embryo

Morphology of flowering plants

One cotyledon- scutellum

Endosperm bulky

Radicle is covered by coleorhiza

Plumule is covered by coleoptile

Page 29: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Floral formula- Br- bracteateK- calyxC- corollaP- perianthA- androeciumG- gynoecium

G – superior ovaryG- inferior ovaryG - half inferior

Technical description of flowering plant

Morphology of flowering plants

bisexual male

female

actinomorphic

zygomorphic

Page 30: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Technical description of flowering plant

Morphology of flowering plants

Floral diagam

Page 31: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Technical description of flowering plant

Morphology of flowering plants

K(5) C(5)A5 G(2)

Page 32: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Technical description of flowering plant

Morphology of flowering plants

K5 C5A(10) G5

Page 33: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Description of some important families

Morphology of flowering plants

Earlier called Papilionoideae, sub family of Leguminosae

Distributed world over

Vegetative characters

Trees, shrubs,herbs, root with root nodules

Erect stem or climberLeaves: alternate, pinnaltely compund or simple, leaf base pulvinate, stipulate, reticulate

Page 34: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Floral charactersRecemose inflorescenceFlower- bisexual, zygomorphicCalyx- sepals five, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivationCorolla- petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous, vexillary aestivationAndroecium- ten, diadelphous, anther dithecousGynoecium- superior, monocarpellary, unilocular, with may ovules

Page 35: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Fruit:Legume, many seeded

Floral Formula

Page 36: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Economic importance: pulses- gram, moong, soyabean:Edible oil- soyabean, ground nutDye- IndigoferaFibres- sunhempFodder- sesbaniaOrnamentals- sweet peaMedicine- muliathi

Page 37: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Called potato family

Distributed everywhere

Vegetative characters

Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees

Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrousLeaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

Page 38: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Floral charactersSolitary, or cymose inflorescenceBisexual actinomorphic,Sepals 5 united, persistant, valvate aestivationPetals fiveAndroecium- stemens 5 epipetalousGynoecium- bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, placenta swollen

Page 39: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Fruit- berry or capsuleSeeds- many endospermous

Page 40: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Economic importance

Food- tomato, brinjal, potatoSpice- chilliMedicine- belladonaFumigatory- tobaccoOrnamentals- petunia

Page 41: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Called lily family- monocotyledons

Distributed everywhere

Vegetative characters

Perennial herbs with underground bulbs c

Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrousLeaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

Page 42: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Floral charactersSolitary, or cymose, umbellate inflorescenceBisexual actinomorphic,Perianth- 2 whorls of tepals with 3 united into tubeAndroecium- stemens 3+3Gynoecium- tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axile placentation

Page 43: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Fruit- capsuleSeeds- endospermous

Page 44: Study of external structure. Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches

Morphology of flowering plants

Economic importanceOrnamentals- tulip, GloriosaMedicine- AloeVegetables- Asparagus,Colchisine


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